All systems are go! PBS just launched the second episode of its "Once Upon a Time in Space" miniseries on Tuesday, titled "The Russian Thing," and we’ve got an exclusive clip from the harrowing chapter that focuses on near disasters aboard the Space Station Mir in 1997.

In addition to the video, we’re also proud to share an exclusive interview with NASA's celebrated British-American astronaut Michael Foale, who is featured prominently in the new segment regarding the infamous cargo pod collision on Mir, which caused a decompression incident that became a life-threatening crisis.

Hailing from British filmmaker James Bluemel and his crew that delivered the award-winning "Once Upon a Time in Northern Ireland," "Once Upon a Time in Space" is a 4-part exploration of human spaceflight. Its weekly episodes trace pivotal events in spacefaring history via the personal experiences of astronauts, cosmonauts, and loved ones left on Earth from the birth of the Space Shuttle program to the blossoming of today’s commercial spaceflight industry.

"James Bluemel is a very perceptive director, and he was different from others that have interviewed me," Foale tells Space.

"What I loved about his method was he would dig up clips from our training or at different points when I was a brand new astronaut, looking really young and had a surfer boy haircut. I love windsurfing. He would dig up clips I don't know where from. And then he'd show it to you, and then he'd say, 'What do you think?'"

Foale — a distinguished veteran of six space missions who retired in 2013 — takes us back to that day of May 25, 1997, when a manual docking maneuver caused an unmanned Progress cargo ship to collide with Mir, ripping a large hole in the Russian space station’s Spektr module.

The crew’s valiant attempt to halt the pressure leak and save the station is like something straight out of a Hollywood thriller. With only 23 minutes of oxygen left, Foale and cosmonauts Vasily Tsibliev and Alexander ‘Sasha’ Lazutkin were able to repair the damage and stop the tumbling spacecraft from spinning wildly out of control.

"The root cause of the accident was trying to save money," he explains. "And the root cause was an attempt to do a manual docking from a large distance longer than any cosmonaut or astronaut does a manual docking from and doing it without the radar. The radar was built in Ukraine and cost $2 million in that timeframe. And the Russian managers did not want to pay Ukraine $2 million.

"So someone in the Energia corporation — they're the guilty company — decided they would try and get this crew at the last minute to try and do a manual rendezvous and docking without the radar from about a six-kilometer starting point. And that test was with a Progress we'd already filled up with trash and was meant to be de-orbited into the Pacific Ocean. Before it was going to be de-orbited finally, it was going to do this test."

Unfortunately, that test went horribly wrong due to Vasily Tsibliev not being able, based on measurements he could make in real time, to determine the exact closing velocity of the Progress.

"He couldn't ascertain distance very well, but you need the distance first, and then you need to divide by time to get the velocity,” notes Foale. “That was not possible in that situation and never attempted again. It caused a much higher velocity than Vasily could extinguish using the one thruster set that were turned on the Progress.

"So it bounced off, literally bounced off after crumpling part of the Spektr module and bending one of the solar arrays. The joint cracked at the base of the solar array into the module, and that's where the unseen hole is or was. And that's where the air was leaving from. It was a multiple hit that caused it to float away. And we were told as a crew about three days later, because we asked what had happened to it. They said, 'Well, engine was capable of being fired. It was capable of reorienting itself, and it de-orbited into the Pacific.'"

In the aftermath of the collision, an adapter was sent up to try and connect power back from the Spektr module into the Mir system.

"Vasily and Sasha were planned to do an internal spacewalk into the Spektr module to get to those cables that Sasha and I had had to disconnect to save the station," Foale adds. "They were going to go back in during an internal EVA. Vasily, because of the stress of the event, didn't pass the medical test done before the spacewalk, and they wire you up for a heart monitor.

"So then a day later, a call came up from the head of the program, Valery Ryumin, saying, 'Oh, Michael, you're on the radio. I'm going to ask you, would you be willing to go in and do the spacewalk inside the Spektr module instead of Vasily?'", remembers Foale. "I just knew that that was going to create a huge issue with me and Vasily because it was so humiliating for him. And he took all the blame of the collision on his shoulders, which was unfair."

Foale retired from NASA and space travel after a brilliant 30-year career with the agency and six space shuttle missions, but the lifestyle adjustment was a bit troubling at first.

“That was a depressing moment when I was being told, 'Oh, you're done,'" he shares. "I knew I couldn't survive the envy of my astronaut colleagues who are younger than me and haven't flown but once or twice. So I knew I was kind of done in space, at least with NASA. I was dreaming of being an astronaut guide like Peggy Whitson or Michael Lopez-Alegria on an Axiom mission. Those were my daydreams initially. I miss space, but I’ve found other things to replace that fun.

“I've always been turned on emotionally and romantically by soaring and flying. So living in Texas amongst the mountains with fantastic stars every night and soaring here, it's not space. It's not in a spacesuit outside the Mir looking at it, but it's pretty cool. I do go back to a much more comfortable situation in the evening, and I do ride my bike.

"As a 69-year-old now, I have a pretty good late-life pastime. But you have to make do. And hey, you have to keep telling yourself you're one of the luckiest guys around. I would say I was naively optimistic about the international collaboration in space. The show that James Bluemel has put together, "Once Upon a Time in Space," in some ways it looks like a fairytale to me when I look back on it."

"Once Upon a Time in Space's" "The Russian Thing" episode aired on July 21, 2026, at 9:00 p.m. ET on PBS, PBS.org, and the PBS app, with the final two chapters coming on July 28 and Aug. 4.

On Episode 220 of This Week In Space, Rod Pyle and Tariq Malik are joined by Dr. Pascal Lee and astrobiologist Dr. Penny Boston to mark the 50th anniversary of Viking 1's landing on Mars.

This week, we cover how Starship Flight 13 finally prepares to launch amid a legal battle over SpaceX's proposed land swap at Starbase, plus a Chinese Long March 3B rocket gets struck by lightning during liftoff, yet still delivers its satellite safely.

Then, we revisit the Viking 1 mission's groundbreaking life-detection experiments and the decades-long controversy over what they actually found. The conversation traces Mars exploration from the earliest Mariner flybys through Viking's ambiguous, still-debated results — later explained by perchlorates in the Martian soil — and the fierce scientific rivalry the findings sparked. Join us!

Download or subscribe to this show at: https://twit.tv/shows/this-week-in-space.

Get episodes ad-free with Club TWiT at https://twit.tv/clubtwit

Space news of the week

• SpaceX will now try to launch critical Starship Flight 13 test today after delays. Here's what to expect.
• 'The court has to intervene now': Indigenous groups and conservationists condemn SpaceX's South Texas land swap
• Lightning strike on Chinese rocket captured in epic launch photo
• ‘Triumph of Mariner 4’
• Slice of History - 50 Years of Mariner 9 in Orbit
• Viking Lander
• Life on Mars detected ?... Viking 1...
• Viking lander biological experiments

Model Falcon 9!

Finally, did you know you can launch your own SpaceX rocket? Model rocket maker Estes' stunning scale model of a Falcon 9 rocket that you can pick up now. The launchable model is a detailed recreation of the Falcon 9 and retails for $149.99. You can save 10% by using the code IN-COLLECTSPACE at checkout, courtesy of our partners collectSPACE.com.

About This Week In Space

This Week in Space covers the new space age. Every Friday we take a deep dive into a fascinating topic. What's happening with the new race to the moon and other planets? When will SpaceX really send people to Mars?

Join Rod Pyle and Tariq Malik from Space.com as they tackle those questions and more each week on Friday afternoons. You can subscribe today on your favorite podcatcher.

Fixing a problem inside one of the world's most sophisticated scientific observatories might seem like the kind of challenge that demands a multimillion-dollar upgrade or revolutionary new technology.

But for scientists working on the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), which listens for ripples in spacetime generated by cosmic collisions like merging black holes, the solution to a mild but persistent engineering challenge turns out to be as simple as an off-the-shelf camera.

By pairing commercially available thermal imaging cameras with computer models, a team led by Jonathan Richardson at the University of California, Riverside, has developed a technique that corrects tiny, heat-induced distortions in the observatory's mirrors — an elusive flaw that scientists say currently limits how far into deep space the facility can look.

"It doesn't require any new technology development, which is almost unheard of for solving a LIGO instrumentation problem," Richardson said in a statement.

Once incorporated into LIGO's upcoming upgrade, Richardson and his team estimate the fix would extend the observatory's reach by roughly 33 million light-years.

That gain might sound like a drop in the ocean against the unimaginably vast scale of the universe, but because space expands in three dimensions, pushing a detector's reach even slightly opens up an exponentially larger window of space. Being able to look further into the universe will allow astronomers to "hear" many more cosmic ripples, in turn increasing the potential for discovering the universe’s most violent collisions that lie beyond LIGO's reach today.

LIGO detects these cosmic ripples, known as gravitational waves, using twin L-shaped facilities in the U.S. — in the states of Washington and Louisiana. Inside each detector, a laser beam shoots down two 2.5-mile-long (4-kilometer-long) tunnels, bouncing off pristine mirrors at each end. When a gravitational wave passes through Earth, it subtly stretches one tunnel and squeezes the other. That microscopic shift alters the laser beams ever so slightly, producing a tiny flicker of light that alerts scientists to a distant cosmic event.

Because these cosmic signals are inconceivably small, preserving every single photon is crucial. To accomplish this, LIGO relies on mirrors polished to reflect 99.9999%t of the laser light that strikes them, ranking them among the purest optical components ever built.

Yet even these near-perfect mirrors have had one unavoidable flaw. The mirrors still absorb a tiny fraction of that intense laser light. That energy turns into heat, warping the mirror's surface by just a few nanometers, enough to distort the laser beam and reduce the observatory's overall sensitivity.

Physicists already knew they could counteract these distortions by applying targeted heat to the back of the mirrors. The difficult part was measuring the distortions accurately enough such that the correcting heat could be applied with exact precision.

The new technique uses infrared thermal images and existing computer models to reconstruct a map of distortions across the mirror's surface.

"You can think of it like taking an infrared picture of a car engine," Richardson said in the statement. "An engineer can look at the temperature pattern on the outside and infer what's happening inside the engine. We're doing the same thing with LIGO's mirrors."

And the technique isn't just a fix for LIGO. It is also expected to become part of the foundational design for Cosmic Explorer, a proposed next-generation U.S. gravitational-wave observatory targeted for the mid-2030s.

With 25-mile-long (40-km-long) arms — 10 times larger than LIGO's — Cosmic Explorer is already designed to detect gravitational wave events far beyond the reach of today's observatories. This new technique will only supercharge its ultimate reach.

"The goal for the next generation of gravitational-wave detectors is to achieve about 10 times the sensitivity of today's instruments," Richardson said in the statement. "One of the key obstacles to achieving that is reducing the fundamental quantum mechanical noise that limits the precision of the measurements."

The technique is described in a paper published July 16 in Classical and Quantum Gravity.

A U.S.-Russian crew will return to Earth from the International Space Station early Sunday morning (July 26), and you can watch their homecoming live.

A Soyuz spacecraft carrying NASA astronaut Chris Williams and Sergey Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikaev of the Russian space agency Roscosmos is scheduled to undock from the orbiting lab on Sunday at 3:02 a.m. EDT (0702 GMT).

The Soyuz, known as MS-28, will land on the steppe of Kazakhstan about 3.5 hours later, at 6:26 a.m. EDT (1026 GMT). You can watch these milestones here at Space.com, courtesy of NASA.

The coverage starts today (July 25) at 9:40 a.m. EDT (1340 GMT) ahead of a change-of-command ceremony aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Kud‑Sverchkov will hand over the reins of the orbiting lab to NASA astronaut Jessica Meir, part of the transition from ISS Expedition 74 to Expedition 75 (which officially begins when Soyuz MS‑28 undocks). You can watch that live via NASA.

NASA will resume its webcast tonight at 11:10 p.m. EDT (0310 GMT on July 26) to cover crew farewells and the closing of the hatches between the ISS and Soyuz MS-28, which is expected at 11:30 p.m. EDT (0330 GMT).

Undocking coverage begins Sunday at 2:30 a.m. EDT (0630 GMT). The stream will pick up again at 5:15 a.m. EDT (0915 GMT) for deorbit and landing activities. Touchdown will occur southeast of the Kazakh city of Dzhezkazgan, according to NASA.

Soyuz MS-28 launched to the ISS on Nov. 27, which was Thanksgiving Day. That liftoff kicked off the first space mission for Williams and Mikaev and the second for Kud‑Sverchkov.

When it's all said and done, the trio will have spent 241 days in space on their current flight. They will have orbited Earth 3,856 times and traveled a total of more than 102 million miles (164 million kilometers).

After touchdown, the three spaceflyers "will fly by helicopter to Karaganda, Kazakhstan, where recovery teams are based," NASA officials wrote in a media advisory. "Williams then will return to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, while Kud‑Sverchkov and Mikaev head back to their training base in Star City, Russia."

SpaceX launched the world's most powerful rocket on a critical 13th test flight late Friday, but there was no triskaidekaphobia on this mission.

The July 24 test launch, Space's Starship Flight 13 mission, sent a towering rocket the size of a 40-story skyscraper into space from South Texas, returned its massive Booster to Earth, and then — in a feat perhaps none saw coming — gently landed its Starship upper stage in the Indian Ocean, where it tipped over to float belly up on the sea.

"Starship is intact, floating in the ocean and transmitting telemetry!" SpaceX CEO Elon Musk wrote on X.

"That is a first," SpaceX spokesperson Dan Huot added in live commentary as a drone beamed stunning views of Starship bobbing in the waves. "That is the softest splashdown we have ever had with Starship in the Indian Ocean."

The splashdown capped what appeared to be a mostly successful test flight of SpaceX's biggest Starship ever. With a mighty roar, Starship Flight 13 lifted off from SpaceX's Starbase, Texas launch site at 6:51 p.m. EDT (2251 GMT) on a test flight that lasted just over one hour.

It was only the second flight of the company's new Starship Version 3 design, or V3, and SpaceX was hoping for a better outing than its first attempt in May. During that previous test, the Starship Flight 12 mission, the massive Super Heavy first-stage Booster suffered engine problems after stage separation and failed to make a water landing in the Gulf of Mexico. It crashed instead.

Lucky Flight 13

Friday's Starship Flight 13 mission fared a bit better.

SpaceX initially tried to launch Flight 13 on July 16, but the rocket aborted the try at the last second due to engine issues. SpaceX replaced some first-stage Raptor engines in time for a July 23 launch attempt, but waved off due to weather, setting the stage for Friday's successful liftoff.

Minutes into the flight, the Super Heavy Booster successfully separated from its Ship upper stage, aced a flip maneuver and returned to Earth. There was a problem during the landing burn. Only five engines appeared to fire when 13 were required to slow the Booster to landing speed. It hit the Gulf waters harder than planned, its camera views cutting out.

"It didn't look like we lit all 13 engines that we were planning for that initial landing burn," Huot said. "We were targeting a softer splashdown and, as you saw, it came in with quite a bit of velocity."

Starlink V3 makes a debut

Despite the Booster's rough landing, there were clear successes on Starship Flight 13.

While sailing on its suborbital trajectory, Flight 13's Ship upper stage deployed 20 next-generation Starlink Version 3 internet satellites — large, flat satellites equipped with laser communications links and expansive solar arrays that will replace SpaceX's current Starlink internet megaconstellation.

Starship is designed to launch 60 Starlink V3 satellites at a time, spitting them out through a slit-like payload bay door like a giant PEZ candy dispenser. All 20 Starlink V3 satellites deployed smoothly, with the last two switching on flashlights and looking back at their Ship carrier before floating off into orbital darkness. The satellites did not stay in space. They fell to Earth and burned up (by design) due to their suborbital flight path.

The Ship upper stage (which SpaceX also refers to as Starship) then reignited one of its six Raptor engines to test a critical engine relight capability that will allow future Starships to enter and leave orbit. The burn went off without a hitch — a milestone since SpaceX had not always performed the burn if a test didn't go smoothly.

Then it was time for reentry, with cameras beaming back stunning views of Starship wrapped in super-hot plasma as it fell back to Earth. The spacecraft executed a three-engine burn to flip over into a vertical landing position, but did shift down to two engines, then one before it toppled over to rest on the waves.

The sight of a floating Starship triggered a cacophony of cheers from SpaceX teams at Starbase and its Hawthorne, California rocket factory in the company's livestream. After all, Starships usually explode after they tip over.

"This is just the first time we've put a Starship into the water," SpaceX's Dan Huot said during live commentary. He called it SpaceX's "softest splashdown" ever. "This is a dream scenario for this team that's trying to get this heat shield data."

The heat shield isn't the only thing SpaceX's recovery team will be looking at.

Live views from Starship showed its six engines intact along with its flaps and other systems. Teams will be poring over what they can retrieve from the sea to help improve future Starship upgrades.

SpaceX is developing Starship to be a fully reusable launch system, a 407-foot-tall (124 meters) megarocket capable of taking Starlink fleets to orbit as easily as it lands NASA astronauts on the moon. That part is key.

NASA has tapped SpaceX's Starship to land its Artemis IV astronauts on the moon in 2028, but SpaceX has yet to ever complete an entire Earth orbit with Starship after 13 test flights and three years of launches. It's been a decade since Elon Musk first unveiled what SpaceX now calls Starship during a 2016 speech.

Over the next two years, SpaceX must not only send a Starship into orbit. The company also aims to return a Ship to Earth to catch it in the "chopsticks" of its Mechazilla launch pad at Starbase. (The company has already done so with its Super Heavy Booster stages.)

SpaceX also must successfully demonstrate in-space Starship refueling, complete an orbital tanker version of Starship, and finish a crewed lander version complete with a life support system that can keep astronauts alive on the moon. That's a lot on the Starship to-do list and NASA is watching.

"Congrats on getting Flight 13 underway," NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman wrote on X after the launch. "Excited for what will be learned from this mission. When Starship comes online, its capabilities will be game-changing, not least of which will be ensuring we never give up the Moon again!" In a lunar coincidence, Friday's launch coincided with the 57th anniversary of the Apollo 11 astronauts' return to Earth after their historic moon landing flight.

But for now, SpaceX is clearly celebrating.

"I'm a little over the moon right now," Huot said. "Wow. Lucky number 13. Hell of a great day for Starship."

