Rewriting Colonial Legacies

Indigenous Religion, Christianity and Embattled Gods in Nigerian Literature

Authors

  • Adriaan van Klinken University of Leeds Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jbasr.33309

Keywords:

indigenous religion, Christianity, colonialism, Nigerian literature, religion and literature, decolonisation

Abstract

The modern history of religion, and the study thereof, in much of Africa, and specifically in Nigeria, has been defined by the colonial encounter and subsequent clashes between indigenous religions and missionary Christianity. This history continues to shape the trajectory of the study of religion in Africa, as well as the development of the relationship between Christianity and indigenous religious traditions. Instead of revisiting this history as such, this article focuses on Nigerian literature. Discussing selected novels by Chinua Achebe, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Okey Ndibe, respectively, it argues that these texts are devices through which literary writers –  as social and religious thinkers –  have reckoned with the colonial past of religion, specifically the relationship between Christianity and indigenous religions, and its ongoing legacies. Doing so, the article foregrounds literary writing as an important methodological and pedagogical resource for the study of religion, in Africa and more generally, and it explores how selected Nigerian literary texts offer insight into the ongoing debates about decolonising religious studies.

References

Achebe, Chinua. 2010 [1958]. Things Fall Apart (New York: Penguin Books).

Adebanwi, Wale. 2014. ‘The Writer as Social Thinker,’ Journal of Contemporary African Studies 32.4: 405–20.

Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. 2017 [2003]. Purple Hibiscus (London: Fourth Estate).

Adogame, A. 2010. ‘Religion in African Literary Writings,’ Studies in World Christianity 16.1: 1–5.

Alao, Abiodun. 2022. Rage and Carnage in the Name of God: Religious Violence in Nigeria (Durham: Duke University Press).

Anya, Ike. 2005. ‘In the Footsteps of Achebe: Enter Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie,’ African Writer (15 October). https://www.africanwriter.com/in-the-footsteps-of-achebe-enter-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/

Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. 2002. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post- Colonial Literatures, 2nd edition (London: Routledge).

Brobbey, Gideon. 2022. ‘Sacrilege as Commerce: Materialism, Modernity and the Changing Igbo Metaphysics in Okey Ndibe’s Foreign Gods, Inc.,’ Kairos: A Journal of Critical Symposium 7.1: 71–84.

Chidester, David. 2014. Empire of Religion: Imperialism and Comparative Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

_________. 1996. Savage Systems: Colonialism and Comparative Religion in Southern Africa (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia).

Chitando, Ezra. 2001. ‘Fact and Fiction: Images of Missionaries in Zimbabwean Literature,’ Studies in World Christianity 7.1: 80–94.

Gikandi, Simon. 2009. ‘Christianity and Christian Missions,’ in Simon Gikandi (eds.) The Routledge Encyclopedia of African Literature (London: Routledge).

Hawley, John C. 2013. ‘The Gods Who Speak in Many Voices, and in None: African Novelists on Indigenous and Colonial Religion,’ in Carol P. Marsh- Lockett and Elizabeth J. West (eds.) Literary Expressions of African Spirituality (Plymouth: Lexington Books): 15–34.

Kalu, Ogbu. 2003. The Embattled Gods: Christianization of Igboland, 1841– 1991 (Trenton: Africa World Press).

Knight, Mark. 2009. An Introduction to Religion and Literature (London: Continuum).

Magesa, Laurenti. 2020. ‘Theology of Inculturation: History, Meaning, and Implications,’ in Elias K. Bongmba (ed.) The Routledge Handbook of African Theology (London: Routledge): 44–56.

Masuzawa, Tomoko. 2005. The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism (Chicago: Chicago University Press).

Matory, Lorand. 2018. The Fetish Revisited: Marx, Freud, and the Gods Black People Make (Durham: Duke University Press).

Meyer, Birgit. 2020. ‘What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World,’ Journal of Religion in Africa 50.1– 2: 156–81.

Mugambi, Jesse N. K. 1992. Critiques of Christianity in African Literature (Nairobi: East African Publishers).

Ndibe, Okey. 2014. Foreign Gods, Inc. (New York: Soho Press).

Ndula, Janet N. 2017. ‘Deconstructing Binary Oppositions of Gender in Purple Hibiscus: A Review of Religious/Traditional Superiority and Silence,’ in Ernest N. Emenyonu (ed.) A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (Suffolk: James Currey): 31–44.

Ngugi wa Thiong’o. 1986. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers).

Nkwocha, Isidore Iwejuo. 2021. Charismatic Renewal and Pentecostalism: The Renewal of the Nigerian Catholic Church (Eugene: Wipf and Stock).

Nye, Malorie. 2019. ‘Decolonizing the Study of Religion,’ Open Library of Humanities 5.1: 1–45.

Owusu, Robert Yaw. 2022. ‘African Traditional Religion in the Context of World Religions: Challenges to Scholars and Students,’ in Ibigbolade S. Aderibigbe and Toyin Falola (eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of African Traditional Religion (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 577–88.

P’Bitek, Okot. 2011. Decolonizing African Religions: A Short History of African Religions in Western Scholarship (with an Introduction by Kwasi Wiredu) (New York: Diasporic Africa Press).

Searle, Alison. 2007. ‘The Role of Missions in Things Fall Apart and Nervous Conditions,’ Literature and Theology 21.1: 49–65.

Stobie, Cheryl. 2010. ‘Dethroning the Infallible Father: Religion, Patriarchy and Politics in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus,’ Literature and Theology 24.4: 421–35.

van Klinken, Adriaan. 2020. ‘Religion in African Literature: Representation, Critique and Imagination,’ Religion Compass 14.12: 1–12.

Wariboko, Nimi. 2017. ‘Pentecostalism in Africa,’ in Oxford Research Encyclopaedias: African History.

https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-120?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-120&p=emailA2tE4Cema5ykk

________. 2014. Nigerian Pentecostalism (Rochester: University of Rochester Press).

Published

2026-03-05

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Rewriting Colonial Legacies: Indigenous Religion, Christianity and Embattled Gods in Nigerian Literature. (2026). Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religions, 27, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1558/jbasr.33309