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Avocado

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

avocado, alligator pear ko avocado pear (Persea americana) itace ne mai tsayi a cikin iyalin laurel (Lauraceae). Yana da asali a Amurka, tare da shaidar archaeological na amfani da avocado na farko wanda ya dawo dubban shekaru a yankuna daban-daban na Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka.[1] An yaba da shi saboda babban 'ya'yan itace mai ban mamaki.[2][3][4][5] Yankin asalin avocado (Persea americana) ya kai daga Mexico zuwa Peru, ya ƙunshi yawancin Amurka ta tsakiya da sassa na arewa da yammacin Amurka ta Kudu.[6]

Its fruit, sometimes also referred to as an alligator pear or avocado pear, is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed.[1] Sequencing of its genome showed that the evolution of avocados was shaped by polyploidy events and that commercial varieties have a hybrid origin.[2] Avocado trees are partly self-pollinating, and are often propagated through grafting to maintain consistent fruit output.[3] Avocados are presently cultivated in the tropical and Mediterranean climates of many countries. As of 2023, Mexico is the world's leading producer of avocados, supplying 29% of the global harvest of 10.5 million tonnes.[4]

'Ya'yan itace na nau'ikan gida shuka da santsi, buttery, nama mai launin zinariya-kore lokacin da suka nuna. Dangane da cultivar, avocados suna da kore, launin ruwan kasa, purplish, ko fata baƙar fata, kuma suna iya zama siffar pear, siffar kwai, ko kuma ƙwallo. Don dalilai na kasuwanci, ana karɓar 'ya'yan itace yayin da ba su manyanta ba kuma sun nuna bayan girbi. Yawan abubuwan gina jiki da babban kitse na nama na avocado fa'idodi ne ga abinci daban-daban, gami da abinci na kayan lambu.[5]

A cikin manyan yankuna masu samarwa kamar Chile, Mexico da California, bukatun ruwa na gonakin avocado suna sanya damuwa a kan albarkatun gida.[6] Samar da avocado yana da alaƙa da wasu abubuwan waje, gami da sare daji da damuwa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa ti ɗan ƙaramin iko na samar da su a Mexico ta hanyar aikata laifuka.[7][8][9][10] Ana sa ran dumamar duniya za ta haifar da canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga yankunan da suka dace don avocados, kuma ta sanya ƙarin matsin lamba a wuraren da ake samar da su saboda raƙuman zafi da fari. [11][12]

Bayyanawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Persea americana itace ne wanda ke girma zuwa 9-20 tare da diamita tsakanin 0.3-0.6 m (1-2 . Shafuka suna da tsawon 8-25 cm (3-10 in) kuma an shirya su a madadin.[13]

Fure-fure masu fure suna fitowa daga sabon girma ko axils na ganye. Itacen yana fure dubban furanni a kowace shekara. Fure-fure na avocado suna fitowa daga racemes kusa da axils na ganye; suna da ƙananan kuma ba a bayyana su ba 5-10 - in) fadi. Ba su da petals amma a maimakon haka biyu whorls na uku pale-kore ko kore-yellow downy perianth lobes, kowane fure yana da 9 stamens tare da 2 basal orange nectar glands.5–10 millimetres (0.20–0.39 in)

Fure na avocado
Yankin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta

The avocado fruit is a climacteric, single-seeded berry, due to the imperceptible endocarp covering the seed,[1] rather than a drupe. The pear-shaped fruit is usually 7–20 centimetres (2.8–7.9 in) long, weighs between 100 and 1,000 grams (3.5 and 35.3 oz), and has a large central seed, 5–6.4 centimetres (2.0–2.5 in) long. Early wild avocados prior to domestication had much smaller seeds around 2.1–2.2 centimetres (0.83–0.87 in) in diameter, likely corresponding to smaller fruit size.[14]

Nau'in suna samar da nau'ikan iri-iri daban-daban tare da manyan 'ya'yan itace masu laushi tare da ƙanƙantaccen exocarp saboda zaɓin kiwo da mutane ke yi.

Tarihi da juyin halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The species was scientifically named by the British botanist Philip Miller in 1768.[15] The genus Persea to which the avocado belongs is considered to have a North American origin, with Persea suggested to have diversified in Central America during the Pleistocene epoch.[16] The modern avocado is thought to have speciated from other Persea during the Pleistocene, estimated at around either 1.3 million or 430,000 years ago.[17] A number of authors, including Connie Barlow in her 2001 book The Ghosts of Evolution, have speculated that the avocado is an "evolutionary anachronism" with megafaunal dispersal syndrome (a concept originally proposed in the 1980s by Paul S. Martin and Daniel H. Janzen[18]), arguing that the avocado likely coevolved dispersal of its large seed by now-extinct megafauna.[19] Barlow proposed that the dispersers included the gomphothere (elephant relative) Cuvieronius, as well as ground sloths, toxodontids, and glyptodonts. The concept of evolutionary anachronisms/megafaunal dispersal syndrome has been criticised by some authors, who note that many large fruit are readily dispersed by non-megafaunal animals,[20] with agoutis [21] and spectacled bears having been observed eating domestic avocados.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fayil:Avocado firstInternationalShipment.jpg
Jirgin sama na farko na duniya na avocados daga Los Angeles zuwa Toronto don Nunin Kasa na Kanada, 1927

The earliest known written account of the avocado in Europe is that of Martín Fernández de Enciso (c. 1470 – 1528) in 1519 in his book, Suma De Geographia Que Trata De Todas Las Partidas Y Provincias Del Mundo, while describing the native settlement of Yaharo (present-day Dibulla, Colombia).[22][23] The first detailed account that unequivocally describes the avocado was given by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés in his work Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias in 1526, while holding administrative Spanish colonial duties in Santo Domingo and visiting Castilla de Oro. The first written record in English of the use of the word 'avocado' was by Hans Sloane, who coined the term,[24] in a 1696 index of Jamaican plants.

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar avocado ta fito ne daga Mutanen Espanya aboki="#mwt138" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"es"},"2":{"wt":"aguacate"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwATU" title="Spanish-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">aguacate, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nahuatl (Mexican) kalmar ярҙамcatl nah, wanda ya koma zuwa proto-Aztecan *pa:wa . A cikin ƙamus na Nahuatl na Molina "āhuacatl" an ba da shi kuma a matsayin fassarar compañón "shaidan shaida", kuma an ɗauki wannan a cikin al'adun gargajiya inda ake yawan da'awar cewa shaidan shine ainihin ma'anar kalmar. Wannan ba haka ba ne, kamar yadda za'a iya sake gina ma'anar asali a matsayin "avocado" - maimakon haka ana amfani da kalmar a cikin Nahuatl a matsayin ma'anar "shaida". [25][26][27]

Sunan Ingilishi na zamani ya fito ne daga fassarar Mutanen Espanya aguacate a matsayin avogato . An tabbatar da amfani da rubuce-rubucen farko da aka sani a Turanci daga shekara ta 1697 a matsayin pear avogato, daga baya pear avocado (saboda siffarta), kalmar da aka lalata zuwa pear alligator.[28]

Sunayen yankuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

In Central American, Caribbean Spanish-speaking countries, and Spain it is known by the Mexican Spanish name aguacate, while South American Spanish-speaking countries Argentina, Chile, Perú and Uruguay use a Quechua-derived word, palta. In Portuguese, it is abacate. The Nahuatl āhuacatl can be compounded with other words, as in ahuacamolli, meaning avocado soup or sauce, from which the Spanish word guacamole derives.

A Trinidad da Tobago, an san shi da 'Zaboca', wanda aka samo daga harshen Creole na Faransa, 'l'avocat'.

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila ana amfani da kalmar avocado pear, wanda aka yi amfani da shi lokacin da avocados suka fara samuwa a cikin shekarun 1960, wani lokacin ana amfani da shi.

Ya samo asali ne a matsayin karami a cikin Turanci na Australiya, wani nau'i mai laushi, avo, tun daga lokacin ya zama sanannen magana a Afirka ta Kudu da Ingila.[29]

An san shi da "ya'yan itace" a wasu sassan Indiya da Hong Kong.

Shuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihin gida da noma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gida, wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne a Kwarin Tehuacan [30] a jihar Puebla, Mexico. [31] Koyaya, binciken archaeological ya nuna ma'amala ta ɗan adam da 'ya'yan itace a baya. An gano tsoffin ragowar avocado da aka sani a Huaca Prieta, wani shafin preceramic a arewacin gabar tekun Peru, inda mutane ke cin avocado tun farkon shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.[32] Wannan ya riga ya wuce wasu sanannun shaidu, kamar ramukan avocado da aka samo a cikin Coxcatlan Cave, wanda ya kasance daga kimanin shekaru 9,000 zuwa 10,000 da suka gabata, wanda a baya aka yi tunanin shine mafi tsufa da aka gano ramin avocado.[30][33] Sauran koguna a cikin Kwarin Tehuacan daga kusan lokaci guda kuma suna nuna shaidar farko don kasancewar da amfani da avocado.[30] Baya ga shaidar archaeological na farko daga Peru, binciken kwayoyin halitta da harshe ya gano manyan gidaje uku na avocado - Guatemalan (quilAogaatl'), Mexican (aoacatl), da West Indian (tlacacolaocatl) - wanda ya bunkasa a yankuna daban-daban na muhalli na Mesoamerica da Amurka ta Tsakiya. [32] Ƙasar Guatemala da Mexico sun samo asali ne a cikin tsaunuka na waɗancan ƙasashe, yayin da ƙasar Indiya ta Yamma ta kasance iri-iri daga Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador zuwa Peru, suna samun dama ta hanyar hukumar ɗan adam kafin zuwan Turawa. [24][33] Wadannan nau'o'i uku daban-daban sun kasance sun riga sun haɗu a cikin Amurka kafin Columbus kuma an bayyana su a cikin Florentine Codex . [lower-alpha 1][33] A sakamakon Zaɓin wucin gadi, 'ya'yan itace da kuma tsaba na avocados da aka noma sun zama mafi girma sosai dangi ga kakanninsu na daji na farko dubban shekaru kafin musayar Columbian.[14]

Mazauna farko na arewacin bakin teku na Peru suna zaune a sansanoni na wucin gadi a cikin tsohuwar wuri mai laushi kuma suna cin avocados, tare da chilies, mollusks, sharks, tsuntsaye, da zakuna na teku.[32] Akwai ƙarin shaidu don amfani da avocado a wuraren wayewa na Norte Chico a Peru a Caballo Muerto a Peru daga kimanin shekaru 3,800 zuwa 4,500 da suka gabata.[30]

avocados na criollo na Oaxaca, nau'in kakanninmu na nau'ikan gida na yau

Itacen avocado yana da dogon tarihin noma a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, yanzu an san shi da yawa fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya.[32][31] An gano kwalba ta ruwa mai siffar avocado, wanda ya kasance a AD 900, a cikin garin Chan Chan kafin Inca.[34]

An gabatar da shuka a Spain a cikin 1601, Indonesia a kusa da 1750, Mauritius a cikin 1780, Brazil a cikin 1809, Amurka a cikin 1825, Afirka ta Kudu da Ostiraliya a ƙarshen karni na 19, da Daular Ottoman a cikin 1908. A Amurka, an gabatar da avocado a Florida da Hawaii a 1833 kuma a California a 1856. [33]

An yi amfani da sunan avocado a cikin Turanci tun aƙalla 1764, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance irin su avogato da aka tabbatar har ma da baya.[35][36] Ana kiran avocado a California a matsayin ahuacate kuma a Florida a matsayin lu'u-lu'u har zuwa 1915, lokacin da California Avocado Association ta fadada kalmar avocado.

Persea americana, shuka mai ƙanƙanta (tsire), cikakke tare da rami da tushen da aka raba

As a subtropical species, avocados need a climate without frost and with little wind. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination. [<span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2022)">original research?</span>] When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop may occur; although the 'Hass' cultivar can tolerate temperatures down to −1°C. [<span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2022)">original research?</span>] Several cold-hardy varieties   are planted in the region of Gainesville, Florida, which survive temperatures as low as −6.5 °C (20 °F) with only minor leaf damage. The trees also need well-aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m deep. [<span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2022)">original research?</span>] However, Guatemalan varieties such as "MacArthur", "Rincon", or "Nabal" can withstand temperatures down to −1.6 °C (29 °F).

According to information published by the Water Footprint Network, it takes an average of approximately 70 litres (18 US gal; 15 imp gal) of applied fresh ground or surface water, not including rainfall or natural moisture in the soil, to grow one avocado (283 L/kg (33.9 US gal/lb; 28.2 imp gal/lb)). However, the amount of water needed depends on where it is grown; for example, in the main avocado-growing region of Chile, about 320 litres (85 US gal; 70 imp gal) of applied water are needed to grow one avocado (1,280 L/kg (153 US gal/lb; 128 imp gal/lb)).[37]

Ƙarin buƙata da samar da avocado na iya haifar da karancin ruwa a wasu yankunan samar da avocada, kamar jihar Michoacán ta Mexico.[6] Avocados na iya haifar da tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a manyan wuraren samarwa, sare daji ba bisa ka'ida ba, da rikice-Rikici na ruwa.[6][38] Bukatun ruwa don girma avocado sun ninka sau uku fiye da apples, kuma sau 18 fiye da tumatir.[38]

Girbi da bayan girbi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gidajen 'ya'yan itace na kasuwanci suna samar da matsakaicin tan bakwai a kowace hekta a kowace shekara, tare da wasu gonakin da ke samun tan 20 a kowace hekita.[39] Biennial bearing na iya zama matsala, tare da amfanin gona mai nauyi a cikin shekara guda ana biye da rashin amfanin gona na gaba.

Kamar ayaba, avocado 'ya'yan itace ne mai girma, wanda ke girma a kan itace, amma ya nuna daga itacen. Avocados da aka yi amfani da su a kasuwanci ana karɓar su da ƙarfi da kore kuma ana ajiye su a cikin masu sanyaya a 3.3 zuwa 5.6 ° C (37.9 zuwa 42.1 ° F) har sai sun kai ga inda suke zuwa. Dole ne avocados su balaga don nunawa yadda ya kamata. Avocados da suka fadi daga itacen sun nuna a ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, ana karɓar 'ya'yan itace da zarar ya kai ga balaga; masu shuka na Mexico suna karɓar avocados 'Hass' lokacin da suke da fiye da kashi 23% na busassun abu, kuma sauran ƙasashe masu samarwa suna da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi. Da zarar an tattara shi, avocados suna nunawa a cikin mako ɗaya zuwa biyu (dangane da cultivar) a zafin jiki na ɗaki (da sauri idan an adana shi tare da wasu 'ya'yan itace kamar apples ko ayaba, saboda tasirin iskar ethylene). Wasu manyan kantuna suna sayar da avocado da suka nuna wanda aka bi da su da ethylene na roba don hanzarta ripening.[40] Amfani da iskar gas "gidan balaga", wanda yanzu ya zama ma'auni na masana'antu, manomi Gil Henry na Escondido, California ne ya fara amfani da shi a cikin shekarun 1980s, don mayar da martani ga hotuna daga kyamarar da aka ɓoye wanda ya nuna masu siyayya suna matsawa da wuya, mara kyau, suna sanya su "a cikin bin", kuma suna ci gaba ba tare da yin siye ba. A wasu lokuta, ana iya barin avocados a kan itace na watanni da yawa, wanda ke da fa'ida ga masu shuka na kasuwanci waɗanda ke neman mafi girman dawowa don amfanin gonar su, amma idan 'ya'yan itacen ba a karɓa ba na dogon lokaci, sai ya faɗi ƙasa.

A avocado ba tare da iri ba, ko cuke, girma kusa da biyu na yau da kullun Ettinger avocados

Nau'in yana iya yin amfani da kansa ne kawai saboda dichogamy a cikin fure. Wannan iyakancewa, wanda aka kara da tsawon lokacin ƙuruciya, ya sa jinsin ya zama da wahala a haifuwa. Yawancin cultivars suna yaduwa ta hanyar shuka, tun da sun samo asali ne daga tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke ko ƙananan maye gurbi da aka samo daga cultivars. Shirye-shiryen kiwo na zamani suna amfani da makircin keɓewa inda aka rage damar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan shi ne yanayin shirye-shirye a Jami'ar California, Riverside, da kuma Cibiyar Volcani da Cibiyar Bincike Agropecuarias a Chile.

Avocado ba sabon abu ba ne saboda lokacin fure na namiji da na mace ya bambanta tsakanin cultivars. Nau'ikan furanni guda biyu sune A da B. Fure-cultivar suna buɗewa a matsayin mace a safiyar rana ta farko kuma suna rufewa da sassafe ko da yamma. Sa'an nan kuma suna buɗewa a matsayin namiji da yammacin rana ta biyu. B iri suna buɗewa a matsayin mace a rana ta farko, suna rufewa da yamma kuma suna sake buɗewa a cikin namiji washegari.

