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. 2013 Jun 30;75(1):1-36.
doi: 10.3114/sim0004.

Redisposition of phoma-like anamorphs in Pleosporales

J de Gruyter  1 , J H C Woudenberg, M M Aveskamp, G J M Verkley, J Z Groenewald, P W Crous
Affiliations

Redisposition of phoma-like anamorphs in Pleosporales

J de Gruyter et al. Stud Mycol. .

Abstract

The anamorphic genus Phoma was subdivided into nine sections based on morphological characters, and included teleomorphs in Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, suggesting the polyphyly of the genus. Recent molecular, phylogenetic studies led to the conclusion that Phoma should be restricted to Didymellaceae. The present study focuses on the taxonomy of excluded Phoma species, currently classified in Phoma sections Plenodomus, Heterospora and Pilosa. Species of Leptosphaeria and Phoma section Plenodomus are reclassified in Plenodomus, Subplenodomus gen. nov., Leptosphaeria and Paraleptosphaeria gen. nov., based on the phylogeny determined by analysis of sequence data of the large subunit 28S nrDNA (LSU) and Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 & 2 and 5.8S nrDNA (ITS). Phoma heteromorphospora, type species of Phoma section Heterospora, and its allied species Phoma dimorphospora, are transferred to the genus Heterospora stat. nov. The Phoma acuta complex (teleomorph Leptosphaeria doliolum), is revised based on a multilocus sequence analysis of the LSU, ITS, small subunit 18S nrDNA (SSU), β-tubulin (TUB), and chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1) regions. Species of Phoma section Pilosa and allied Ascochyta species were determined to belong to Pleosporaceae based on analysis of actin (ACT) sequence data. Anamorphs that are similar morphologically to Phoma and described in Ascochyta, Asteromella, Coniothyrium, Plectophomella, Pleurophoma and Pyrenochaeta are included in this study. Phoma-like species, which grouped outside the Pleosporineae based on a LSU sequence analysis, are transferred to the genera Aposphaeria, Paraconiothyrium and Westerdykella. The genera Medicopsis gen. nov. and Nigrograna gen. nov. are introduced to accommodate the medically important species formerly known as Pyrenochaeta romeroi and Pyrenochaeta mackinnonii, respectively.

Taxonomic novelties: New genera: Medicopsis Gruyter, Verkley & Crous, Nigrograna Gruyter, Verkley & Crous, Paraleptosphaeria Gruyter, Verkley & Crous, Subplenodomus Gruyter, Verkley & Crous. New species: Aposphaeria corallinolutea Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Paraconiothyrium maculicutis Verkley & Gruyter. New combinations: Coniothyrium carteri (Gruyter & Boerema) Verkley & Gruyter, C. dolichi (Mohanty) Verkley & Gruyter, C. glycines (R.B. Stewart) Verkley & Gruyter, C. multiporum (V.H. Pawar, P.N. Mathur & Thirum.) Verkley & Gruyter, C. telephii (Allesch.) Verkley & Gruyter, Heterospora (Boerema, Gruyter & Noordel.) Gruyter, Verkley & Crous, H. chenopodii (Westend.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, H. dimorphospora (Speg.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Leptosphaeria errabunda (Desm.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, L. etheridgei (L.J. Hutchison & Y. Hirats.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, L. macrocapsa (Trail) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, L. pedicularis (Fuckel) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, L. rubefaciens (Togliani) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, L. sclerotioides (Sacc.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, L. sydowii (Boerema, Kesteren & Loer.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, L. veronicae (Hollós) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Medicopsis romeroi (Borelli) Gruyter, Verkley & Crous, Nigrograna mackinnonii (Borelli) Gruyter, Verkley & Crous, Paraconiothyrium flavescens (Gruyter, Noordel. & Boerema) Verkley & Gruyter, Paracon. fuckelii (Sacc.) Verkley & Gruyter, Paracon. fusco-maculans (Sacc.) Verkley & Gruyter, Paracon. lini (Pass.) Verkley & Gruyter, Paracon. tiliae (F. Rudolphi) Verkley & Gruyter, Paraleptosphaeria dryadis (Johanson) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Paralept. macrospora (Thüm.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Paralept. nitschkei (Rehm ex G. Winter) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Paralept. orobanches (Schweinitz: Fr.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Paralept. praetermissa (P. Karst.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plenodomus agnitus (Desm.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. biglobosus (Shoemaker & H. Brun) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. chrysanthemi (Zachos, Constantinou & Panag.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. collinsoniae (Dearn. & House) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. confertus (Niessl ex Sacc.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. congestus (M.T. Lucas) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. enteroleucus (Sacc.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. fallaciosus (Berl.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. hendersoniae (Fuckel) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. influorescens (Boerema & Loer.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. libanotidis (Fuckel) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. lindquistii (Frezzi) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. lupini (Ellis & Everh.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. pimpinellae (Lowen & Sivan.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. tracheiphilus (Petri) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Plen. visci (Moesz) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Pleospora fallens (Sacc.) Gruyter & Verkley, Pleo. flavigena (Constantinou & Aa) Gruyter & Verkley, Pleo. incompta (Sacc. & Martelli) Gruyter & Verkley, Pyrenochaetopsis pratorum (P.R. Johnst. & Boerema) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Subplenodomus apiicola (Kleb.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Subplen. drobnjacensis (Bubák) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Subplen. valerianae (Henn.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Subplen. violicola (P. Syd.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Westerdykella capitulum (V.H. Pawar, P.N. Mathur & Thirum.) de Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, W. minutispora (P.N. Mathur ex Gruyter & Noordel.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley. New names: Pleospora angustis Gruyter & Verkley, Pleospora halimiones Gruyter & Verkley.

