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Société Minière de Bakwanga

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Société minière de Bakwanga SA
IndustryDiamond mining
Founded1962
OwnersGovernment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (80%)
Asa Resources Group (20%)
Websitemibardc.net

Société minière de Bakwanga, widely referred to by the shorthand MIBA, is a state-owned diamond mining company based in Mbuji-Mayi (formerly Bakwanga), Kasaï-Oriental, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

MIBA was formed in late 1961 as a subsidiary of the Société Minière du Bécéka. As of 2023, 80 percent of MIBA's stock was owned by the Congolese government, with the remaining 20 percent owned by Sibéka, itself by then a subsidiary of the Chinese-controlled Asa Resources Group. By then, following decades of decline, MIBA only produced a small minority of the DRC's diamonds.[1][2]

Creation of MIBA and Congo Crisis (1961-1965)

[edit]

On 23 June 1960, days ahead of Congo's independence, the Société Minière du Bécéka (also known as Mibéka) decided to relocate its place of registration from Bakwanga to Brussels, and to form a fully-owned subsidiary in the newly sovereign country to which it would transfer its local assets and operations.[3]: 11  On 27 August 1960, the Bakwanga mine was temporarily closed due to the invasion of South Kasai. When it reopened on 1 January 1961, the Mibéka took over direct management of the mine from the separate mining company Forminière, to which it had previously outsourced all mining operations.[4][3]: 44  The subsequent turmoil did not lead to an immediate collapse in diamond extraction, but it changed its economic parameters and undermined the company's dominance of the region's diamond trade. 1961 set a record production rate, with 18 million karats of diamonds, but the company's profits, estimated at $12 million in 1961,[5] were commandeered by the secessionist government of South Kasai under Albert Kalonji.[citation needed]

The implementation of the Mibéka's June 1960 decision to form a local subsidiary only took place on 13 December 1961, shortly before Kalonji's arrest. On that day, the Société Minière de Bakwanga (MIBA) was established in Bakwanga, while Mibéka, in which the SGB held a 52.5 percent ownership stake,[6] remained as a Belgian holding company while still keeping the European employees of its Congolese operations on its payroll and being directly involved in the sale of MIBA's diamonds outside Congo. On 21 March 1962, the Mibéka renamed itself as Société d'Entreprises et d'Investissements du Bécéka, or Sibéka.[3]: 11 

In 1963, MIBA produced just 1.4 million karats of diamonds, almost all of them industrial diamonds. By contrast, between 4 million and 6 million karats of diamonds were produced by diamond smugglers who had previously been tightly controlled by the Belgian colonial administrators to the benefit of the company's Belgian management.[5] Despite the smuggling and regional turmoil, the company remained dominant in the world's diamond trade. In 1963, MIBA produced 80 percent of the world's industrial diamonds and 57 percent of all diamonds.[5] However, from 1961 to 1967 nearly all of the production was exported illegally through neighboring countries, such as the Republic of Congo.[7]

Mobutu era (1965-1997)

[edit]

In 1967, following changes in Congolese labor legislation, all remaining Sibéka employees in Congo were transferred to the payroll of MIBA.[3]: 44  That same year, MIBA transferred the task of selling its diamonds from Sibéka to an affiliate of De Beers, British Congo Diamond Distributors Ltd. De Beers's marketing and distribution arm, the Central Selling Organisation, simultaneously opened an office in Kinshasa.[3]: 122  In 1969, in exchange for new mining rights, the Congolese state took a 50 percent equity stake in MIBA. On 30 November 1973, the authorities of the newly renamed Zaire fully nationalized the MIBA.[3]: 133-134 

