close
Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2017 May;21(5):961-965.
doi: 10.1007/s10995-017-2287-y.

What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: The Risk of Language Deprivation by Impairing Sign Language Development in Deaf Children

Affiliations

What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: The Risk of Language Deprivation by Impairing Sign Language Development in Deaf Children

Wyatte C Hall. Matern Child Health J. 2017 May.

Abstract

A long-standing belief is that sign language interferes with spoken language development in deaf children, despite a chronic lack of evidence supporting this belief. This deserves discussion as poor life outcomes continue to be seen in the deaf population. This commentary synthesizes research outcomes with signing and non-signing children and highlights fully accessible language as a protective factor for healthy development. Brain changes associated with language deprivation may be misrepresented as sign language interfering with spoken language outcomes of cochlear implants. This may lead to professionals and organizations advocating for preventing sign language exposure before implantation and spreading misinformation. The existence of one-time-sensitive-language acquisition window means a strong possibility of permanent brain changes when spoken language is not fully accessible to the deaf child and sign language exposure is delayed, as is often standard practice. There is no empirical evidence for the harm of sign language exposure but there is some evidence for its benefits, and there is growing evidence that lack of language access has negative implications. This includes cognitive delays, mental health difficulties, lower quality of life, higher trauma, and limited health literacy. Claims of cochlear implant- and spoken language-only approaches being more effective than sign language-inclusive approaches are not empirically supported. Cochlear implants are an unreliable standalone first-language intervention for deaf children. Priorities of deaf child development should focus on healthy growth of all developmental domains through a fully-accessible first language foundation such as sign language, rather than auditory deprivation and speech skills.

Keywords: Cochlear implant; Deaf child development; Hearing loss; Language deprivation; Sign language.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

    1. Adesope OO, Lavin T, Thompson T, Ungerleider C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Review of Educational Research. 2010;80(2):207–245.
    1. Amraei K, Amirsalari S, Ajallouiyan M. Comparison of intelligence quotients of first- and second-generation deaf children with cochlear implants. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2017;92:167–170. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.10.005. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Anderson ML, Leigh IW. Intimate partner violence against deaf female college students. Violence Against Women. 2011;17(7):822–834. - PubMed
    1. Anderson ML, Wolf Craig KS, Hall WC, Ziedonis DM. A pilot study of deaf trauma survivors’ experiences: Early traumas unique to being deaf in a hearing world. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 2016 doi: 10.1007/s40653-016-0111-2. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bailes C, Erting C, Erting L, Thumann-Prezioso C. Language and literacy acquisition through parental mediation in American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies. 2009;9(4):417–456.

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources