Bahar Rum
Tekun Bahar Rum teku ne da ke da alaƙa da Tekun Atlantika, Basin Bahar Rum ya kewaye shi kuma kusan an rufe shi da ƙasa: a arewa ta yamma da Kudancin Turai da Anatoliya, a kudu ta arewacin Afirka, a gabas kuma ta Levant. Tekun ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin wayewar Yammacin Turai. Shaidar Geological ta nuna cewa kusan shekaru miliyan biyar da digo Tara (5.9) da suka gabata, an yanke Tekun Bahar Rum daga Tekun Atlantika kuma an yanke shi a wani ɓangare ko gaba daya a cikin shekaru kusan dubu Dayton (600,000) a lokacin rikicin salinity na Messin kafin ambaliyar Zanclean ta cika kusan shekaru 5.3 miliyan da suka wuce.
Tekun Bahar Rum ya ƙunshi yanki kusan 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) ,[1] yana wakiltar kashi 0.7% na saman tekun duniya, amma haɗinsa zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta mashigin Gibraltar-mashigin da ke haɗa Tekun Atlantika zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum kuma ya raba yankin Iberian Peninsula a Turai da Maroko a Afirka. kawai 14 kilometres (9 mi) fadi. Tekun Bahar Rum ya ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga dutsen mai aman wuta. Manyan tsibirai biyu masu nisa sune Sicily da Sardinia.
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Tekun Bahar Rum yana da matsakaicin zurfin zurfin 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) kuma mafi zurfin da aka rubuta shine 5,109 metres (16,762 ft) ± 1 metre (3 ft) a cikin Calypso Deep a cikin Tekun Ionian. Ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin latitudes 30° da 46° N da longitudes 6° W da 36° E. Tsawonsa daga yamma–gabas, daga mashigin Gibraltar zuwa mashigin tekun Alexandretta, a kudu maso gabashin gabar tekun Turkiyya, yana da kusan kilomita 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) . Tsawon arewa-kudu ya bambanta sosai tsakanin mabambantan gaɓar teku da ko madaidaicin hanyoyi ne kawai ake la'akari. Har ila yau, ciki har da sauye-sauye na tsayin daka, mafi guntuwar hanyar jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Tekun Trieste na kasa da kasa da gabar da tekun Libya na Gulf of Sidra kusan kilomita 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) . Yanayin ruwa yana da sauƙi a cikin hunturu kuma yana dumi a lokacin rani kuma suna ba da suna ga nau'in yanayi na Mediterranean saboda yawancin hazo yana fadowa a cikin watanni masu sanyi. Gabashin ta na kudanci da gabas suna cike da hamada masu zafi da ba su da nisa a cikin kasa, amma gabar tekun nan da nan a dukkan bangarorin Tekun Bahar Rum na da nasaba da daidaita yanayin teku.
Tekun dai wata hanya ce mai muhimmanci ga 'yan kasuwa da matafiya na zamanin da, wanda ke saukaka kasuwanci da musayar al'adu tsakanin al'ummomin yankin. Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar asali da ci gaban yawancin al'ummomin zamani. Daular Roma ta kasance tana da ikon mallakar ruwa a cikin teku tsawon ƙarni.
Ƙasashen da ke kewaye da Tekun Bahar Rum bisa agogon hannu su ne Spain, Faransa, Monaco, Italiya, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, da kuma Maroko; Malta da Cyprus kasashe tsibiri ne a cikin teku. Bugu da ƙari, yankin Arewacin Cyprus da ake jayayya, da wasu abubuwan ban mamaki, musamman Gibraltar da Ceuta, suna da bakin teku a kan teku. Iskandariya ita ce mafi girma mazaunin bakin teku. Ruwan magudanan ruwa ya ƙunshi wasu ƙasashe masu yawa, kogin Nilu shine kogin mafi tsayi da ke ƙarewa a Tekun Bahar Rum.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wayewar da
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manyan tsoffin civilization sun kasance a kusa da Bahar Rum. Tekun ya ba da hanyoyin kasuwanci, mulkin mallaka, da yaƙi, da kuma abinci (daga kamun kifi da tattara sauran abincin teku) ga al'ummomi da yawa a tsawon shekaru.[2]
Mafi shaharar wayewar Bahar Rum a zamanin da na gargajiya sune jihohin birnin Girka, Farisa da Phoenicians, waɗanda dukkansu suka mamaye gabar tekun Bahar Rum.