Mobutu then returned a 20-percent ownership stake to the Sibéka, by agreement of 22 May 1978 which also stipulated that the Zairian authorities would appoint 5 members, and Sibéka 3 members, of MIBA's board of directors.[3]: 134  He entered agreements with the Belgian-American businessman, Maurice Tempelsman, and together they held significant interests in MIBA.[8] Tempelsman helped Mobutu set up a relationship with De Beers consortium, allowing the Oppenheimers to import the DRC's diamonds to London.[9] Starting in 1967, exclusive purchasing rights for Zaïre's diamonds was given to British Diamond Distributing Ltd. (Britmond). Britmond was a subsidiary of the De Beers Central Selling Organization (CSO).[10] However, in April 1981, Mobutu announced that the Zaïre's state-owned Société Zaïroise de Commercialisation des Minérais (Sozacom) would be taking over international marketing of the country's diamond production, ending the arrangement with Britmond.[11][10] However, marketing arrangements through De Beers were reëstablished in early 1983.[12] Sozacom was dissolved in 1984, due to its tendency to divert receipts from the Zaïre treasury.[13]

In 1986, Mobutu appointed Jonas Mukamba Kadiata Nzemba as chief executive officer of MIBA. He remained in the position for more than ten years, up through the First Congo War.[14] In 1989, the number of members of MIBA's board of directors was reduced from eight to seven, with only two still appointed by Sibéka.[3]: 134 

In 1994, the economy of Mbuji-Mayi (as Bakwanga had been renamed at the end of the Congo Crisis) was increasingly disconnected from the central government of Mobutu Sese Seko. Residents rejected the 1993 New Zaïre and supported opposition leader Étienne Tshisekedi. Conditions at the mine deteriorated, with production falling by more than half over five years. An employee estimated only 30% of gem quality stones reached the end of the production line, due to theft.[15] Due to the lack of involvement from the central government, by the 1990s MIBA maintained much of the infrastructure in the city of Mbuji Mayi, including water, electricity, roads, schools and hospitals.[16]

Congo Wars (1998–2003)

[edit]

During the First Congo War in March 1997, the ascendant Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFL) ended the arrangement under which De Beers had a monopoly on marketing all the production from MIBA, allowing other buyers to purchase some of MIBA's production at monthly auctions.[17][18]

In February 2000, the Tshibwe cluster, an 800 square kilometer diamond mining area just south of Mbuji-Mayi in the which contained MIBA's best kimberlite deposits was transferred from MIBA to the joint venture Sengamines [fr], an entity connected with the Zimbabwe Defence Forces.[17][19]: 12  After a failed bid to float the Oryx company on the Alternative Investment Market by selling to Petra Diamonds in June 2000,[20] Sengamines claimed it had sold off equity in the company, 49% to the Cayman Islands-based Oryx Natural Resources, controlled by Omani businessman Thamer Bin Said Ahmed Al-Shanfari, 35% for COMEX Congo, and 16% for MIBA. However, no buyout actually occurred, and the ultimate beneficiary of Oryx's stake was the Zimbabwe Defence Forces, through its subsidiary Operation Sovereign Legitimacy (OSLEG).[21] Rather than a commercial sale, the transfer was a means for Laurent Kabila to help finance Zimbabwe's military interventions in the DRC.[22][23][24] MIBA took back control of the Sengamines area in August 2005.[25]

In 2000, MIBA hired a British-South African security consultant, Nigel Morgan, to work in security for the company. Morgan claimed to find irregularities in the company, including that at least five MIBA officials were engaging in stealing high value stones, and appealed to president Kabila to intervene. Morgan then left the country after receiving death threats.[26]

In July 2000, the DRC government announced a ban on diamond exports, granting International Diamond Industries-Congo (IDI), a firm owned by Dan Gertler, an exclusive 18 month monopoly on exports from the country.[27] However, following the assassination of Laurent Kabila, the deal was revoked in April 2001.[28]

MIBA chief executive officer Jean-Charles Okoto was among those named in an October 2002 report from the United Nations Security Council report describing pillaging of the DRC's resources.[29] Also in October 2002, Amnesty International reported that dozens of people were being shot every year on the MIBA concession.[30] In response to the UN report, DRC president Joseph Kabila suspended Okoto.[31]

Emaxon offtake (2003–2007)

[edit]

