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Steroid

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Steroid
structural class of chemical entities (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na organic polycyclic compound (en) Fassara, terpenoids (en) Fassara da biogenic lipid (en) Fassara
Bangare na steroid binding (en) Fassara, steroid catabolic process (en) Fassara, steroid metabolic process (en) Fassara, steroid biosynthetic process (en) Fassara da steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase activity (en) Fassara
Canonical SMILES (en) Fassara C12C(C3C(C(CC3)*)(C)CC1)CCC4C2(CCCC4)C
SMARTS notation (en) Fassara [#6]C12[#6]-[#6]-[#6]3-[#6](-[#6]-[#6]-[#6]4-[#6]-[#6]-[#6]-[#6]C34[#6])-[#6]1-[#6]-[#6]-[#6]2-*
Complex chemical diagram
Tsarin 24-ethyl -lanostane, wani sinadari mai kama da 32 Kwayoyin carbon. Tsarin zoben tsakiyarsa (ABCD), wanda ya ƙunshi 17 Ana nuna ƙwayoyin carbon tare da haruffan zobe da IUPAC ta amince da su da kuma lambobin atom. [1] :1785f

Steroid wani sinadari ne na halitta wanda ke da zobba huɗu da aka haɗa (wanda aka sanya wa suna A, B, C, da D) waɗanda aka shirya a cikin takamaiman tsari na kwayoyin halitta .

Steroids suna da manyan ayyuka guda biyu na halitta: a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin membranes na tantanin halitta waɗanda ke canza ruwan membrane ; da kuma a matsayin ƙwayoyin sigina . Misalan sun haɗa da cholesterol na lipid, hormones na jima'i estradiol da testosterone, :10–19steroids na anabolic, da kuma maganin corticosteroid dexamethasone mai hana kumburi . [2] Ana samun ɗaruruwan steroids a cikin fungi, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi . Ana ƙera dukkan steroids a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta daga sterol : cholesterol (dabbobi), lanosterol ( opisthokonts ), ko cycloartenol (shuke-shuke). Duk waɗannan ƙwayoyin guda uku ana samar da su ta hanyar cyclization na triterpene squalene . [3]

Ana kiransa da sinadarin steroid nucleus ( tsarin tsakiya ) gonane (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene). [4] Yawanci yana ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin carbon goma sha bakwai, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin zobba huɗu da aka haɗa: zobba uku na cyclohexane masu mambobi shida (zobba A, B da C a cikin hoton farko) da zobba ɗaya na cyclopentane mai mambobi biyar (zobba D). Steroids sun bambanta ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin aiki da aka haɗa da wannan zuciyar zobba huɗu da kuma yanayin iskar shaka na zobba. Sterols nau'ikan steroids ne tare da ƙungiyar hydroxy a matsayi na uku da kwarangwal da aka samo daga cholestane . [1] :1785f Ana iya ƙara yin gyare-gyare ga steroids ta hanyar canje-canje ga tsarin zobe, misali, yanke ɗaya daga cikin zoben. Yanke Zoben B yana samar da secosteroids ɗaya daga cikinsu shine bitamin D <sub id="mwYg">3</sub> .Page Samfuri:Div col/styles.css has no content. 

Suna

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Zobba da ƙungiyoyin aiki

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Chemical diagram
Steroids stereoisomers 5α da 5β [1] :1786f

An sanya wa steroids suna ne bayan cholesterol na sterol [5] wanda aka fara bayyana shi a cikin duwatsun gall daga tsohuwar chole- ' bile ' ta Girka da stereos 'solid'. [6] [7]