  1. 1 2 Storey, W. B. (1973). "What kind of fruit is the avocado?". California Avocado Society 1973–74 Yearbook. 57: 70–71. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "storey" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ Rendón-Anaya, Martha; Ibarra-Laclette, Enrique; Méndez-Bravo, Alfonso; Lan, Tianying; Zheng, Chunfang; Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo; Perez-Torres, Claudia Anahí; Chacón-López, Alejandra; Hernandez-Guzmán, Gustavo; Chang, Tien-Hao; Farr, Kimberly M.; Barbazuk, W. Brad; Chamala, Srikar; Mutwil, Marek; Shivhare, Devendra (20 August 2019). "The avocado genome informs deep angiosperm phylogeny, highlights introgressive hybridization, and reveals pathogen-influenced gene space adaptation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 116 (34): 17081–17089. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11617081R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1822129116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6708331. PMID 31387975.
  3. ↑ Alyssa Cho; Andrea Kawabata; Ty McDonald; Mike Nagao (July 2018). "Grafting Avocado" (PDF). University of Hawaiʻi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2026.
  4. ↑ "Crops/World regions/Production quantity (pick lists) of avocados for 2024". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2026. Retrieved 11 May 2026.
  5. ↑ Dreher, Mark L.; Davenport, Adrienne J. (1 January 2013). "Hass Avocado Composition and Potential Health Effects". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 53 (7): 738–750. Bibcode:2013CRFSN..53..738D. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.556759. ISSN 1040-8398. PMC 3664913. PMID 23638933.
  6. 1 2 3 Sommaruga, Ruben; Eldridge, Honor May (13 December 2020). "Avocado production: Water footprint and socioeconomic implications". EuroChoices. 20 (2): 48–53. doi:10.1111/1746-692x.12289. ISSN 1478-0917. S2CID 230594487 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "footprint" defined multiple times with different content.
  7. ↑ "The Shocking Environmental Effects of Avocado Farming". Vox Nature (in Turanci). 17 May 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  8. ↑ "Avocado consumption: environmental and social considerations". MSU Extension (in Turanci). 24 August 2017. Archived from the original on 10 September 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  9. ↑ Khan, Nadeem; Kakabadse, Nada Korac-; Skouloudis, Antonis (17 November 2021). "Socio-ecological resilience and environmental sustainability: case of avocado from Mexico". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 28 (8): 744–758. Bibcode:2021IJSDW..28..744K. doi:10.1080/13504509.2021.1902419.
  10. ↑ Bravo-Espinosa, M.; Mendoza, M. E.; CarlóN Allende, T.; Medina, L.; Sáenz-Reyes, J. T.; Páez, R. (September 2014). "Effects of converting forest to avocado orchards on topsoil properties in the trans-Mexican volcanic system, Mexico". Land Degradation & Development. 25 (5): 452–467. Bibcode:2014LDeDe..25..452B. doi:10.1002/ldr.2163.
  11. ↑ "What climate change means for the future of coffee, cashews, and avocados". National Geographic Environment (in Turanci). 26 January 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  12. ↑ Grüter, Roman; Trachsel, Tim; Laube, Patrick; Jaisli, Isabel (26 January 2022). "Expected global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado due to climate change". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 17 (1). Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1761976G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261976. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8791496 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35081123 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ "Avocado General Information". www.extento.hawaii.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  14. 1 2 Smith, C. Earle (April 1966). "Archeological evidence for selection in avocado". Economic Botany (in Turanci). 20 (2): 169–175. Bibcode:1966EcBot..20..169S. doi:10.1007/BF02904012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Smith-1966" defined multiple times with different content.
  15. ↑ Parry, Katy (16 January 2023). "Persea americana". Chelsea Physic Garden (in Turanci). Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  16. ↑ Galindo-Tovar, María Elena; Ogata-Aguilar, Nisao; Arzate-Fernández, Amaury M. (May 2008). "Some aspects of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) diversity and domestication in Mesoamerica". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 55 (3): 441–450. Bibcode:2008GRCEv..55..441G. doi:10.1007/s10722-007-9250-5.
  17. ↑ Berdugo-Cely, Jhon A; et al. (2023). "Pleistocene-dated genomic divergence of avocado trees supports cryptic diversity in the Colombian germplasm". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 19 (42). doi:10.1007/s11295-023-01616-8.