Smart telescopes like the Seestar S30 Pro have changed astrophotography and, arguably, urban astronomy. The Seestar S30 Pro takes that concept further than most. Small enough to fit inside a camera backpack, it combines a refractor telescope, motorized mount, dual cameras and image-processing software into a compact unit controlled entirely from a smartphone. Within minutes of powering on, it can align itself to the night sky, slew to a specified target and begin stacking exposures to reveal galaxies, nebulas and star clusters — even from light-polluted locations.

It makes astrophotography — once a complex and expensive hobby — possible with a single, automated device, though what makes the Seestar S30 Pro particularly interesting is not just its simplicity, but how it changes the experience of observing. Instead of actively operating a telescope, users watch a digital image build in real time. Sure, your eyes don’t see the photons coming from distant galaxies, but that misses the point — urban astronomers can’t see much of those galaxies anyway when using an optical telescope.

Positioned as an upgrade to the original Seestar S30, it introduces higher-resolution 8.3MP imaging, equatorial tracking support and expanded imaging modes aimed at more advanced users.

Designed for beginners, urban astronomers and astrophotographers of any level who are looking for a portable rig, the Seestar S30 Pro is about convenience, capability and a different way to explore the night sky.

ZWO Seestar S30 Pro smart telescope review

ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: Design

• Lightweight design
• Dual-camera system
• Full smartphone control

At first glance, the Seestar S30 Pro barely resembles a telescope, being closer in size to a telephoto lens than a traditional optical instrument. That portability is one of its defining strengths — this is a telescope you can realistically take anywhere, whether into a backyard, onto a balcony or on a dark-sky trip. You could even take it as hand luggage on a trip to see a total solar eclipse in a distant land.

The design is deliberately minimal. Aside from a power button and USB-C slot, there are no physical controls. Everything — from slewing and focusing to image capture and processing — is handled through the Seestar app. Once connected to a phone via its own WiFi network, the system operates entirely offline, connecting directly to your phone without requiring an internet connection in the field.

A key feature of this new, improved model is its dual-camera system. The primary telephoto camera is dedicated to deep-sky imaging, using a Sony IMX585 sensor that’s capable of 8.3MP (4K) images, while the secondary wide-angle uses an equally capable Sony IMX586 sensor for sky alignment and wide-field imaging modes.

The included tabletop tripod is solid, if small, so users with backyards surrounded by buildings or trees will benefit from mounting the device on a full-size photographic tripod. It also comes with a handy, high-quality padded shoulder bag to store the telescope and all its accessories.

ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: Performance

• Automatic stacking with intelligent frame rejection
• EQ mode enables longer exposures
• Strong results under urban/suburban skies

Using the Seestar S30 Pro is less about operating equipment and more about using an app. After powering on and connecting via WiFi, the telescope automatically plate-solves the stars overhead, determines its position and slews to a selected target. Within minutes, it begins capturing short exposures — typically around 10 seconds — which are stacked in real time to reduce noise and improve detail. Crucially, the system automatically discards poor-quality frames caused by tracking errors, wind shake or star trailing.

The effect of the image stacking is gradual. As more data is collected, a faint patch of light slowly resolves into a nebula or distant galaxy. The longer the telescope runs, the clearer and more detailed the final image becomes, with nebulosity and spiral arms becoming visible. Stars remain sharp across the field of view — the Seestar S30 Pro’s optics may be small, but they are excellent quality. During our test, we produced some superb images of the Orion Nebula (M42), as well as Bode’s Galaxy (M81) and the Cigar Galaxy (M82), the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) and the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules (M13).

Stacking images is a hugely effective way to do observational astronomy under light-polluted urban skies. By stacking multiple exposures and applying built-in filters (there are three), the Seestar S30 Pro can reveal objects that would otherwise be invisible through the eyepiece of a traditional optical telescope.

The all-new equatorial (EQ) mode extends performance further, though aligning the telescope with Earth’s rotation requires purchasing the add-on Seestar TH10 Fluid Tripod Head. This is easy to set up, thanks to an in-app setup process that perfectly positions the tripod and ball head. With Expert Mode engaged, exposures of up to 60 seconds are possible. We tried it on two faint targets — the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) and the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules (M13) — and got much greater detail.

Planetary imaging is less impressive, with planets appearing small and lacking fine detail. That said, we did manage to image Jupiter and its moons. The telescope is clearly optimized for deep-sky imaging rather than solar system work — the exception being the moon, which looked fabulous through the Seestar S30 Pro.

ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: Functionality

• Intuitive smartphone app
• Automated imaging and Plan mode
• Built-in processing and FITS export

The Seestar app is central to the entire experience. It acts as both controller and processing platform, offering a planetarium-style sky atlas that displays objects visible from the user’s location. Selecting a target triggers automatic alignment, slewing and image capture. Once imaging begins, the app displays real-time progress, including exposure count and total integration time. Users can stop a session at any time or continue it for deeper results. The telescope can operate largely unattended, making it easy to leave running and check later.

If all of this is beginning to sound like the Seestar S30 Pro is ideal for lazy astronomers, it doesn’t end there. Cue the app’s Plan mode, which allows users to schedule multiple targets for imaging overnight. Orion Nebula not rising until 3 a.m.? No problem. Pre-sunrise comet? Stay in bed. Assuming you’ve checked for clear skies beforehand, the Seestar S30 Pro can observe while you sleep. However, Plan mode does come with limits: exposure time and gain cannot be fine-tuned per target, so users must rely on default settings. For most, that won’t deter.

For those interested in post-processing, the Seestar S30 Pro supports FITS file export, enabling images to be refined in external software such as Siril, PixInsight, DeepSkyStacker or Photoshop (though advanced users dealing in FITS files may find that the system’s 128GB internal storage needs frequent attention). Alternatively, the built-in Deep Sky Stack provides quick results with minimal effort, allowing frames to be discarded and the effective AI Denoise pipeline to be engaged — something that takes a little patience, but delivers excellent results.

How we tested the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro

Testing took place over multiple nights during late winter and early spring, under suburban Bortle 6 skies in cold but not freezing temperatures. It was also used in Bortle 2 skies in sub-zero temperatures, with no ill effects on the 6-hour battery life. The telescope was used to image a variety of deep-sky objects, with sessions ranging from short captures to integrations lasting several hours. Both standard alt-az mode and EQ mode were tested.

Should you buy the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro?

The Seestar S30 Pro is best understood not as a traditional telescope, but as an automated imaging system designed to make astrophotography accessible. It’s also an upgrade on the Seestar S30 that may or may not be worth the money, depending on your needs.

For beginners, it provides a clear pathway into astrophotography without the usual financial or technical barriers. For more advanced users, it’s an efficient grab-and-go system for casual or supplementary imaging.

If the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro isn't for you

If you’re looking for a more affordable entry point, the ZWO Seestar S30 offers similar ease of use, but with lower (2MP) resolution and fewer advanced features. For those who simply want basic, shareable images, it remains a strong alternative.

The DwarfLab Dwarf Mini is even smaller and more portable but it is limited to 2MP imaging. At the other end of the market, the Unistellar Odyssey is a premium smart telescope offering much larger apertures and access to citizen science campaigns, albeit at significantly higher prices.

For an overview of the top telescopes in this category, read our guide to the best smart telescopes.

Henry Alonso Myers and Akiva Goldsman are the primary ringleaders behind "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds", and they're about to unleash the next cluster of 10 Season 4 episodes for their spirited space show.

With an abundance of genre-crossing indulgences that are scary, surreal, and sometimes silly, the Paramount+ hit is operating at full warp speed in this penultimate outing, the debut episode of which just premiered on July 23, 2026.

We hitched a ride with the acclaimed executive producers to learn all about their vision for "Strange New Worlds'" fourth season and why they believe it will prove to be the finest one yet, taking cues from ‘90s-style time-travel odysseys, haunted starships, noir crime thrillers, puppet mishaps, and utopian fantasies.

"It’s hard to come up through the ‘90s and not feel affected by a lot of the films that came out in that era, some of which my partner is directly responsible for," Myers tells Space regarding the solid one-two punch of the first two episodes.

"I think part of the goal is to come out swinging when you do a premiere. It needs its own premise that stands on its own, and then you need to figure out how to set up everything else for the season through that.

"How do you tell an emotional story that expresses where the season is going to go? And also, we want something that we think is cool. The minute we started talking about doing dinosaurs [In "Valles Marineris"], we were like, 'Yeah, let’s figure out a way to do that.' Then it became a question of how do we fit all of this into the same box."

For the unsettling (and pretty gruesome) horror episode titled "The Griffin Incident," Myers admits that Goldsman is his true north for all the horror elements because the Oscar-winning screenwriter loves it so deeply.

"I always look to see his reaction if whether or not we feel like we've hit it. And every season we’ve tried to do one, and we’ve done some decent ones. But we haven’t quite done something like a ghost story. His reaction to that made it all worth doing."

Goldsman finds it interesting that he understands the rules of the horror genre, yet he actually doesn't watch that much horror anymore, short of the horror projects that he's somehow been involved with creatively.

"The older I get, the harder it is for me to watch," he reveals. "This particular convergence of the open-hearted optimism of 'Star Trek' and the kind of haunted nature of the world behind the world. There's a cadence to this, an almost Lovecraftian sense of there’s something out there that’s more than we know and maybe not so pleasant. I just think that is really interesting in 'Star Trek.' So we built it and shot it like a horror movie, and for me it worked. It’s nice and scary.”

In choosing some of their favorite moments of Season 4, Myers and Goldsman share observations on a few key crew members as they embark on their own inner voyages.