In April 2003, Emaxon Finance International provided MIBA $15 million in financing in exchange for the right to purchase 88% of MIBA's diamond production.[32][33] While the offtake agreement was initially signed in secret, the arrangement ended up being publicized three months later during a dispute between the Congolese minister of mines and his deputy; the previously unclear owner of Emaxon was revealed to be Dan Gertler's DGI Group.[26]

This deal was criticized by a 2005 Congolese parliamentary commission headed by Christophe Lutundula who recommended the contract be renegotiated.[34] The offtake agreement with Emaxon expired at the end of 2007.[35]

The contract with Emaxon triggered a rupture in the relation between MIBA and Sibéka, the Brussels-based former Minière du Bécéka which still owned 20 percent of MIBA's equity capital and was then fully owned by Umicore (as the Union Minière had renamed itself in 2001). Sibéka could not sell its MIBA shares because of a right of first refusal clause negotiated in 1978; instead, Umicore sold Sibéka altogether in 2006 to Mwana Africa, an entity then controlled by Kasai businessman Kalaa Katema Mpinga (later renamed as Asa Resources Group).[36][37]

In 2007, diamond exports fell by 80%. There was significant insecurity at the mine, with an engineer responsible for running a new $10 million dragline excavator, and a security guard both murdered. About 10,000 artisanal miners trespassed onto the mining site every day, and employees had not been paid for more than four months.[38]

Further decline since 2008

[edit]

In October 2008, the MIBA employees went on strike several times for not being paid for more than 20 months.[39] Production was suspended between November 2008 and March 2011.[40]

Since 2013, MIBA has handed over management of the Tshibwe cluster to Société Anhui-Congo d’Investissement Minier Sprl (SACIM), a joint venture between MIBA and the Chinese Anhui Foreign Economic Construction Group.[41]

In 2020, the government of the DRC voted to remove MIBA's governing board and restructure the company, after a May 2020 audit found significant irregularities.[42] In August 2020, at the behest of the Félix Tshisekedi administration, the state miner Gécamines gave MIBA $5 million to revamp operations.[43]

According to the Congolese Ministry of Mines, MIBA is one of only two industrial diamond mining companies in the DRC in 2023. However, the vast majority of diamond production in the country is attributed to artisanal miners or the other industrial miner, Anhui Congo Mining Investment Company (SACIM).[44]

Subsidiary operations

[edit]

Energy production

[edit]

MIBA has a subsidiary, Energie du Kasaï (Enerka) which operates the Tshiala hydroelectric power station to power mining activities, and also provides power to the nearby city of Mbuji-Mayi. The plant was previously installed with twelve turbines and 18 megawatt total capacity.[45] These consisted of the 1.4 MW Tshiala 1, 7 MW Lubilanji 1, and 10.08 MW Lubilanji 2.[46] The Lubilanji 2 expansion of the plant was finalized after a $5 million contract with Anglo Belgian Corporation in July 2000.[17]

In 2012, MIBA ended a contract with the company Hydroforce Congo which had managed the hydropower plant for over four years.[47]

In 2021, president Félix Tshisekedi recommended the plant be transferred to the national electricity company SNEL, and a Tshiala II project bring the plant up to combined 8 MW.[48][49]

As of 2022, only two of the turbines were still working, at a capacity of 3.2 megawatts.[45]

Air transportation

[edit]

From 1994 to 2005, MIBA operated a one-aircraft cargo airline known as MIBA Aviation.