Gonane, wanda aka fi sani da steran ko cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene, tsakiya na dukkan steroids da sterols, ya ƙunshi atoms na carbon goma sha bakwai a cikin haɗin carbon-carbon wanda ke samar da zobba huɗu masu haɗuwa a cikin siffar girma uku . Zobba uku na cyclohexane (A, B, da C a cikin zane na farko) suna samar da kwarangwal na perhydro derivative na phenanthrene . Zobba na D yana da tsarin cyclopentane . Lokacin da ƙungiyoyin methyl guda biyu da sarƙoƙi na gefen carbon takwas (a C-17, kamar yadda aka nuna don cholesterol) suke, ana cewa steroid yana da tsarin cholestane. Siffofin steroids guda biyu na 5α da 5β stereoisomeric suna wanzu saboda bambance-bambance a gefen tsarin zobba na planar inda aka haɗa atom ɗin hydrogen (H) a carbon-5, wanda ke haifar da canji a cikin yanayin steroid A-ring. Isomerisation a sarƙar gefe ta C-21 yana samar da jerin mahadi masu layi ɗaya, wanda ake kira isosteroids. [8]

Misalan tsarin steroid sune:

Baya ga yankewar zobe (tsaga), faɗaɗawa da matsewa (tsagawa da sake komawa zuwa mafi girma ko ƙananan zobe) - duk bambance-bambancen da ke cikin tsarin haɗin carbon-carbon - steroids suma na iya bambanta:

  • a cikin tsari na haɗin gwiwa a cikin zobba,
  • a cikin adadin ƙungiyoyin methyl da aka haɗa da zoben (kuma, lokacin da suke, akan babban sarkar gefe a C17),
  • a cikin ƙungiyoyin aiki da aka haɗa da zobba da sarkar gefe, da kuma
  • a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyin da aka haɗa da zoben da sarka. :2–9

Misali, sterols kamar cholesterol da lanosterol suna da ƙungiyar hydroxyl da aka haɗa a matsayin C-3, yayin da testosterone da progesterone suna da carbonyl (maye gurbin oxo) a C-3. Daga cikin waɗannan mahaɗan, lanosterol ne kawai ke da ƙungiyoyin methyl guda biyu a C-4. Cholesterol wanda ke da haɗin C-5 zuwa C-6, ya bambanta da testosterone da progesterone waɗanda ke da haɗin C-4 zuwa C-5.

Chemical diagram
Cholesterol, wani sinadari na dabba na asali . Wannan sinadari mai gina jiki da kuma sinadarin steroid mai mahimmanci. [1] :1785f
Chemical diagram
5α- cholestane, wani sinadari mai kama da steroid

Yarjejeniyar sanya suna

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Kusan dukkan steroids masu dacewa da ilimin halitta ana iya gabatar da su azaman abin da aka samo daga tsarin hydrocarbon mai kama da cholesterol wanda ke aiki a matsayin kwarangwal . [9] Waɗannan tsarin iyaye suna da takamaiman sunaye, kamar pregnane, androstane, da sauransu. Abubuwan da aka samo suna ɗauke da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban masu aiki da ake kira kari ko kari bayan lambobi daban-daban, suna nuna matsayinsu a cikin ƙwayar steroid. [10] Akwai sunayen steroid marasa amfani da aka yi amfani da su sosai waɗanda suka samo asali daga halitta tare da babban aikin halittu, kamar progesterone, testosterone ko cortisol . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sunaye an ayyana su a cikin Sunan Steroids. [11] Hakanan ana iya amfani da waɗannan sunaye marasa amfani azaman tushe don samo sabbin sunaye, duk da haka, ta hanyar ƙara kari kawai maimakon kari, misali, steroid 17α-hydroxyprogesterone yana da ƙungiyar hydroxy (-OH) a matsayi na 17 na ƙwayar steroid idan aka kwatanta da progesterone.