  18. ↑ Janzen, D. H.; Martin, P. S. (1982). "Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruits the Gomphotheres Ate" (PDF). Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 215 (4528): 19–27. Bibcode:1982Sci...215...19J. doi:10.1126/science.215.4528.19. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17790450. S2CID 19296719. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Barlow2001".
  20. ↑ Blanco, Guillermo; Tella, José L.; Díaz-Luque, José A.; Hiraldo, Fernando (29 August 2019). "Multiple External Seed Dispersers Challenge the Megafaunal Syndrome Anachronism and the Surrogate Ecological Function of Livestock". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. Bibcode:2019FrEEv...7..328B. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00328. ISSN 2296-701X. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  21. ↑ Mittelman, Pedro; Dracxler, Caroline Marques; Santos-Coutinho, Pollyanna R. O.; Pires, Alexandra S. (December 2021). "Sowing forests: a synthesis of seed dispersal and predation by agoutis and their influence on plant communities". Biological Reviews (in Turanci). 96 (6): 2425–2445. Bibcode:2021BioRv..96.2425M. doi:10.1111/brv.12761. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 34156131 Check |pmid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  22. ↑ "Avocado History". IndexFresh.com. Index Fresh Avocado. 2007. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  23. ↑ Stradley, Linda (2004). "All About Avocados: History of the Hass Avocado". What'sCookingAmerica.net. self-published. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
  24. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Ayala SilvaLedesma2014".
  25. ↑ Pharao Hansen, Magnus (2021). "Avocado og testikelsovs:et internet meme og en aztekisk etymologi (Avocados and testicle sauce: an internet meme and an aztec etymology" (PDF). Mål og Mæle. 42 (3): 9–12.
  26. ↑ Brooke, Binkowski (9 February 2016). "Does the Word 'Guacamole' Mean 'Testicle Sauce'?". Snopes.
  27. ↑ Magnus Pharao Hansen (10 February 2016). "No Snopes.com, the word guacamole does not come from the Nahuatl word for "ground testicles or avocados"". Nahuatl Studies (Blog).
  28. ↑ "8 Words from Nahuatl, the Language of the Aztecs". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  29. ↑ "From the Aztecs to avo, the scoop on 'avocado' and 'guacamole'". South China Morning Post (in Turanci). 31 July 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Landon, Amanda J. (2009). "Domestication and Significance of Persea americana, the Avocado, in Mesoamerica". Nebraska Anthropologist. 47. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Landon 2009" defined multiple times with different content.
  31. 1 2 Galindo-Tovar, María Elena; Arzate-Fernández, Amaury M.; Ogata-Aguilar, Nisao; Landero-Torres, Ivonne (2007). "The avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) crop in Mesoamerica: 10,000 years of history" (PDF). Harvard Papers in Botany. 12 (2): 325–334, [325]. doi:10.3100/1043-4534(2007)12[325:TAPALC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 41761865. S2CID 9998040. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Harvard" defined multiple times with different content.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Dillehay, Tom D; Goodbred, Steve; Pino, Mario; Vásquez Sánchez, Víctor F; Tham, Teresa Rosales; Adovasio, James; Collins, Michael B; Netherly, Patricia J; Hastorf, Christine A; Chiou, Katherine L; Piperno, Dolores; Rey, Isabel; Velchoff, Nancy (2017). "Simple technologies and diverse food strategies of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Huaca Prieta, Coastal Peru". Science Advances. 3 (5). Bibcode:2017SciA....3E2778D. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602778. PMC 5443642. PMID 28560337. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HuacaPrieta2017" defined multiple times with different content.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Schaffer 2013".
  34. ↑ Barry, PC (7 April 2001). "Avocado: The Early Roots of Avocado History". Canku Ota. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2007.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  35. ↑ Higgins, J.E.; Hunn, C.J.; Holt, V.S. (April 1911). "The Avocado in Hawaii". Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin (24).
  36. ↑ Popenoe, F.W. (February 1911). "The Avocado in Southern California". Pomona Journal of Economic Botany. 1 (1): 3–24.
  37. ↑ "How much water does it take to grow an avocado?". Danwatch.dk. 2019. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  38. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "cbc".
  39. ↑ Whiley, A (1 September 2000). "Avocado Production in Australia". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  40. ↑ "Ethylene gas and produce". Mindfully.org. 1 June 1976. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  1. ↑ Intermingled in a trade or cultural sense, but not necessarily a genetic one.
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