Keywords: Coniothyriaceae; Cucurbitariaceae; Leptosphaeriaceae; Melanommataceae; Montagnulaceae; Phaeosphaeriaceae; Pleosporaceae; Sporormiaceae; Trematosphaeriaceae; coelomycetes; molecular phylogeny; taxonomy.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
The phylogeny of Phoma lingam and Phoma betae, the type species of Phoma sections Plenodomus and Pilosa, based on the strict consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis of 48 LSU/SSU sequences. The Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to Sporormiella minima (CBS 524.50).
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
The phylogeny of Phoma section Plenodomus and Leptosphaeria, based on the strict consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis of 87 LSU/ITS sequences. The Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to Phoma herbarum (CBS 615.75).
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
The phylogeny of the Leptosphaeria doliolum complex, based on the strict consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis of 18 ITS/ACT/TUB/CHS-1 sequences. The Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to Leptosphaeria pedicularis comb. nov. (CBS 390.80).
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
The phylogeny of phoma-like anamorphs in the Pleosporaceae based on the strict consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis of 20 ACT sequences. The Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to Plenodomus lingam (CBS 147.24, CBS 260.94).
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
LSU The phylogeny of phoma-like isolates excluded from the Pleosporineae, based on the strict consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis of 40 LSU sequences. The Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to Pseudorobillarda phragmitis (CBS 398.61).
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
Paraconiothyrium maculicutis sp. nov. CBS 101461. A-B. Fourteen day old cultures on OA (A) and MA (B). C-D. Pycnidia. E. Phoma-like conidiogenous cells. F-G. Conidia, initially hyaline to pale olivaceous (F), then becoming olivaceous (G). Scale bars: C-D = 20 μm; E = 10 μm; F-G = 5 μm.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.
Pleurophoma pleurospora. CBS 130329. A-B. Fourteen day old cultures on OA (A) and MA (B). C. Pycnidia. D-H. Conidiogenous cells, septate conidiophores with acropleurogenous conidiogenesis (D-G) or phoma-like (H). I. Conidia. Scale bars: C = 50 μm; D-G, I = 10 μm; H = 5 μm.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.
Aposphaeria corallinolutea sp. nov. CBS 131287. A-B. Fourteen day old cultures on OA (A) and MA (B). C-D. Pycnidia. E-H. Conidiogenous cells. I. Conidia. Scale bars: C = 50 μm; D = 20 μm; E-I = 10 μm.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9.
Aposphaeria populina. CBS 543.70. A-B. Fourteen day old cultures on OA (A) and MA (B). C. Pycnidium with mycelial outgrowths (CBS 130330). D-E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. Scale bars: C = 20 μm; D-E = 10 μm; F = 5 μm.
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