Haruffan α da β [12] suna nuna cikakken tsarin sitiriyo a cibiyoyin chiral - wani takamaiman tsari daban-daban daga tsarin R/S na sinadarai na halitta don nuna cikakken tsari na ƙungiyoyin aiki, wanda aka sani da ƙa'idodin fifiko na Cahn-Ingold-Prelog . Tsarin R/S yana ba da fifiko ga waɗanda ke kan cibiyar chiral bisa ga lambar atom ɗinsu. Ana ba da mafi girman rukunin fifiko ga atom ɗin da ke da mafi girman lambar atom, kuma mafi ƙarancin rukunin fifiko ana ba da atom ɗin da ke da mafi ƙarancin lambar atom. Sannan ana mayar da kwayar halittar ta yadda mafi ƙarancin rukunin fifiko yana nesa da mai kallo, kuma sauran ƙungiyoyi uku an tsara su bisa ga raguwar fifiko a kusa da cibiyar chiral. Idan wannan tsari yana juyawa a agogo, ana ba shi tsarin R; idan akasin agogo ne, ana ba shi tsarin S. [13] Sabanin haka, tsarin steroid yana amfani da α da β don nuna stereochemistry a cibiyoyin chiral. Siffofin α da β sun dogara ne akan daidaitawar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna a cikin takamaiman tsarin zobe. Gabaɗaya, α yana nufin wani madadin da aka mayar da hankali kan matakin tsarin zobe, yayin da β yana nufin wani madadin da aka mayar da hankali nesa da matakin tsarin zobe. A cikin steroids da aka zana daga hangen nesa na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan takarda, ana nuna α-bonds akan siffofi a matsayin wedges masu lanƙwasa da β-bonds a matsayin wedges masu ƙarfi.

Sunan " 11-deoxycortisol " misali ne na sunan da aka samo wanda ke amfani da cortisol a matsayin tsarin iyaye ba tare da kwayar oxygen ba (saboda haka "deoxy") da aka haɗa zuwa matsayi na 11 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar hydroxy). An saita adadin matsayin ƙwayoyin carbon a cikin ƙwayar steroid a cikin samfurin da aka samo a cikin Nomenclature of Steroids [14] wanda ake amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da ko kwayar zarra tana cikin kwayar steroid da ake magana a kai ba. [15]

Carbons marasa cikawa (gabaɗaya, waɗanda suke ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa biyu) a cikin ƙwayar steroid ana nuna su ta hanyar canza -ane zuwa -ene. [16] Wannan canjin an saba yin shi ne a cikin sunan iyaye, yana ƙara wani abu kafin a nuna matsayin, tare da ko ba tare da Δ (babban birnin Girka) wanda ke nuna rashin cikawa, misali, 4-pregnene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione (kuma Δ 4 -pregnene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione) ko 4-androstene-3,11,17-trione (kuma Δ 4 -androstene-3,11,17-trione). Duk da haka, Sunan Steroids ya ba da shawarar cewa mai gano haɗin biyu ya kasance kusa da harafin da ke nuna rashin cikawa, saboda haka, yana da shi a matsayin kari maimakon kari, kuma ba tare da amfani da halin Δ ba, watau pregn-4-ene-11β,17α-diol-3,20-dione ko androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione . Haɗin biyun an sanya shi ta hanyar ƙaramin ƙwayar carbon, watau "Δ 4 -" ko "4-ene" yana nufin haɗin biyu tsakanin matsayi na 4 da 5. Ana iya yin cikawar carbons na steroid na iyaye ta hanyar ƙara prefix "dihydro-", watau, cikawar carbons 4 da 5 na testosterone tare da atoms hydrogen guda biyu shine 4,5α-dihydrotestosterone ko 4,5β-dihydrotestosterone. Gabaɗaya, idan babu wata matsala, za a iya cire lamba ɗaya ta matsayin hydrogen daga steroid mai cikakken haɗin kai, wanda zai bar matsayin atom na hydrogen na biyu kawai, misali, 5α-dihydrotestosterone ko 5β-dihydrotestosterone . Δ5- steroids sune waɗanda ke da haɗin kai biyu tsakanin carbons 5 da 6 kuma Δ4 steroids sune waɗanda ke da haɗin kai biyu tsakanin carbons 4 da 5. [17] [16]

Gajerun kalmomi kamar " P4 " don progesterone da " A4 " don androstenedione don nufin Δ 4 -steroids, yayin da " P5 " don pregnenolone da " A5 " don androstenediol na nufin Δ 5 -steroids.

Karin -ol yana nuna ƙungiyar hydroxy, yayin da karin -one yana nuna ƙungiyar oxo. Idan ƙungiyoyi biyu ko uku iri ɗaya aka haɗa su zuwa tsarin tushe a wurare daban-daban, karin -diol ko -triol don hydroxy, da kuma -dione ko -trione don ƙungiyoyin oxo, bi da bi. Misali, 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one yana da atom ɗin hydrogen a matsayin 5α (saboda haka karin "5α-", ƙungiyoyin hydroxy guda biyu (-OH) a matsayin 3α da 17α (saboda haka karin "3α,17α-diol") da kuma ƙungiyar oxo (=O) a matsayin 20 (saboda karin "20-one"). Duk da haka, ana iya samun kuskuren amfani da ƙarin bayani, misali, "5α-pregnan-17α-diol-3,11,20-trione" [18] [ sic ] — tunda yana da ƙungiyar hydroxy guda ɗaya kawai (a 17α) maimakon biyu, to ƙarin bayani ya kamata ya zama -ol, maimakon -diol, don sunan da ya dace ya zama "5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,11,20-trione".

Bisa ga ƙa'idar da aka saita a cikin Suna na Steroids, ya kamata a cire kalmar "e" a cikin sunan tsarin iyaye kafin wasali (kasancewa ko rashin lamba ba ya shafar irin wannan elision). [10] Wannan yana nufin, misali, cewa idan ƙarin bayani ya fara nan da nan zuwa sunan tsarin iyaye ya fara da wasali, za a cire "e" da ke biye da shi daga wannan sunan. Misalin irin wannan cirewa shine " 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione ", inda aka cire "e" na ƙarshe na " pregnane " saboda wasali ("o") a farkon ƙarin bayani -ol. Wasu marubuta suna amfani da wannan ƙa'ida ba daidai ba, suna kawar da kalmar "e" inda ya kamata a ajiye ta, ko akasin haka. [19]

Kalmar "11-oxygenated" tana nufin kasancewar atom ɗin oxygen a matsayin oxo (=O) ko hydroxy (-OH) madadin carbon 11. Ana amfani da "oxygenated" akai-akai a cikin sinadaran steroids [20] tun daga shekarun 1950. [21] Wasu bincike suna amfani da kalmar "11-oxyandrogens" [22] [23] a matsayin taƙaitaccen bayani ga androgens 11-oxygenated, don jaddada cewa duk suna da atom ɗin oxygen da aka haɗa da carbon a matsayi na 11. [24] [25] Duk da haka, a cikin sunayen sinadarai, prefix "oxy" yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin aiki na ether, watau, mahaɗin da ke da atom ɗin oxygen da aka haɗa zuwa ƙungiyoyin alkyl ko aryl guda biyu (ROR), saboda haka, amfani da "oxy" a cikin sunan ajin steroid na iya zama yaudara. Mutum zai iya samun misalai bayyanannu na "oxygenated" don komawa ga wani babban nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ɗauke da nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin aiki daban-daban na oxygen a wasu fannoni na ilmin sunadarai na halitta, [26] kuma ya dace a yi amfani da wannan al'ada.

Ko da yake "keto" wani tsari ne na yau da kullun a cikin ilmin sunadarai na halitta, shawarwarin 1989 na Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwa kan Sunayen Halittu ya hana amfani da kalmar "keto" don sunayen steroid, kuma ya fi son kalmar prefix "oxo" (misali, steroids 11-oxo maimakon steroids 11-keto), saboda "keto" ya haɗa da carbon wanda yake ɓangare na ƙwayar steroid kuma bai kamata a ƙayyade ƙwayar carbon iri ɗaya sau biyu ba. [27]

Rarraba Nau'o'i

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Ana samun steroids a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta, archaea, da eukaryotes . A cikin eukaryotes, steroids suna da yawa musamman a cikin fungi, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi.

Eukaryotic

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Kwayoyin Eukaryotic, waɗanda suka ƙunshi dabbobi, shuke-shuke, fungi, da protists, ana siffanta su da tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa, gami da ainihin tsakiya da ƙwayoyin halitta masu ɗaure da membrane. [28] Sterols, wani rukuni na steroids, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye ruwan membrane, tallafawa siginar tantanin halitta, da haɓaka haƙurin damuwa. Waɗannan mahaɗan suna da mahimmanci ga membranes na eukaryotic, inda suke ba da gudummawa ga amincin membrane da aiki. [29]