Darius I na Farisa, wanda ya ci Masar ta dā, ya gina magudanar ruwa da ke haɗa Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. Magudanar Dariyus tana da faɗin isa ga triremes biyu su wuce juna tare da tsawaita tsawaitawa, kuma yana buƙatar kwanaki huɗu don wucewa. [3]
Daga baya, lokacin da Augustus ya kafa daular Roma, Romawa suna kiran Bahar Rum a matsayin Mare Nostrum ("Tekunmu"). A cikin shekaru 400 masu zuwa, Daular Roma ta mallaki Tekun Bahar Rum gaba ɗaya da kusan dukkan yankunan bakin teku daga Gibraltar zuwa Levant.[4]
A cikin shekara ta 2019, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun kayan tarihi daga Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Jami'ar Akdeniz (UA) ta bayyana wani hatsarin jirgin ruwa tun shekaru dubu uku da dari shida (3,600) a tekun Bahar Rum a Turkiyya. Tan 1.5 na tagulla da aka samu a cikin jirgin an yi amfani da su wajen kimanta shekarunsa.
Zamanin Tsakiya da Dauloli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daular Rum ta Yamma ta ruguje a kusan shekara ta 476 AD. Gabas ta sake zama mai iko yayin da ikon Romawa ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a Daular Byzantine da aka kafa a ƙarni na 4 daga gabashin rabin Daular Romawa. A wannan lokacin, wani iko ya taso a ƙarni na 7, kuma tare da shi addinin Musulunci, wanda nan da nan ya ratsa daga gabas; a mafi girman matakinsa, Larabawa, a ƙarƙashin Umayyawa, sun mallaki Yankin Iberian, suna yin sabon mataki na fasaha da al'adu a yankin.
Tashar jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa na Genoa a farkon ƙarni na 14, ta Quinto Cenni
An gabatar da nau'ikan abinci, kayan ƙanshi da amfanin gona iri-iri zuwa Spain da Sicily na yammacin Bahar Rum a lokacin mulkin Larabawa, ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci na duniyar Musulunci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da rake, shinkafa, auduga, alfalfa, lemu, lemun tsami, apricots, alayyafo, eggplant, karas, saffron da ayaba. Larabawa sun ci gaba da noma da samar da man zaitun mai yawa (kalmomin Sifaniyanci na 'mai' da 'zaitun'—aceite da aceituna, bi da bi—an samo su ne daga al-zait na Larabci, ma'ana 'ruwan zaitun'),[43] da rumman (alamar heraldic ta Granada) daga zamanin Girka da Romawa na gargajiya.
Mamaye-mamayen Larabawa sun kawo cikas ga dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin Yammacin Turai da Gabashin Turai yayin da suka kawo cikas ga hanyoyin kasuwanci da Daular Gabashin Asiya. Duk da haka, wannan ya haifar da tasirin da ba a kai tsaye ba na haɓaka ciniki a faɗin Tekun Caspian. An sake tura fitar da hatsi daga Masar zuwa duniyar Gabas. An ɗauki kayayyaki daga daular Gabashin Asiya, kamar siliki da kayan ƙanshi, daga Masar zuwa tashoshin jiragen ruwa kamar Venice da Constantinople ta hanyar matuƙan jiragen ruwa da 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa. Harin Viking ya ƙara kawo cikas ga cinikin yammacin Turai kuma ya dakatar da shi. Duk da haka, Norsemen sun haɓaka cinikin daga Norway zuwa White Sea, yayin da kuma suka yi ciniki da kayayyaki masu tsada daga Spain da Bahar Rum. Byzantines a tsakiyar ƙarni na 8 sun sake mallakar yankin da ke kewaye da yankin arewa maso gabashin Bahar Rum. Jiragen ruwan Venetian daga ƙarni na 9 sun yi amfani da makamai don magance cin zarafin da Larabawa ke yi musu yayin da suke mai da hankali kan cinikin kayayyakin Asiya a Venice.
Yaƙin Lepanto, 1571, ya ƙare da nasara ga Ƙungiyar Alfarma ta Turai a kan Turkawa ta Ottoman.
Fatimids sun ci gaba da hulɗar kasuwanci da biranen Italiya kamar Amalfi da Genoa kafin Yaƙin Crusades, a cewar takardun Cairo Geniza. Wata takarda mai kwanan wata 996 ta ambaci 'yan kasuwar Amalfian da ke zaune a Alkahira. Wata wasiƙa ta bayyana cewa Genoese sun yi ciniki da Alexandria. Khalifan al-Mustansir ya ba 'yan kasuwar Amalfian damar zama a Urushalima kimanin 1060 maimakon gidan kula da Latin.
Yaƙin Crusades ya haifar da bunƙasa ciniki tsakanin Turai da yankin da ke wajen ƙasar. Genoa, Venice da Pisa sun ƙirƙiri yankunan da 'yan Crusades ke iko da su kuma suka zo suka mallaki cinikin da ke tsakanin Gabas. Waɗannan yankunan kuma sun ba su damar yin ciniki da Gabas. Duk da cewa faɗuwar ƙasashen Crusades da yunƙurin hana hulɗa da ƙasashen Musulmi da Paparoma suka yi, sun kawo cikas ga cinikin da ke tsakanin Gabas na ɗan lokaci, duk da haka, ya ci gaba. Duk da haka, Turai ta fara farfaɗowa lokacin da aka sami tsakiyar ikon gwamnati a hankali a lokacin Renaissance na ƙarni na 12.
Rundunar sojojin Anglo-Holland ta kai hari kan Algiers don tallafawa wa'adin sakin bayin Turai, Agusta 1816
Ƙarfin Ottoman da ke Anatolia ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, kuma a cikin 1453 ya kawar da Daular Byzantine tare da cin nasarar Constantinople. Hayreddin Barbarossa, kyaftin ɗin Ottoman alama ce ta wannan mamayar tare da nasarar Yaƙin Preveza (1538), wanda ya buɗe Tripoli da gabashin Bahar Rum ga mulkin Ottoman. Yayin da ƙarfin sojojin ruwa na ƙasashen Turai ya ƙaru, sun fuskanci faɗaɗa Ottoman a yankin lokacin da Yaƙin Lepanto (1571) ya lalata ƙarfin Sojojin Ruwa na Ottoman. Wannan shine yaƙin ruwa na ƙarshe da aka yi tsakanin jiragen ruwa.
'Yan fashin teku na Barbary na Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka sun yi farautar jiragen ruwa na Kirista da bakin teku a Tekun Bahar Rum ta Yamma. A cewar Robert Davis, daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa na 19, 'yan fashin teku sun kama Turawa miliyan 1 zuwa 1.25 a matsayin bayi.
Ci gaban jigilar jiragen ruwa a teku ya fara shafar dukkan Bahar Rum. A da, yawancin cinikin da ke tsakanin Yammacin Turai da Gabas yana ratsa yankin, amma bayan shekarun 1490, haɓaka hanyar teku zuwa Tekun Indiya ya ba da damar shigo da kayan ƙanshi na Asiya da sauran kayayyaki ta tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Atlantika na yammacin Turai.
Hotuna
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Tashar jirgin Ruwa ta Ancona daga Tekun
Tekun daga Tarifa (Spain)
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Boxer, Baruch. "Mediterranean Sea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 October 2015.Empty citation (help): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
- ↑ David Abulafia (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel).
- ↑ Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). History of Egypt (undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: "The Waterways of Egypt", pp. 248–257 (online). London: The Grolier Society.