Leadership

[edit]
  • Gérard Cravatte [lb], chief executive officer (French: directeur général) 1961–1967
  • G. Havaux, CEO 1967-1969[50]: 19 
  • Bruno Morelli, CEO 1971-1972[50]: 19 
  • Yav Ikum, chairman (président du conseil d'administration) 1973-1977[50]: 20 
  • Lomboto Is’a Lomboto, chairman 1978-1981[50]: 20 
  • Atundu Molengi, chairman 1982-1985[50]: 20 
  • Jonas Mukamba Kadiata Nzemba, chairman 1986-1997[50]: 20 
  • Jean-Pierre Moritz, CEO 1997-1999[51]: 34 
  • Trudon Katende Muya, chairman 1998-1999[52][51]: 57 
  • Michel Haubert, administrateur délégué (AD) 2000-2001 then CEO until 2008[53]
  • Jean-Charles Okoto Lolakombe, chairman and CEO (président directeur-général) 2000-2002[54]
  • Gustave Luabeya Tshitala, chairman 2002-2007[55]
  • Paul Kabongo Mfuila, chairman 2007-2009[55][56]
  • Marie-Christine Tusse Daumbo, chairwoman 2008-2010[50]: 20 
  • Jean-Pierre Katshidikaya, chairman 2014–2017[57]
  • Dieudonne Mbaya Tshakani Tshabantu, acting CEO in 2016 and chairman 2017-2019[58][59]
  • Albert Mukina Kanda Kanda, CEO 2017-2019[60]
  • Albert Kalonji Ditutu, acting CEO 2019[61]
  • Paulin Lukusa Mudiayi Kalonji, CEO 2019-2023[62]
  • Jean-Charles Okoto Lolakombe, chairman since July 2023[63]
  • André Kabanda Kana, CEO since September 2023[64]

Production statistics 1975-2020

[edit]
MIBA diamond production
YearProduction (carats)
197512,400,000[11]
19798,100,000[11]
19878,200,000[17]
19909,556,436[2]
19966,500,000[17]
19976,500,000[17]
19986,400,000[65]
19994,800,000[66]
20004,5000,000[66]
20016,200,000[67]
20025,560,000[68]
20036,700,000[69]
20047,240,000[70]
20055,800,000[71]
20062,510,000[72]
20090
20100
2011243,522[73][74]
2012500,726[74]
2013174,000[75]
2014289,600[75]
2015273,300[76]
2016188,376[76][77]
201772,262[77]
2018119,000[78]
201919,683[78]
202038,788[2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "DR Congo diamond mining giant struggles to revive its glory days". Copperbelt Katanga Mining. 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  2. 1 2 3 "MIBA's Appalling collapse in diamond production, from 10 million carats in 1990 to around 40,000 carats in 2020". Copperbelt Katanga Mining. 2023-01-09. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Odile De Bruyn (2007), Inventaire des archives de la Société Minière du Bécéka, ensuite Société d'entreprise et d'Investissements du Bécéka "Sibéka", puis Sibéka Société d'Entreprise et d'Investissements - 1890-1999, Association pour la Valorisation des Archives d'Entreprises
  4. ↑ United States. Bureau of Mines (1963). Information Circular. Information Circular. p. 101. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  5. 1 2 3 Lukas, J. Anthony (March 7, 1963). "Gem Smuggling On The Rise In Congo" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  6. ↑ Gilroy, Harry (2 March 1963). "Belgians Explain Kasai Operations: Diamond Miners Held Ready to Account to Congolese". The New York Times. p. 3.
  7. ↑ A. J. A. Janse (Winter 1995). "A History of Diamond Sources in Africa: Part I" (PDF). Gems & Gemology. p. 249. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  8. ↑ Leon Dash (1979-12-31). "U.S. Businessman Plays a Key Role As Aide to Mobutu". Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  9. ↑ Flynn, Laurie (1994-02-01). "FRONTLINE: previous reports: transcripts: the diamond empire". PBS. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  10. 1 2 United States. Bureau of Mines; Geological Survey (U.S.) (1981). Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of Mines. p. 1143. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  11. 1 2 3 Leon Dash (1981-11-11). "Zaire Gambles By Resigning Diamond Cartel". Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  12. ↑ J.B. Zulu; W.A. Beveridge (1983-11-30). "Zaïre - Staff Report for the 1983 Article IV Consultation and Request for Stand-By Arrangement" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  13. ↑ Kronsten, Gregory (1985). "A New Economic Direction in Zaire?". The World Today. 41 (10). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 188–190. ISSN 0043-9134. JSTOR 40395670. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  14. ↑ "IRIN Briefing Part VI: Kasai". ReliefWeb. 1997-03-21. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  15. ↑ Cindy Shiner (1994-03-21). "In Zaire, Diamonds are for Export". Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  16. ↑ Christiane Amanpour (1997-03-30). "No sympathy for Mobutu in Zaire's diamond capital". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Publications, E.; Murison, K. (2002). Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Africa South of the Sahara. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-85743-131-5. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  18. ↑ Robert Block (1997-04-25). "Rebels to End DeBeers Contract To Only Buy Zaire's Diamonds". WSJ. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  19. ↑ Jean Flory Kazadi (2022), "A qui profite le mauvais narratif sur la relance des activités de production de la MIBA SA !" (PDF), Mbongo - Journal d'Entreprise de la Société Minière de Bakwanga MIBA S.A. (100)
  20. ↑ Doward, Jamie (2000-06-11). "Oryx float killed by FO". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  21. ↑ United Nations Security Council. "S /2002/1146". Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  22. ↑ Doward, Jamie (2002-10-27). "Oryx: The carat and the UN's stick". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  23. ↑ Sharife, Khadija (2010-11-19). "Diamonds and disappearing tax revenues". The Africa Report.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  24. ↑ Nest, Michael (2001-07-01). "Ambitions, Profits and Loss: Zimbabwean Economic Involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". African Affairs. 100 (400). Oxford University Press (OUP): 469–490. doi:10.1093/afraf/100.400.469. ISSN 1468-2621.
  25. ↑ Dumisani Ndlela (2005-11-24). "Congo-Kinshasa: DRC Takes Over Controversial Sengamines". Financial Gazette (Harare). Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  26. 1 2 "Sifting Through A Dark Business". Newsweek. 2003-12-07. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  27. ↑ "DR Congo's diamond deal". BBC News. 2000-09-05. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  28. ↑ Steinberg, Jessica (2020-07-30). "Israel 's diamond trade in the rough". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  29. ↑ "Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2002/1146)" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. 2002-10-16. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  30. ↑ "Democratic Republic of Congo: Making a killing: The diamond trade in government-controlled DRC". Amnesty International. 2002-10-21. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  31. ↑ "DRC: President suspends officials named in UN pillage report - Democratic Republic of the Congo". ReliefWeb. 2002-11-12. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  32. ↑ Serebrin, Jacob (2017-12-22). "Montreal company named in U.S. sanctions list". montrealgazette. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  33. ↑ "Israeli group in $15m deal with DRC gem miner". Engineering News. 2003-10-28. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  34. ↑ Olivier, Mathieu (2022-08-24). "DRC: Dan Gertler, the inevitable rise of Kabila's businessman". The Africa Report.com. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  35. ↑ "Congo state diamond miner to hold April 28 auction". Reuters. 2008-04-25. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  36. ↑ "Diamants: la Sibeka revend ses actions et surprend la Miba". Radio Okapi (in French). 2006-06-01. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  37. ↑ Société minière de Bakwanga @ Mwana Africa plc
  38. ↑ "Slump at DR Congo's diamond firm". BBC NEWS. 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  39. ↑ "Mbuji-Mayi : une marche des agents de la Miba étouffée". Radio Okapi (in French). 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  40. ↑ Savana, Albert (2021-11-18). "DRC: towards a relaunch of MIBA with government support". Kapital Afrik. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  41. ↑ de Wit, Michiel C. J.; Jelsma, Hielke A. (2014-12-16). "A Review of the Kimberlites of the Democratic Republic of Congo". Geology and Resource Potential of the Congo Basin. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 361–369. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29482-2_17. ISBN 978-3-642-29481-5.
  42. ↑ "Congo suspends board and management of state diamond miner MIBA". Reuters. 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  43. ↑ Africanews, Rédaction (2021-06-07). "DRC: State-owned diamond company, MIBA, hopes to rebound". Africanews. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  44. ↑ "DRC's MIBA produces 16.6K carats of diamonds in Q1 2023". Copperbelt Katanga Mining. 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  45. 1 2 "Kasaï-Oriental : le barrage hydro électrique de Tshiala en arrêt depuis deux semaines". Radio Okapi (in French). 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  46. ↑ USAID (October 2019). "Off-Grid Solar Market Assessment: Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  47. ↑ "Kasaï-Oriental : la Miba résilie son contrat avec la société Hydroforce Congo". Radio Okapi (in French). 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  48. ↑ "RDC : Félix Tshisekedi recommende au gouvernement d'attribuer une partie de la concession de la MIBA à la SNEL". Radio Okapi (in French). 2021-12-04. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  49. ↑ "Kasaï-Oriental : le député Ntumba Tshiabola plaide pour la construction de la centrale de Tshala 2". Radio Okapi (in French). 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jean Flory Kazadi (2017), "1961-2016, quelques éléments d'histoire..." (PDF), Mbongo - Journal d'Entreprise de la Société Minière de Bakwanga MIBA S.A.
  51. 1 2 Commission Spéciale chargée de l'examen de la validité des conventions à caractère économique et financier cnclues pendant les guerres de 1996-1997 et de 1998 - Rapport des travaux (PDF), République Démocratique du Congo - Assemblée Nationale, 2005
  52. ↑ Robert Block (9 February 1998). "De Beers Returns to Congo in Hopes Of Winning Exclusive Diamond Deal". Wall Street Journal.
  53. ↑ Stefaans Brmmer (13 October 2003). "DRC diamonds dent SA efforts". Mail & Guardian.
  54. ↑ "Jean-Charles Okoto, entre affaires et politique". Jeune Afrique. 14 June 2004.
  55. 1 2 "DRC: Rawji Family To Ride to MIBA's Rescue?". Africa Intelligence. 6 June 2007.
  56. ↑ "Miba : Paul Kabongo Fwila suspendu par Jeanine Mabunda". Radio Okapi. 13 April 2009.
  57. ↑ "DRC: Ex-MIBA fears country's mines will bear brunt of surge in power needs". Africa Intelligence. 14 November 2017.
  58. ↑ "DRC: MIBA's future hangs by a thread". Africa Intelligence. 22 November 2016.
  59. ↑ "Dieudonne Mbaya to guide MIBA to safer waters". Africa Intelligence. 1 August 2017.
  60. ↑ Auguy Mudiayi (2 October 2019). "RDC: Le DG de la Miba est révoqué pour ses « limites » dans la gestion". Actualité.cd.
  61. ↑ Reagan Ndota (24 October 2019). "MIBA : Albert Kalonji Ditutu a pris officiellement ses fonctions de DG ai". mediacongo.net.
  62. ↑ James Mushiya (23 June 2023). "Kasaï Oriental : « Le chef de l'État a promis de relancer la MIBA et cette relance doit se faire » (DG Paulin Lukusa)". mediacongo.net.
  63. ↑ Kabonzo Madila Pacheco (8 July 2023). "RDC : Jean-Clarles Okoto de retour à la Minière de Bakwanga, MIBA (Ordonnance)". Congo Inter.
  64. ↑ Kazadi Lukusa (29 September 2023). "MIBA: le nouveau comité de gestion prend officiellement ses fonctions". 7sur7.cd.
  65. ↑ George J. Coakley. "The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa) - 1998" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  66. 1 2 George J. Coakley. "The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa)-2000" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  67. ↑ George J. Coakley. "The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa) 2001" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  68. ↑ George J. Coakley. "2002 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  69. ↑ Katz, Sheryl (2004-03-07). "DRC's MIBA to Lift Production". Diamonds.net. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  70. ↑ Thomas R. Yager. "2005 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  71. ↑ Thomas R. Yager. "2006 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  72. ↑ Thomas R. Yager. "2007 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  73. ↑ Thomas R. Yager. "2011 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  74. 1 2 Thomas R. Yager. "2012 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  75. 1 2 Thomas R. Yager. "2014 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshaasa)" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  76. 1 2 Thomas R. Yager (2021-08-30). "The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa), 2016 (PDF)". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  77. 1 2 Thomas R. Yager. "2017-2018 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kishasa) [Advanced Release]" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  78. 1 2 McKay, David (2020-06-01). "DRC suspends board of state-owned diamond firm Miba on governance concerns". Miningmx. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
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