A lokacin eukaryogenesis —tsarin juyin halitta wanda ya haifar da ƙwayoyin eukaryotic na zamani—steroids wataƙila sun taimaka wajen samun mitochondria na endosymbiotic. [30]

Prokaryotic

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Duk da cewa ba kasafai ake samun sinadarin sterol a cikin prokaryotes ba, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, ciki har da Methylococcus capsulatus, takamaiman methanotrophs, myxobacteria, da planctomycete Gemmata obscuriglobus, suna da ikon samar da sterols. A cikin G. obscuriglobus, sterols suna da mahimmanci don wanzuwar ƙwayoyin halitta, amma ba a fahimci rawar da suke takawa a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ba sosai.

Haɗakar sterol na prokaryotic ya ƙunshi tsarin steroid na tetracyclic, kamar yadda ake samu a cikin myxobacteria, [31] da kuma hopanoids, pentacyclic lipids waɗanda ke daidaita ayyukan membrane na ƙwayoyin cuta. [32] Waɗannan hanyoyin sterol biosynthetic na iya samo asali ne daga ƙwayoyin cuta ko kuma an canza su daga eukaryotes . [33]

Haɗakar sterol ya dogara ne akan muhimman enzymes guda biyu: squalene monooxygenase da oxidosqualene cyclase . Binciken phylogenetic na oxidosqualene cyclase (Osc) ya nuna cewa wasu kwayoyin halittar Osc na ƙwayoyin cuta an samo su ta hanyar canja wurin kwayar halitta daga eukaryotes, saboda wasu sunadaran Osc na ƙwayoyin cuta suna kama da homologs na eukaryotic.

Fungal

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Steroids na fungal sun haɗa da ergosterols, waɗanda ke da hannu wajen kiyaye ingancin membrane na ƙwayoyin fungal. Magungunan fungal daban-daban, kamar amphotericin B da azole antifungals, suna amfani da wannan bayanin don kashe fungi masu cutarwa . Fungi na iya canza abun cikin ergosterol ɗinsu (misali ta hanyar asarar maye gurbi a cikin enzymes ERG3 ko ERG6, yana haifar da raguwar ergosterol, ko maye gurbi wanda ke rage abun cikin ergosterol) don haɓaka juriya ga magungunan da ke kai hari ga ergosterol.

Ergosterol yana kama da cholesterol da ake samu a cikin membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta na dabbobi (gami da mutane), ko kuma phytosterols da ake samu a cikin membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta na tsirrai. Duk namomin kaza suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na ergosterol, tsakanin milligrams goma zuwa ɗaruruwan a kowace gram 100 na busasshiyar nauyi. [34] Oxygen yana da mahimmanci don haɗa ergosterol a cikin fungi. [34]

Ergosterol ne ke da alhakin yawan sinadarin bitamin D da ake samu a cikin namomin kaza; ergosterol ana canza shi ta hanyar sinadarai zuwa provitamin D2 ta hanyar fallasa shi ga hasken ultraviolet . Provitamin D2 ba tare da wani dalili ba yana samar da bitamin D2. [34] Duk da haka, ba duk fungi bane ke amfani da ergosterol a cikin membranes na sel; misali, nau'in fungi mai cutarwa Pneumocystis jiravecii ba ya amfani da shi, wanda ke da mahimman tasirin asibiti (idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aikin magungunan antifungal da yawa). Ta amfani da fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae a matsayin misali, wasu manyan steroids sun haɗa da ergosta‐5,7,22,24(28)‐tetraen‐3β‐ol, zymosterol, da lanosterol . S. cerevisiae yana amfani da 5,6‐dihydroergosterol maimakon ergosterol a cikin membrane na sel. [34]

Shuka

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Steroids na shuka sun haɗa da steroid alkaloids da ake samu a cikin Solanaceae [35] da Melanthiaceae (musamman nau'in Veratrum ), cardiac glycosides, phytosterols da brassinosteroids (wanda ya haɗa da hormones na shuka da yawa).

