Al'adu

Al'adu
process (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	socialization (en)

Ilimin Al'adu ko kimiyyar al'adu reshe ne na kimiyyar zamantakewa da ta shafi fahimtar kimiyya, bayanin, nazari, da hasashen al'adu gaba ɗaya. Yayin da ilimin al'adu da ilimin ɗan adam suka yi nazarin al'adu daban-daban, irin waɗannan nazarin sun haɗa da fannoni daban-daban : ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da sauransu, kuma an fahimci buƙatar. don fannin da ya mayar da hankali kan fannoni na al'adu kawai.

A Rasha

ilimin (Russian), a matsayin reshe na ilimin ɗan adam, ana iya gano shi a Tarayyar Soviet zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma yana da alaƙa da aikin Mikhail Bakhtin, Aleksei Losev, Sergey Averintsev, Georgy Gachev, Juri Lotman, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Vladimir Toporov, Edward Markarian, da sauransu. Irin wannan bincike ya kalubalanci tsarin zamantakewar siyasa na Marxist ga al'adu.

Tsakanin 1980 da 1990, ilimin al'adu ya sami amincewar hukuma a Rasha kuma an halatta shi a matsayin nau'in kimiyya da batun karatu ga cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, an gabatar da shi a cikin jerin sunayen kwarewar Hukumar Kula da Tabbacin da za a iya ba da digiri na kimiyya a Rasha kuma yanzu batun karatu ne a cikin shekara ta farko a cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma da makarantun sakandare. An bayyana shi azaman Nazarin al'adu ɗan adam, tsarin su na gaba ɗaya, da tasirin su akan halayyar ɗan adam, ana iya kwatanta shi da horo na Yammacin nazarin al'adu, kodayake yana da mahimman bambance-bambance da yawa.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata an kafa makarantun al'adu masu zuwa:

• philosophy of culture (A. Arnold, G. V. Drach, N. S.  Zlobin, M. S. Kagan, V. M. Mezhuyev, Y. N. Solonin, M. B. Turov and others)
• Ka'idar Al'adu (B. S. Yerasov, A. S. Karmin, V. A. Lukov, A. A. Pelipenko, E. V Sokolov, A. Ya. Fliyer and others),
• Tarihin Al'adu (S. N. Ikonnikova, I. V. Kondakov, E. A. Shulepova, I. G. Yakovenko and others),
• sociology of culture (I. Akhiezer, L. G. Ionin, L. N. Kogan, A. I. Shendrik and others),
• cultural anthropology (A. A. Belik, Ye. A. Orlova, A. S. Orlov-Kretschmer, Yu. M.. Reznik and others),
• applied cultural studies (O. Astaf'eva, I. M. Bykhovskaya and others),
• cultural studies art (K. E. Razlogov, N. A. Hrenov and others),
• semiotics of culture (Juri Lotman, V.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mweQ">&nbsp;</span>N.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mweg">&nbsp;</span>Toporov, V.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwfA">&nbsp;</span>V.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwfQ">&nbsp;</span>Ivanov, E. M. Meletinsky and others),
• cultural education (G. I. Zvereva, A. I. Kravchenko, T. F. Kuznetsova, L. M. Mosolova and others).

Daga shekara ta 1992, Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Rasha ta fara bincike. A yau, tare da layin ofishin tsakiya da ke Moscow, an buɗe rassa uku na RIC - Siberian (wanda aka buɗe a 1993 a Omsk), Sashen St. Petersburg (wanda aka bude a 1997) da kuma Sashin Kudancin (wanda aka buga a 2012 a Krasnodar).

Nazarin al'adu a Jami'ar Moscow Lomonosov

A cikin 1990, a fannin falsafar, an kirkiro kujera na tarihi da ka'idar al'adun duniya. Yawancin fitattun malaman Soviet da Rasha kamar V. V. Ivanov, S. Averintsev, A. Y. Gurevich, M. L. Gasparov, G. S. Knabe, E. M. Miletinskiy, V. N. Romanov, T. V. Vasilyeva, N. V. Braginskaya, V. Bibikhin, Alexander Dobrokhotov sun yi aiki a can.

Yuri Rozhdestvensky founded a school of Culturology at the Department of Language Studies of Moscow Lomonosov University. Rozhdestvensky's approach to the development of culture (accumulation and mutual influence of layers) can be compared to the approach used in media ecology.