Dabba

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Magungunan steroid na dabbobi sun haɗa da sinadarai masu ƙashi da asalin kwari, na ƙarshen sun haɗa da ecdysteroids kamar ecdysterone (wanda ke sarrafa molting a wasu nau'ikan). Misalan ƙwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da hormones na steroid da cholesterol; na ƙarshen wani ɓangare ne na membranes na tantanin halitta wanda ke taimakawa wajen tantance ruwan membranes na tantanin halitta kuma babban abu ne na plaque (wanda ke da alaƙa da atherosclerosis) . ). Hormones na steroid sun haɗa da:

  • Sinadaran jima'i, waɗanda ke tasiri ga bambancin jinsi kuma suna tallafawa balaga da haihuwa . Waɗannan sun haɗa da androgens, estrogens, da progestogens .
  • Corticosteroids, gami da yawancin magungunan steroid na roba, tare da nau'ikan samfuran halitta kamar glucocorticoids (wanda ke daidaita fannoni da yawa na metabolism da aikin garkuwar jiki ) da kuma mineralocorticoids (wanda ke taimakawa wajen kula da yawan jini da kuma sarrafa fitar da sinadarai masu guba daga koda ).
  • Steroids na anabolic, na halitta da na roba, waɗanda ke hulɗa da masu karɓar androgen don ƙara yawan haɗakar tsoka da ƙashi. A cikin amfani da shi sosai, kalmar "steroids" sau da yawa tana nufin steroids na anabolic.

Nau'o'i

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Ta hanyar aiki

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Moss GP, the Working Party of the IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1989). "Nomenclature of steroids, recommendations 1989" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 61 (10): 1783–1822. doi:10.1351/pac198961101783. S2CID 97612891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012. Also available with the same authors at "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989". European Journal of Biochemistry. 186 (3): 429–458. December 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099.; Also available online at "The Nomenclature of Steroids". Queen Mary University of London. p. 3S-1.4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  2. ↑ Rhen T, Cidlowski JA (October 2005). "Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids--new mechanisms for old drugs". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (16): 1711–1723. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050541. PMID 16236742. S2CID 5744727.
  3. ↑ "Lanosterol biosynthesis". Recommendations on Biochemical & Organic Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology. International Union Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  4. ↑ Yang Y, Krin A, Cai X, Poopari MR, Zhang Y, Cheeseman JR, Xu Y (January 2023). "Conformations of Steroid Hormones: Infrared and Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy". Molecules. 28 (2): 771. doi:10.3390/molecules28020771. PMC 9864676 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36677830 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ "sterol | Etymology, origin and meaning of sterol by etymonline". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  6. ↑ Chevreul ME (8 May 1815). "Recherches chimiques sur les corps gras, et particulièrement sur leurs combinaisons avec les alcalis. Sixième mémoire. Examen des graisses d'homme, de mouton, de boeuf, de jaguar et d'oie" [Chemical research on fatty substances, and particularly on their combinations with alkalis. Sixth memoir. Examination of human, sheep, beef, jaguar and goose fats]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique (Annals of Chemistry and Physics) (in Faransanci). 2: 339–372. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023 – via Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek.
  7. ↑ "R-2.4.1 Fusion nomenclature". Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  8. ↑ Greep 2013.
  9. ↑ "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989". Eur J Biochem. 186 (3): 430. 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099. 3S‐1.0. Definition of steroids and sterols. Steroids are compounds possessing the skeleton of cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene or a skeleton derived therefrom by one or more bond scissions or ring expansions or contractions. Methyl groups are normally present at C-10 and C-13. An alkyl side chain may also be present at C-17. Sterols are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane.
  10. 1 2 "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989". Eur J Biochem. 186 (3): 429–458. 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099. 3S-4. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. 3S-4.0. General. Nearly all biologically important steroids are derivatives of the parent hydrocarbons (cf. Table 1) carrying various functional groups. [...] Suffixes are added to the name of the saturated or unsaturated parent system (see 33-2.5), the terminal e of -ane, -ene, -yne, -adiene etc. being elided before a vowel (presence or absence of numerals has no effect on such elisions).
  11. ↑ "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989, chapter 3S-4.9". European Journal of Biochemistry. 186 (3): 429–458. December 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024. 3S‐4.9. Trivial names of important steroids Examples of trivial names retained for important steroid derivatives, these being mostly natural compounds of significant biological activity, are given in Table 2
  12. ↑ "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989, chapter 3S-1.4". European Journal of Biochemistry. 186 (3): 429–458. December 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099. 3S‐1.4. Orientation of projection formulae. When the rings of a steroid are denoted as projections onto the plane of the paper, the formula is normally to be oriented as in 2a. An atom or group attached to a ring depicted as in the orientation 2a is termed α (alpha) if it lies below the plane of the paper or β (beta) if it lies above the plane of the paper.
  13. ↑ "3.5: Naming chiral centers- the R and S system". 11 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  14. ↑ "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989". Eur J Biochem. 186 (3): 430. 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099. 3S-1.1. Numbering and ring letters. Steroids are numbered and rings are lettered as in formula 1
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "wj".
  16. 1 2 "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989". Eur J Biochem. 186 (3): 436–437. 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099. 3S‐2.5 Unsaturation. Unsaturation is indicated by changing -ane to -ene, -adiene, -yne etc., or -an- to -en-, -adien-, -yn- etc. Examples: Androst-5-ene, not 5-androstene; 5α-Cholest-6-ene; 5β-Cholesta-7,9(11)-diene; 5α-Cholest-6-en-3β-ol. Notes. 1) It is now recommended that the locant of a double bond is always adjacent to the syllable designating the unsaturation.[...] 3) The use of Δ (Greek capital delta) character is not recommended to designate unsaturation in individual names. It may be used, however, in generic terms, like ‘Δ5-steroids’
  17. ↑ Miller WL, Auchus RJ (February 2011). "The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders". Endocr Rev. 32 (1): 81–151. doi:10.1210/er.2010-0013. PMC 3365799. PMID 21051590.
  18. ↑ "Google Scholar search results for "5α-pregnan-17α-diol-3,11,20-trione" that is an incorrect name". 2022. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  19. ↑ "Google Scholar search results for "5α-pregnane-17α-ol-3,20-dione" that is an incorrect name". 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  20. ↑ Makin HL, Trafford DJ (1972). "The chemistry of the steroids". Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1 (2): 333–360. doi:10.1016/S0300-595X(72)80024-0.
  21. ↑ Bongiovanni AM, Clayton GW (March 1954). "Simplified method for estimation of 11-oxygenated neutral 17-ketosteroids in urine of individuals with adrenocortical hyperplasia". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 85 (3): 428–429. doi:10.3181/00379727-85-20905. PMID 13167092. S2CID 8408420.
  22. ↑ Slaunwhite Jr WR, Neely L, Sandberg AA (1964). "The metabolism of 11-Oxyandrogens in human subjects". Steroids. 3 (4): 391–416. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(64)90003-0.
  23. ↑ Taylor AE, Ware MA, Breslow E, Pyle L, Severn C, Nadeau KJ, et al. (July 2022). "11-Oxyandrogens in Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". Journal of the Endocrine Society. 6 (7). doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac037. PMC 9123281 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35611324 Check |pmid= value (help).
  24. ↑ Turcu AF, Rege J, Auchus RJ, Rainey WE (May 2020). "11-Oxygenated androgens in health and disease". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 16 (5): 284–296. doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0336-x. PMC 7881526. PMID 32203405.
  25. ↑ Barnard L, du Toit T, Swart AC (April 2021). "Back where it belongs: 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione compels the re-assessment of C11-oxy androgens in steroidogenesis". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 525. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111189. PMID 33539964 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 231776716 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  26. ↑ Barrientos EJ, Lapuerta M, Boehman AL (August 2013). "Group additivity in soot formation for the example of C-5 oxygenated hydrocarbon fuels". Combustion and Flame (in Turanci). 160 (8): 1484–1498. Bibcode:2013CoFl..160.1484B. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.02.024.
  27. ↑ "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989". Eur J Biochem. 186 (3): 429–58. 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099. The prefix oxo- should also be used in connection with generic terms, e.g., 17-oxo steroids. The term ‘17-keto steroids’, often used in the medical literature, is incorrect because C-17 is specified twice, as the term keto denotes C=O
  28. ↑ Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA (2021). "Steroids distribution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (25). doi:10.1073/pnas.2101276118. PMC 8237579 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34131078 Check |pmid= value (help).
  29. ↑ "Steroids distribution". Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2024.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  30. ↑ Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA (2021). "Species distribution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (25). doi:10.1073/pnas.2101276118. PMC 8237579 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34131078 Check |pmid= value (help).
  31. ↑ Bode HB, Zeggel B, Silakowski B, Wenzel SC, Reichenbach H, Müller R (Jan 2003). "Steroid biosynthesis in prokaryotes: identification of myxobacterial steroids and cloning of the first bacterial 2,3(S)-oxidosqualene cyclase from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca". Molecular Microbiology. 47 (2): 471–81. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03309.x. PMID 12519197. S2CID 37959511.
  32. ↑ Siedenburg G, Jendrossek D (Jun 2011). "Squalene-hopene cyclases". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (12): 3905–15. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.3905S. doi:10.1128/AEM.00300-11. PMC 3131620. PMID 21531832.
  33. ↑ Desmond E, Gribaldo S (2009). "Phylogenomics of sterol synthesis: insights into the origin, evolution, and diversity of a key eukaryotic feature". Genome Biology and Evolution. 1: 364–81. doi:10.1093/gbe/evp036. PMC 2817430. PMID 20333205.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Kavanagh Fungi".
  35. ↑ Wink M (Sep 2003). "Evolution of secondary metabolites from an ecological and molecular phylogenetic perspective". Phytochemistry. 64 (1): 3–19. Bibcode:2003PChem..64....3W. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00300-5. PMID 12946402.

Hanyoyin warewa don cimma ma'aunin samfurin guda biyu sun bambanta, amma sun haɗa da cirewa, hazo, shawa, chromatography, da kuma crystallization . A duka halayen biyu, an tsarkake sinadarin da aka ware zuwa daidaiton sinadarai; an zaɓi hanyoyin rabawa da na nazari, kamar LC-MS, don su zama "orthogonal" - suna cimma rabuwarsu bisa ga hanyoyi daban-daban na hulɗa tsakanin abu da matrix na ware - don gano nau'in halitta ɗaya a cikin samfurin tsarkakakke.

Jimlar haɗakarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu hormones na steroid ana samun su ne ta hanyar haɗa su gaba ɗaya daga sinadarai masu guba (misali steroids 13- alkyl ). Misali, Norgestrel na magunguna ya fara ne daga methoxy - 1-tetralone, wani sinadarai masu guba da aka samo daga phenol .

Kyaututtukan bincike

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An bayar da kyaututtuka da dama na Nobel saboda binciken steroid, ciki har da:

  • 1927 ( Kimiyyar Sinadarai ) Heinrich Otto Wieland — Tsarin sinadarin bile acid da sterols da kuma alaƙarsu da bitamin [1]
  • 1928 (Kimiyya) Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus — Tsarin sitaci da alaƙarsu da bitamin [2]
  • 1939 (Chemistry) Adolf Butenandt da Leopold Ružička — Nazarin keɓewa da tsarin kwayoyin halittar jima'i na steroid, da kuma nazarin da suka shafi manyan terpenes [3]
  • 1950 ( Languageology ko Medicine ) Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, da Philip Hench — Tsarin da tasirin kwayoyin halitta na hormones na adrenal [4]
  • 1965 (Sinadari) Robert Burns Woodward — A wani ɓangare, don haɗa sinadarin cholesterol, cortisone, da lanosterol [5]
  • 1969 (Sinadari) Derek Barton da Odd Hassel — Ci gaban ra'ayin tsari a cikin sinadari, yana mai jaddada sinadarin steroid [6]
  • 1975 (Chemistry) Vladimir Prelog — A wani ɓangare, don haɓaka hanyoyin tantance tsarin stereochemical na biosynthesis na cholesterol daga mevalonic acid ta hanyar squalene [7]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Steroid classification

  1. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  3. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  4. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  6. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  7. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

Littattafan tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Cholesterol metabolism intermediates Samfuri:MetabolismSamfuri:MetabolismMap

Samfuri:MetabolismMap

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