"There is stuff that Uhura goes through this season that really gets me," notes Myers. "She was the new recruit at the beginning of the show, and this is the part where she's suddenly a bit more in charge. She also manages to risk her life and save people in ways we haven't seen on screen. And it builds to something I love, which is she looks at who she's going to be, and looks back at who she was, and has some really great emotional stories around that. I love seeing her on that journey."

Picking his pair of intrepid Starfleet officers, Goldsman looks toward Sickbay.

"I think there's a set of relationship beats between M’Benga and Chapel in the back half of the season that really deepens both those characters and helps us understand where everybody's going that I think Jess and Babs did beautifully," he adds. "So I’m really looking forward to that."

"Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" Season 4 is now streaming on Paramount+.

Scientists have measured temperatures beneath the surface of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, offering the first-ever glimpse of the hidden heat driving the most volcanically active world in the solar system.

During close flybys of Io in late 2023 and early 2024, NASA's Juno spacecraft turned its Microwave Radiometer (MWR) instrument toward the moon, probing roughly six to 20 feet (two to six meters) beneath its surface. Originally designed to peer through Jupiter's thick clouds, the instrument instead revealed a powerful new way to study how heat moves through planetary crusts, according to a statement from the space agency.

"The surprising discovery that we could see below a rocky moon's surface has important implications for studying Earth's volcanoes," Scott Bolton, coauthor of the study and Juno's principal investigator, said in the statement. "Juno has taught us that if we look with an MWR-type instrument near a volcano on Earth, we might see a similar signature in the subsurface temperature gradient, providing new information on how terrestrial volcanoes work."

Until now, researchers had relied almost entirely on infrared observations, which detect only the temperature of Io's surface. By probing several feet underground, Juno has revealed how heat moves through the moon's crust for the first time.

The measurements showed temperatures rising by more than 40 degrees Fahrenheit (22 degrees Celsius) just a few feet below the surface — far more than sunlight alone could explain. Juno's subsurface heat map also revealed localized regions of elevated heat, with temperatures measuring between 18 and 36 degrees F (10 to 20 degrees C) warmer than the surrounding terrain, according to the statement.

Juno's observations uncovered another surprise, too. Despite being known for its towering mountains and active volcanoes, much of Io's surface appears remarkably smooth and composed of unusually low-density material. Researchers think the moon is blanketed by porous layers of volcanic ash, sulfur frost and other eruptive debris that continually resurface Io, burying older terrain beneath fresh deposits.

Scientists think the heat detected beneath Io's surface could be rising steadily from the moon's molten interior through a conductive crust or coming from pockets of cooling lava flows trapped just below the surface. Either way, the data provide the clearest picture yet of how Io transports heat from its interior.

Unlike Earth, where volcanism is driven largely by heat from radioactive decay, Io is continuously stretched and squeezed by Jupiter's immense gravity as it orbits the giant planet. This constant tidal flexing generates enormous amounts of internal heat, fueling hundreds of active volcanoes and making Io the most volcanically active object in the solar system. By improving scientists' understanding of how heat and magma move beneath a planet's surface before eruptions, the same microwave techniques used by Juno could one day help researchers better monitor Earth's volcanoes and improve eruption forecasting.

"Io provides a unique window into learning how tidal heating works throughout the cosmos, a fundamental process that provides energy and heat to worlds that are far from their parent star," Bolton said in the statement. "This process can not only create the most volcanic body in the solar system, in the case of Io, but also fuels the subsurface oceans on the moons of giant planets, such as Europa and Ganymede. Up until this point we could only observe the heat escaping at the surface or through eruptions. Now we can characterize how the heat is moving from the interior toward the surface."

Because Io is an extreme example of volcanic activity, it serves as a natural laboratory for studying how heat moves through planetary crusts. Those insights could help scientists better understand ancient volcanism on Mars, Venus, and Earth's moon, whose landscapes were shaped by massive eruptions billions of years ago.

The technique could also aid the search for life elsewhere. While Io itself is far too hostile to support life, microwave instruments can also probe beneath icy surfaces. Juno has already used the same instrument to study Jupiter's moons Europa and Ganymede, where scientists believe vast oceans lie hidden beneath thick shells of ice. Understanding how heat moves through those crusts is key to determining whether they could harbor environments suitable for life as we know it.

Their findings were published July 22 in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.

A planet-hunting spacecraft named Plato just passed a series of critical tests as it prepares for the challenges of outer space.

What is it?

Gleaming in the light of a laboratory, this box of electronics is actually the European Space Agency's Plato spacecraft sitting inside a special test chamber where it underwent critical tests ahead of its planned spaceflight.

The Plato (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) probe is designed to study terrestrial exoplanets, or rocky planets outside of our solar system that are Earth-sized or smaller.

This chamber, called the Maxwell Test Chamber (which is located at the European Space Research and Technology Centre in the Netherlands), is an enclosure made of conductive metal that blocks electromagnetic fields. On top of the conductive metal are foam spikes. Combined, they block out and/or absorb all electrical signals and sounds to mimic some aspects of the environment of the vacuum of space.

In this enclosure, the team turned on Plato's electronics to make sure that signals from some of the probe's instruments don't interfere with other systems or electronics on the craft. With all other signals blocked out, scientists had a clear look into how it might perform in space.

Why is it incredible?

This test is critical as Plato will need to be able to collect data and run its instruments without interference from electronics or signals from elsewhere on the spacecraft. But it's pretty impossible to ensure that things would work as planned amidst the "noise" on planet Earth.

To get any spacecraft ready to operate in the void of space, researchers conduct all sorts of tests to make absolutely sure that they're up to the challenge. In addition to tests like this, spacecraft can be placed in extremely hot or cold temperature chambers or even shaken around to make sure that they can handle the violent conditions of a rocket launch. It's amazing how we can recreate different aspects of outer space here on Earth to prepare for these missions.

There is a particular moment every July when the night sky makes perfect sense to me. Every time I step outside at night, I instinctively look overhead for the Summer Triangle. Not because it's the most spectacular sight in the sky. In fact, the vast asterism is almost suspiciously simple: three bright stars, large enough to cut through twilight and light pollution without much effort.

Experienced stargazers quietly depend on the Summer Triangle more than we admit. People imagine astronomy involves memorizing the entire sky at once, knowing exactly where each star is and what it's called. Everyone navigates differently, but we all rely on familiar anchor points because the night sky changes quickly with the seasons.

The Summer Triangle is one of the best anchors because it appears exactly when the northern sky can otherwise feel vague and washed out during late twilight. Once those three stars appear, I immediately know where everything else is. The Milky Way becomes easier to trace. The darker regions of the sky reveal themselves. Constellations stop looking random. Suddenly, I know where the Perseids will emerge from later in the night and where to point binoculars to find summer's dense star fields without even thinking about it.

The Summer Triangle also teaches you how to see the night sky. To the untrained eye, the night sky appears as a flat backdrop of stars — hence the "blanket of stars" saying. Every time I hear that cliche, I wince. There is no blanket! The night sky has incredible depth, and there's nowhere better to learn how to appreciate that than when gazing at the Summer Triangle.

Take Altair, the lowest star. It's relatively nearby at about 17 light-years away. It shines brightly largely because it is close to us. Vega lies slightly farther away at roughly 25 light-years, but it is intrinsically far more luminous. It once served as Earth's North Star thousands of years ago and, thanks to our planet's slow axial wobble, will become the North Star again many millennia from now. So far, so local — we're in the sun's backyard with these two stars. The light from both of them began its journey to us this century.

Then there's Deneb. Deneb is so distant — roughly 2,600 light-years away — that the fact it appears this bright at all becomes genuinely difficult to process. Its light began traveling toward Earth while the Roman Empire was still in existence. The only reason it remains prominent in our sky is that Deneb is an enormously luminous supergiant radiating tens of thousands of times more energy than the sun.

Knowing this about Deneb transforms the Summer Triangle into a three-dimensional shape. Here are three stars that appear neatly connected overhead, but in reality, one is separated by an incomprehensible distance. So next time you look at the Summer Triangle, keep Altair and Vega at the front and push Deneb way, way back. It's not a triangle anymore — it's an arrow pointing far into the distance, thousands of light-years away into the starfields of the distant Milky Way.

What's happening and when to look

This week is the perfect time to reacquaint yourself with the Summer Triangle using just your naked eyes. Around 11 p.m. local time at mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, look high in the southeast. Vega is usually the first to appear, high and brilliant with a slightly blue-white color. To its lower left sits Deneb. Farther south is Altair. By midnight, the entire Summer Triangle stands high overhead and remains one of the defining features of the northern summer sky through October.

Stretching directly through it is our view into the Orion Arm of the Milky Way — the spiral arm of the galaxy containing the solar system itself — while farther south, the glowing river of starlight continues toward the galactic core near the constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius, low on the horizon. Under dark skies, the Milky Way visibly streams behind Deneb and through Altair like a river of stars.

How and when I'm watching it

Once I start slowly sweeping binoculars through the Summer Triangle, I usually lose all sense of structure and planning. Dense star clouds spill into view everywhere. Dark lanes slice through the Milky Way. Tiny clusters appear almost accidentally. The region between Deneb and Altair may be my favorite casual binocular territory in the entire sky.

Inside the Summer Triangle itself lies the Cygnus Star Cloud, one of the richest naked-eye sections of the Milky Way visible from northern latitudes. Nearby are the Ring Nebula and the Dumbbell Nebula. The beautiful double star Albireo — one bright yellow and the other a fainter blue — sits at the beak of Cygnus, the Swan.

I'll also look for a couple of smaller constellations within and around the Summer Triangle — Delphinus, the Dolphin, hovers to the left of Altair, while tiny Sagitta, the Arrow, hangs above Altair, looking improbably compact.

That's another thing the Summer Triangle taught me — astronomy improves dramatically once you stop hunting objects individually and start exploring regions instead. It's armchair travel of the grandest kind.

If you're looking for a telescope or binoculars to observe the night sky, our guides for the best binocular deals and the best telescope deals can help. Our best cameras for astrophotography and best lenses for astrophotography can help you get ready to capture the next stunning skywatching event.

Stargazer's corner: July 24-31, 2026

The moon will move beneath the Summer Triangle this week, appearing as an 81%-illuminated waxing gibbous moon as it shines close to supergiant star Antares in the constellation Scorpius, on Friday, July 24. By now, the moon is dominating the night sky, albeit low on the horizon, and on Wednesday, July 29 — the night before the full Buck Moon — the Summer Triangle will appear to point straight at it. Late July also marks the gradual strengthening of the Perseid meteor shower, with occasional early meteors now appearing after midnight. The Southern Delta Aquariids and Alpha Capricornids peak around Thursday-Friday, July 30-31, though the full moon will reduce visibility of fainter meteors considerably.

Constellation of the week: Sagitta

Sagitta, the Arrow, is one of the smallest constellations, but also one of the easiest to recognize once you've found it. It appears as a short line of five stars — all between 450-650 light-years distant — with an arrowhead, shaft and two stars as the fletchings. It's between Cygnus and Aquila.

It's not bright, but it's well-defined, and once you spot it, it becomes a reliable reference point. Learning these smaller constellations helps fill in the gaps between the more obvious patterns.

Lightning struck a Chinese rocket shortly after liftoff this week, as seen in incredible video and photographs.

A Long March-3B rocket lifted off from China's Xichang Satellite Launch Center on Thursday (July 23) carrying a communications relay satellite destined for geostationary orbit. Some 30 seconds into flight, lightning struck the rocket, leading to awestruck cries from crowds gathered nearby to watch the launch.

Despite the strike, the rocket delivered the satellite to its intended orbit as planned, according to the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). The satellite will help relay communications to the nation's Tiangong Space Station and other crewed missions.

This isn't the first time lightning has struck a rocket shortly after liftoff. A lightning bolt famously struck the Saturn V rocket carrying NASA's Apollo 12 mission, the second to ever land astronauts on the moon. In fact, the rocket was struck twice.

According to a report NASA issued after the mission, some non-essential instruments and sensors experienced "permanent effects" from the strikes. Nevertheless, the mission put astronauts Charles "Pete" Conrad, Alan Bean and Richard "Dick" Gordon on the moon as planned.

More recently, lightning struck a Russian Soyuz rocket in 2019 shortly after it launched. Like in this most recent example, the vehicle was able to place its Glasnost communications satellite in orbit despite the strike.

But not all rockets struck by lightning fare so well. In 1987, a bolt struck the United Launch Alliance Atlas/Centaur-67 rocket, leading to a malfunction in one of the computers that guided the vehicle and "ultimately causing the breakup of the vehicle," NASA wrote in a report of the incident.

The incident led to NASA developing strict Lightning Launch Commit Criteria (LLCC) to lower the risk of strikes by further defining weather conditions that would delay launches. "Since Atlas/Centaur-67 and the rigorous implementation of the LLCC, no other launch vehicles have intercepted or triggered lightning on launch in the United States," NASA wrote in a technical paper outlining the criteria.

Hey, Space Fans! Every weekend here at Space.com, you may have noticed we highlight the latest episode of the podcast This Week In Space, a TWiT show co-hosted by yours truly and my friend and colleague Rod Pyle, a space historian and editor of the National Space Society magazine Ad Astra.

This Week In Space episodes usually drop each Saturday, but this week we're doing something a bit different. To mark the 50th anniversary of NASA's Viking landings (Viking 1 touched down on Mars on July 20, 1976), Rod and I will host a special live taping of the podcast to discuss all things Martian starting at 1:30 p.m. EDT (1730 GMT). It should last up to 90 minutes.

Joining us on the podcast will be:

• Dr. Pascal Lee, a planetary scientist, geologist and artist with the SETI Institute, Mars Institute and NASA Ames Research Center.
• Dr. Penny Boston, an astrobiologist and speleologist (the study of caves) with the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.

During our discussion, we'll touch on the personal and scientific impacts of NASA's Viking Mars landings and look at where Mars exploration may go in the modern age. We might even discuss the best places for the hunt for signs of life: the surface or inside Martian caves?

So if you're a Mars fan or a casual space aficionado, join us today at 1:30 p.m. EDT to get a detailed look at NASA's Viking Mars landings and their lasting impact on Martian exploration.

Using NASA's long-serving Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have discovered that a stellar explosion in the Milky Way is blasting out cosmic bullets travelling at 20 million miles per hour.

The cosmic explosion in question is V445 Puppis, which erupted in 2000 and is the only known "helium nova" in our galaxy. Though astronomers have been studying V445 Puppis for two decades, much of the phenomena associated with it were shrouded in mystery due to a vast cloud of dusty debris that surrounded this nova.

When this debris finally cleared, a team of researchers was able to peer into V445 Puppis using Hubble, NASA's exoplanet-hunting spacecraft TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), and the Earth-based Very Large Telescope (VLT), along with an array of other instruments. This allowed them to discover not only the "bullets", clumps of potentially oxygen-rich gas it is firing, but also the true nature of this system. This revealed that V445 Puppis consists of a dead star hungrily feeding on a companion star that is, by itself, a rare find. Thus, this system offers scientists a rare chance to study one of the rarest types of binary systems and one of the rarest cosmic explosions.

"The origin of these 'bullets' is a mystery. We suspect that these originated post-outburst, but 'bullets' of this kind have not been observed in any other nova," team member John Mills, a researcher at the University of Warwick in the UK, said in a statement.

What is a helium nova?

Helium novas like V445 Puppis occur when a white dwarf dead star cannibalistically strips helium-rich but hydrogen-poor matter from a star that has already lost its outer layer of hydrogen, exposing inner layers of helium; forming a rare "helium star." By contrast, "ordinary" novas are explosions triggered by the buildup of stolen stellar matter rich in hydrogen, not helium.

As the material accumulates on the surface of the white dwarf (a type of stellar remnant left behind when stars around the mass of the sun die) it creates runaway pressures and temperatures that eventually trigger a thermonuclear explosion.

When V445 Puppis went nova back in late 2000, it launched vast, twin plumes of debris that resemble butterfly wings. Stretching out for more than a trillion miles, astronomers initially spotted this bipolar outflow in infrared. The nova also spawned a thick disc of dust that completely obscured the binary star system. That cloud persisted for over two decades, preventing astronomers who were investigating the expanding debris from determining what kind of stars the blast originated from.

Once the debris cleared, this team determined that the system contained a helium star, one of only a few thousand of these stripped stellar bodies to be discovered among the billions of stars that populate the Milky Way.

"The culprits behind this galactic eruption have been an enduring mystery over the past 25 years, which is why it is very exciting to confirm that this helium nova was the result of a helium star accreting onto a white dwarf," Mills said.

The findings also revealed cosmic "bullets" that are even more remarkable, as they have never been seen around any other novas. Intriguingly, the team also found that V445 Puppis may be about to go nova again, and this could lead to an entirely different type of cosmic explosion.

Is V445 Puppis about to blow its top again?

Mills found that the white dwarf in V445 Puppis has overcome its stellar indigestion and is once again feeding on its companion helium star.

This is the process that led to the initial helium nova, and could mean that another episode of this rare type of cosmic explosion is soon to occur.

That has implications for our understanding of another type of cosmic eruption, this time a type of supernova called a Type Ia supernova. These occur when white dwarfs overfeed on companions and are completely destroyed by the resultant explosion.

Scientists have long suspected that repeated helium nova eruptions could lead to final Type Ia supernovas.

A new Type Ia supernova would be exciting because these events are so regular in terms of their light emission that they can be used as so-called "standard candles" to measure cosmic distances and gauge the age of the universe.

This means that they can also be employed in the quest to understand how fast the universe's expansion is proceeding, and the influence of the mysterious force called dark energy on this process.

"I look forward to seeing how this result may help us uncover what powers other similar hydrogen-poor astronomical explosions, such as the famous Type Ia supernovas," Mills said.

The team's research was presented this week at the Royal Astronomical Society's National Astronomy Meeting in Birmingham, UK.

NASA is shaking things up for its next mission to research the sun.

The six satellites of NASA's Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment (SunRISE) mission are poised to launch to Earth orbit soon, to serve as an early warning system for incoming solar storms. They were originally slated to lift off on a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Vulcan Centaur rocket but have now been assigned a SpaceX Falcon Heavy, according to a NASA mission update.

SunRISE will fly to space as part of a rideshare mission sponsored by the U.S. Space Force's (USSF's) Space Systems Command (SSC). Though it's not stated specifically in the NASA release, that may be a hint as to why the mission's rocket was changed. On its most recent launch, USSF-87, Vulcan experienced an anomaly in one of its solid rocket boosters — the second such incident to occur during the rocket's four launches to date.

Vulcan succeeded in delivering the USSF-87 payload to its designated orbit on that launch, but the recurrence of the booster issue during ascent prompted the Space Force to pause national security launches on Vulcan until it could be addressed. Which mission SunRISE will be manifested on has not yet been released, but SSC has already shifted other launches between Vulcan and SpaceX's Falcon 9, so NASA's change in rockets for SunRISE could indicate either that the mission has been remanifested on a different SSC rideshare, or that another SSC mission has been shifted from Vulcan entirely.

SunRISE is a heliophysics study under the NASA Science Mission Directorate's "missions of opportunity" umbrella and is part of the Explorers Program run by Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. It consists of six small satellites, each about the size of a mailbox. The mini-constellation's mission is led by scientists at the University of Michigan and will be managed out of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.

The half-dozen smallsats will be delivered to an orbit about 22,000 miles (35,000 kilometers) above Earth — just above a geostationary parking altitude — and fly in a giant 10-mile (16-km) "X" formation, each extending its roughly 10-foot (2.5-meter) antenna booms to act as a single large radio telescope to track solar radio bursts. These kinds of bursts travel faster than the energetic particles from a solar storm, and precede their arrival when shot towards Earth.

Powerful solar storms, like the one that hit Earth in January, are capable of disrupting or disabling satellites by interfering with onboard electronics, sensitive instruments and communications systems. If a storm is severe enough, it can pose a radiation threat to astronauts in orbit and even airborne passengers flying near Earth's poles, where the planet's magnetic field is weaker.

SunRISE will help researchers better understand the behavior of incoming solar radio bursts, but the mission won't serve as an alert system by itself. Instead, scientists will use data collected by the spacecraft to improve prediction models for impending space weather, which in turn could lead to mitigation plans to better thwart the effects of such solar events on orbital infrastructure.

Falcon Heavy is SpaceX's heavy-lift launch vehicle, capable of launching up to 58,860 pounds (26,700 kg) to geostationary transfer orbit. It's a triple-booster rocket that consists of three modified Falcon 9 first stages, and has launched 12 times since it debuted in 2018. Four of those have delivered national security payloads to orbit, with the most recent of those, USSF-52, launching in December 2023. Falcon Heavy's most recent flight overall occurred this past April, when it sent the Viasat-3 F3 telecom satellite to orbit.

Falcon Heavy's next mission will lift off with NASA's Nancy Roman Space Telescope, currently set for no earlier than Aug. 30. SunRISE is scheduled to launch later this year, but a more specific launch window has not yet been announced.

2026 is the 60th anniversary of "Star Trek". To help celebrate the show that creator Gene Roddenberry described as "Wagon Train to the Stars,""Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" returns to Paramount+ for its penultimate season.

From teasers and trailers that first dropped last summer and fall, we’re anticipating a rollicking batch of dynamic episodes that draw on diverse subgenres, with everything from classic film noir crime stories and time travel to spooky ghost stories and sword-clashing swashbucklers.

But the end is nigh for this colorful modern interpretation of "Trek". Next year's truncated fifth season will be the crew's final mission, so let's revel in the time we have left and beam onto the Enterprise bridge for a promising round of missions. Here's our guide to everything you need to know about "Strange New Worlds" Season 4. Hit it!

When is the "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" Season 4 release date?

"Strange New Worlds" season 4 premieres Thursday, July 23, 2026, exclusively on Paramount+ in the US, Canada, and the UK with the first of 10 weekly episodes.

Fans can catch up and binge on all three previous seasons on the streaming platform. There are 30 previous sci-fi excursions into the known and unknown corners of the vast universe.

Forthcoming episodes of "Strange New Worlds" will land each Thursday after that, with the season finale warping into your living rooms on Sept. 24, 2026. Not signed up yet? We’ve got you covered with links to help get you up and running!

How to watch "Strange New Worlds" Season 4

"Strange New Worlds" season 4 streams on Paramount+ in the US, UK, Canada, Latin America, Australia, Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Japan.

The engaging sci-fi series will also be available on SkyShowtime in the Nordics, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, and Central and Eastern Europe, starting July 24, 2026.

If you want to check out "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" or any of the other great shows on Paramount+ while you're abroad, you can also use a VPN to access your subscription from anywhere in the world. It doesn’t work so well in neighboring solar systems or in the proximity of supermassive black holes!

What is the plot of "Strange New Worlds" Season 4?

After the bittersweet season 3 goodbye to Captain Marie Batel, Captain Pike’s longstanding love interest, it's back to bold business seeking out new life and new civilizations in the galaxy.

"The crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise, led by Captain Christopher Pike, embarks on a series of thrilling and emotional adventures across the stars," states the official synopsis. "On their journey, they will battle inner demons and external threats, encounter colorful new characters, reunite with familiar faces, and confront terrifying aliens. Through it all, they strive to embrace a bright, hopeful future."

Check out the individual episode titles and their scheduled air dates:

• Episode 401: "Valles Marineris" — Jul. 23
• Episode 402: "The Griffin Incident" — Jul. 30
• Episode 403: "Human Best Friend" — Aug. 6
• Episode 404: "A Case of Chiaroscuro" — Aug. 13
• Episode 405: "Level Five Transporter Accident" — Aug. 20
• Episode 406: "Off-Hour" — Aug. 27
• Episode 407: "Like Chronitons Through the Hourglass" — Sept. 3
• Episode 408: "Orders of Magnitude" — Sept. 10
• Episode 409: "Once La'An a Time" — Sept. 17
• Episode 410: "Tomorrow's Enterprise" — Sept. 24

Are There Teasers and Trailers for "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" season 4?

You bet your coveted dilithium crystals there are!

Paramount+ delivered the main full trailer for season 4 on June 15, 2026, and it’s packed with dinosaurs, cowboys, horses, space storms, dreams, nightmares, fire-breathing dragons, haunted spaceships, and hallucinatory pleasure planets. Strap in for another genre-hopping season that could be the series’ best yet as we honor the franchise's big 60th birthday!

On July 18, Paramount+ also offered up a fun 20-minute video presenting some of the most memorable moments of Season 3 and it’s definitely worth a watch… or two!

But the funniest surprise came last summer on July 25, 2025 during San Diego Comic-Con, with the hilarious teaser that featured Captain Pike in the center seat as a Muppet! Yep, a Muppet! And we guarantee that episode is destined for immortality.

Who Are The "Strange New Worlds" Season 4 Cast And Creators?

It’s going to be all hands on deck for this fourth and penultimate season of "Strange New Worlds," with the U.S.S. Enterprise exploring the final frontier with a full cast complement and its tireless executive producers and co-showrunners Akiva Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers at the creative helm.

Returning to Paramount+'s adventurous space fantasy show are Anson Mount (Capt. Christopher Pike), Rebecca Romijn (Number One), Ethan Peck (Spock), Jess Bush (Christine Chapel), Christina Chong (La’An Noonien-Singh), Celia Rose Gooding (Nyota Uhura), Melissa Navia (Erica Ortegas), Babs Olusanmokun (Dr. Joseph M’Benga), and Martin Quinn (Montgomery Scott), and Adrian Holmes (Admiral April).

Recurring guest stars for "Strange New Worlds" season 4 include Carol Kane as the quirky long-lived Lanthanite engineer Commander Pelia and a charismatic Paul Wesley as a younger James T. Kirk.

Will there be a "Strange New Worlds" season 5?

Yes indeed, we will be getting one final season next year, shortened to just six episodes.

The series' swan song will introduce Thomas Jane portraying Leonard "Bones" McCoy and Kai Murakami playing Hikaru Sulu. The original gang's almost all here. Will we get an Original Series reboot/reimagining after this? Our money's on yes.

For several years now, astronomers who study the sun have faced a little mystery — our star seemed to hold too little silver. Whenever scientists examined the sun's outer layers, they've seen significantly less silver than they've expected to find.

Where, then, did the missing silver go?

As it turns out, this mystery may finally be solved. Newly published research suggests that the sun's missing silver may have been hiding in plain sight all along.

At first, the real mystery might seem to be why you'd seek silver in the sun at all. After all, 98.5% of the sun's mass is made from lightweight hydrogen and helium. Silver is just a tiny fraction of the remaining 1.5%, which also includes traces of other heavy elements like iron and copper.

These trace elements can illuminate the history of the cosmos. Silver is thought to form when dying stars violently explode in supernovas. When astronomers find silver in the sun and other stars, they can retrace the silver's origins and how stars have evolved over the eons.

"By studying the light of stars of different types and ages, we hope to understand where silver is formed in the universe, and how it has been distributed throughout the Milky Way over time," says Sema Caliskan, the lead author of the research and now a postdoc at the University of Liège in Belgium, in a statement.

Silver is particularly interesting because it's also found in utterly ancient meteorites called CI chondrites. These meteorites formed from the same primordial matter that created the sun, 4.6 billion years ago. As a result, when scientists break into CI chondrites that have fallen to Earth, they expect to find silver levels that match those they see in the sun.

Astronomers can measure the latter from afar by looking at sunlight's spectral lines. As light streams out from the sun's heart, it crashes into the atoms of our star's outer layers, which absorb the light at certain wavelengths. Look at a spectrum of sunlight, and you'll see dark lines where light has been absorbed. Atoms of different elements absorb different wavelengths, so each element leaves a distinct fingerprint.

Scientists can pore over these spectral fingerprints to reconstruct what elements created them and in what quantities. Therein lies the mystery: The sun seemed to contain much less silver than CI chondrites would indicate. This missing silver is a source for confusion in the sun's history.

Caliskan and her colleagues wondered if astronomers were missing something. They could not visit the sun in person, but they could still find where the silver might be hidden by simulating the sun's atoms on a computer. If they could create a high-silver model that still spawned the low-silver spectral lines, that model could be a good guess for the silver's whereabouts.

Other scientists had tried this before to limited success, but their simulations had been relatively simple. As light strikes an atom, the light has all sorts of intricate effects on the atom's innards. These effects can alter how the atom absorbs the light and, therefore, change how astronomers see that light.

Past models hadn't accounted for many of these tricky "non-equilibrium effects", because simulating them is far easier said than done. They're messy and complex and they vary a great deal from atom to atom.

In fact, no known scientists had ever tried to simulate a silver atom with non-equilibrium effects before Caliskan and her fellow investigators took on the challenge. They tried with their best guesses and the power of the Tetralith supercomputer in Linköping, Sweden.

Indeed, these non-equilibrium effects seem to explain the silver mystery. Based on their model, Caliskan and colleagues calculated that the sun holds 55% more silver than astronomers have measured.

This isn't a perfect match for the CI chondrites, but it's close enough that investigators can rule out any extraordinary cause. Instead, the missing silver may have been right there, in the sun all along, simply occluded from astronomers' view by tricks of physics. Next, Caliskan and colleagues plan to use this method to simulate other types of stars.

They published their work in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics in July 2026.

In a rare first for me, I actually used autofocus for this entire astrophotography shoot. If I'm being honest? I prefer it when shooting astro with a mirrorless camera. Why? Because it is quicker and that means more time capturing the stars and less time setting up. I can get a star in sharp focus using autofocus in half the time that it would take me to do it manually and it's way easier to focus with the shutter or back button than play about with the focus ring, especially with cold fingers.

I only managed to get out under one clear sky to test the new R6 III but it was a wonderful session at my usual dark hill spot surrounded by a sea of stars and celestial shapes. After setting up my tripod, I was ready to start shooting, armed with the Canon 14mm f/1.4 and 45mm f/1.2 lenses.

If you are a seasoned astrophotographer, you will undoubtedly have started your craft by learning how to manually focus on stars to get them crisp and sharp in the frame. Everyone does. Whilst the manual focus (MF) versus autofocus (AF) debate continues within the community, the technology for low-light autofocusing capability has come a long way since mirrorless cameras were first introduced and the R6 III is physical proof of that.

The astrophotography

You only get the luxury of being able to do this if your camera is actually good at autofocusing in low light and for starry nightscapes. All three versions of the Canon EOS R6 feature a low-light autofocus range of -6.5 exposure value (EV), so they already have a strong baseline for shooting under dark skies. The Canon EOS R6 III features a higher resolution and advanced autofocus algorithms, so the AF system actually has more data to use and is better at using it.

I was able to capture bright objects easily and start shooting without having to spend ages using manual focus for each new shot. The autofocus was powerful enough to capture at least one star in each of my frames. I simply used autofocus on the brighter points of light in my composition, waited for the green box and then switched to manual to avoid any refocusing if I decided to recompose the shot.

Bright objects were the easiest to capture, with Jupiter, Pollux and Castor easily captured in the western sky. Light pollution washed out the contrast in this shot but it was the quickest autofocus because of the brightness of the objects.

The autofocus helped me capture a range of other constellations too. With the R6 III focusing on the bright star Arcturus, along with the rest of Boötes and Coma Berenices next to the Coma Star Cluster (Melotte 111).

The shape of Leo is recognisable and the autofocus captured the brightest star, Regulus, to bring the rest of the stars in the constellation into focus. You can even spot the Beehive Cluster (M44) in Cancer, to the right of the frame and it is fairly sharp in focus. Barring some minor star trailing from my lack of a star tracker, the stars are nicely in focus, including on minor objects like star clusters.

Using the 45mm lens, I got some close-ups of some quadrilateral shapes in the sky. Hercules' prominent trapezoidal keystone is visible and one of the corners, Zeta Herculis, was picked up by the autofocus. It is not exactly a bright star, with a magnitude of 2.88, but the R6 III picked it up easily and brought the rest of the corners into focus. Whilst barely a smudge along one of the sides of Hercules, I even managed to capture the Hercules globular cluster (M13) with the R6 III and the Canon RF 45mm wide open at f/1.2.

The polygonal head of the dragon in Draco was easily captured in the centre of the frame, with bright stars Eltanin (2.23), Rastaban (2.79) and even Iota Herculis (3.8) showing prominently. The autofocus capabilities of the EOS R6 III are maximised when used alongside a lens with a very fast aperture like f/1.4 and f/1.2. Without these types of lenses, you would be much less likely to be able to autofocus on such dim stars.

The upgrades

The big question when looking at the third iteration of a camera model is to figure out if the upgrades are actually worth it. First, you have to think about your budget and also what you are using the camera for. For astrophotography, there are a few upgrades in the EOS R6 III that can be considered to see whether they are worth it.

The most noticeable upgrade on the R6 III is the resolution, which has been upgraded from the R6 II's 24.2MP sensor to a 32.5 MP sensor. On top of improved resolution for general and astrophotography, the boosted number of pixels allows the Dual Pixel CMOS AF II to collect even more data points because there are more pixels. Dual Pixel architecture splits each pixel into two separate photodiodes and allows each photodiode to read the light from the star at two different positions and allows the lens motor to bring those points together into perfect focus.

The upgraded sensor resolution combined with upgraded tracking algorithms from the flagship Canon EOS R5 II make the R6 III better at locking onto low-light points and make autofocus for astrophotography much more reliable than in previous models.

I initially expected the higher resolution to translate into more image noise on photographs but this was not the case. The R6 III utilizes dual-gate gain architecture, which means that every pixel has a switchable path at the hardware level depending on the ISO level used and allows images with higher ISOs to have a heavily reduced base amount of noise and thus makes them less grainy.

Photos at lower ISOs on the R6 III have an incredibly high dynamic range (HDR) thanks to the low conversion gate (LCG) circuit. This allows the natural color of the stars to be preserved instead of coming across as indeterminate white blobs, as well as the subtle hues of the dark surrounding sky in the photograph.

Aside from the technical aspects of how the resolution improves the autofocus, the detail in images from the R6 III is noticeable and is great for picking up finer stellar structures such as star clusters and smaller stars. When paired with a distorted lens like the Canon RF 7-14mm f/2.8-3.5 fisheye lens, extra resolution really helps details pop. I didn't get to use the fisheye lens for astro but general daytime shooting delivered some high-quality photographs.

The final important upgrade on the R6 III is the inclusion of a CFexpress card slot, which allows faster writing and reading speeds both in camera and during media downloads. A UHS-II SD card has an average read speed of 300MB/s and an average write speed of 260MB/s.

This may seem fast but the most advanced CFexpress cards have a read and write speed of over 3000MB/s, which makes huge workloads so much easier to process. This may only be of benefit to professional photographers who shoot a lot of video or need to do a huge amount of burst photography in RAW format, but it does vastly improve the performance of this camera. Bear in mind that CFexpress cards are much more expensive than SD cards and require an additional CFexpress reader to transfer data to a computer.

Is it worth it?

The price difference between the R6 Mark II and the Mark III is just under $1000 and for that amount of money, justifying the move up to the latest model comes down to a few factors that you will have to consider. The power of the low-light autofocus is tempting but you should think about the camera as a whole to see whether it is worth making the investment.

If you are looking to boost resolution in your night-time scenes and have been shooting astrophotography for a long time, the R6 III could be worth the extra investment thanks to the 32.5MP sensor, which retains the powerful dual-gain architecture for getting high dynamic range images at lower ISOs and delivering high ISO images with significantly less grain.

If you have a heavy workflow, you are likely to be frustrated with the lack of a CFexpress card slot on the earlier R6 models and would benefit from the advanced functionality the new slot will give you, especially if you shoot a lot of RAW imagery and video.

Stick with an earlier model or a different mirrorless camera if you are a very casual astrophotographer who does most of your shooting in the daytime. I just can't justify the massive jump in price for basic shooting, where a beginner or intermediate photographer's money might be better spent on getting a fast f/1.4 lens for superior astro. I used the Canon RF 14mm f/1.4 lens for astrophotography testing and I don't think the images would have looked half as good if I had used a lens with a smaller aperture. If you already own the R6 II, the only reason you might upgrade is if you need to do more heavy cropping into your images or need better hybrid video functionality from a camera.

LOS ANGELES — Standing in the shadow of the space shuttle Endeavour, a group of retired NASA astronauts announced their plan to travel the country visiting colleges to try to inspire younger generations to get out and vote. This campaign comes as we lead up to the November midterm election.

This past year, a group of retired NASA astronauts teamed up for a single cause: to defend the U.S. constitution. They banded together as part of a non-profit, non-partisan activist organization called Astronauts for America. So far, they have been speaking out, using their astronaut expertise, platforms, cultural relevance and role model status to speak out in support of "science, evidence-based decision-making, public service and the rule of law," their website reads. Now, as the group announced at an event at the California Science Center's new air and space center — home to the shuttle Endeavour — they're hitting the road on a campaign tour of colleges called "Vote for Freedom."

"We have to do what we can to ensure that the country makes it through the challenges that we're dealing with here, and that is the message that we're going to be taking to colleges and universities," Apollo 9 astronaut Rusty Schweickart told Space.com. "And the agency that we have, the immediate agency, is to vote."

This tour will send astronauts from the group on a four-month jaunt across the country. Astronauts from the group's more than 100 members will visit state and community colleges, county fairs and even town halls, aiming to reach first-time voters and young people who might be new to voting.

"I'm really excited to look a bunch of younger Americans in the eye and make sure that they know that someone that they can trust said: ;Listen, you matter, because our country matters, and our country needs you,'" former NASA astronaut Cady Coleman told Space.com.

"It's with a uniquely American kind of freedom that we were able to go to the moon, and that same freedom launched the spaceship behind us 25 times into space. Now we see those freedoms under heavy threat," former NASA astronaut Steve Smith said during the event. "We're seeing chaos instead of community, violence instead of votes, lies instead of laws, and fear instead of fate. That's how democracy and freedom die."

"The mission is all that matters. Now, our country is the mission, and our message is simple: going to the polls is one small step for you, and one giant leap for our country," Smith added.

This campaign leads up to the U.S. midterm elections this November. Midterm elections happen halfway through every four-year presidency. This election allows voters to decide what Congress looks like, and which political party controls Congress. This can ultimately have a major impact on what laws and decisions are passed moving forward, and whether Congress will reject or change actions by the president moving forward. And this group of astronauts is serious about the importance of getting people out to exercise their right to vote.

"I'm a child of the segregated South; I grew up in Columbia, South Carolina," former astronaut and NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden, who also serves as a steering committee member for Astronauts for America, said at the event. "I graduated in 1964. Anybody know what happened in 1964? The Voting Rights Act. So, as a person growing up in my hometown, it wasn't a guarantee that my mom and dad were going to be able to go out and vote. I look at what's going on today about people trying to restrict the ability of people to cast their ballot. That's not who we are. That's not America."

The group of astronauts recently spoke out about voting access after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of protecting the right to absentee voting, in response to attempts by the Trump administration to place restrictions on the current voting process. Especially leading up to the November midterms, each vote carries significant weight. And while this nonpartisan group isn't telling you who to vote for, they do think that everyone who can should vote.

"As astronauts, we signed an oath to our nation, and we are mission-oriented people. And our nation is now the mission," Coleman added. "We need to recognize that everyone's voice is important, and one of the voices that we don't hear very much is the young people. And we want them to understand that, even though sometimes change can seem daunting, their perspective is really important, and, you know, their voice is important."

In satellite data captured over Antarctica, what appears to be a beautiful, colorful hummingbird emerges from the crest of a mountaintop.

What is it?

While there are no hummingbirds flying around Antarctica, we can see what looks like a small, purple bird in a new satellite image of an Antarctic mountain. The dark belly of this "bird" at the center of this image is actually the top of the mountain Nunatak Zaterjavshijsja in East Antarctica.

What looks like a bird's tail is a stream of ice flowing northeast all the way out to the ocean, and what appear to be feathers splaying outward from the mountaintop are actually crevasses down the mountain. These crevasses are formed by a glacier fracturing the mountain's surface as it flows in the icy current toward the ocean.

This view was captured by radar instruments onboard the satellite NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) that launched as a collaboration between NASA and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation). The director of NASA's Earth Science Division called NISAR "the most sophisticated radar we've ever built" in a pre-launch briefing last year.

Why is it incredible?

At first glance, this image is puzzling. What could it possibly be? Its bold colors and sharp lines evoke almost alien qualities. But the strange beauty of the shapes and colors in this satellite image reveal important information about glacier movements on the mountain.

"First, it's a beautiful image, with rich details of features that provide insights to how the glacier is moving. Then, because radar can often see through snow and deep into the ice, NISAR can observe fundamentally different properties of Antarctic ice than can be seen in optical imagery," Seongsu Jeong, the signal analysis engineer who produced the image at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a statement. "With NISAR we're seeing what's hidden beneath the surface."

And now anyone can explore NISAR's data. Earlier this week, on July 20, NISAR started making the data from its radar instruments public. Moving forward, mission teams will be rolling out this data so researchers everywhere can use it to study and protect our ever-changing planet.

If you're of a Martian persuasion, "Strange New Worlds"' season 4 opener couldn't have timed itself much better.

Not only does this week mark the 50th anniversary of Viking 1 touching down on the surface of the red planet, new research from University of Oxford scientists recently suggested that Mars once had an active, interconnected system of magma beneath its surface. If accurate, this discovery might have made our Solar System next-door neighbor more habitable in its distant past.

While life on Mars has long been an obsession of sci-fi creators — from HG Wells' "War of the Worlds" to "Doom" via John Carter and John Carpenter — "Star Trek"'s Martians have tended to be human expats. Indeed, by the 24th century of "The Next Generation", "Deep Space Nine" and "Voyager", it's home to the Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards that would later be destroyed by rogue synths ahead of "Star Trek: Picard"'s debut season.

SPOILERS AHEAD! ANYONE YET TO WATCH "VALLES MARINERIS" SHOULD PROCEED WITH CAUTION TO AVOID VIOLATING TEMPORAL PRIME DIRECTIVES.

Homegrown Martians had traditionally been in shorter supply, however, until "Valles Marineris" paid them a visit. The only catch? Captain Pike and his USS Enterprise crew have to travel a mere 65 million years back in time to say hi.

There's something undeniably delicious (though not, luckily, the crew) about Una Chin-Riley (Rebecca Romijn), La'an Noonien-Singh (Christina Chong) and Erica Ortegas (Melissa Navia) getting to visit the real Jurassic Park (technically Cretaceous Park) on an away mission to recover the iridium they need to repair an Enterprise stricken by its accidental trip through a quantum entangled spatial anomaly.

In the tradition of "Planet of the Apes", it turns out that this particular third rock from the sun was Earth all along. It also, according to star Rebecca Romijn, features an actual puppet from the original "Jurassic Park", and gives La'an that rare opportunity to punch a dinosaur in the face. That's definitely one to tell the grandkids — assuming, of course, you can avoid stepping on a bug, unleashing a butterfly effect, and preventing them (and the entire human race, for that matter) from ever being born.

But it's no coincidence that Pike has a copy of Edgar Rice Burroughs' "A Princess of Mars" on his bookshelf, because it's what happens in orbit that makes this episode such a pulpy sci-fi joy.

Although Battle Commander Cassell (Saffron Burrows) and her crew have the familiar, human-esque appearance of most "Star Trek" aliens, Martian evolution has got them there millions of years before Vulcans, Klingons, and the rest become top dogs in the galaxy. (Spock notes that Martian DNA is present in many modern-day species, though it's unclear how their family tree aligns with the "Progenitor" origin story of "TNG"'s "The Chase".)

These technologically advanced Martians are embroiled in a bloody ongoing war with a "Starship Troopers"-adjacent arachnid species known as the Dol'Drm, who call the fifth planet of the Sol System home. Science purists will note that this strange new world is not the famously gaseous Jupiter, but an extra, science textbook-rewriting ball of rock located roughly where the Asteroid Belt is now.

Unfortunately, once Cassell has sneaked a peek at a future where her "homeworld is a barren red wasteland", she's in no mood to listen to Federation lectures about finding diplomatic solutions. She subsequently steals some of the Enterprise's antimatter and fashions a makeshift weapon of mass destruction to eliminate the Dol'Drm once and for all. But the shockwaves of this cataclysmic blast will stretch far beyond the fifth planet.

Spock confirms that many of the fragments left behind by the obliteration of the Dol'Drm homeworld will form the Asteroid Belt, essentially a riff on the so-called "Disruption Hypothesis" of the belt's origins.

Originally postulated by German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers in the early 19th century, the theory suggested that a rocky planet, roughly the size of our Moon, existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

It was the destruction of this world (by means unknown, though we doubt anyone suggested an antimatter explosion) that led to the formation of the belt. The hypothesis is now largely discredited — current scientific thinking suggests that the belt is the result of dust and rock coalescing due to gravity — but it's a fun revisionist spin on old scientific ideas.

And the Enterprise's involvement in the Solar System's origin story stretches even further. The gravimetric shift caused by the absence of the Dol'Drm planet shifts Mars' orbit, making it too cold to support life. It also launches arguably the most famous asteroid in history, the Chicxulub meteorite, on a collision course with Earth, wiping out the dinosaurs, kickstarting the Cenozoic Era, and sending the planet on an evolutionary journey that will eventually lead to, well, us.

When it comes to interfering with past events, the implications are rather larger than Scotty passing on the formula for yet-to-be-invented transparent aluminum in "Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home". Even the Borg meddling with a few centuries of history in "First Contact" is small fry next to killing off the dinosaurs.

The intriguing twist here, of course, is that humanity's existence is briefly on a knife-edge, as Pike makes the biggest decision of his (or, indeed, anyone's) life. Standard Starfleet protocol would usually dictate that the Enterprise intervene to prevent the Dol'Drm being destroyed by stolen Federation technology, but its commanding officer sees the bigger picture.

What if the Enterprise was always meant to be there? What if the human race only exists because the ship has gone back in time to answer its own 65-million-year-old Mayday? "In our future there is no fifth planet," he reasons, before allowing the Martians to deliver their deadly payload.

It's a wonderful "what if" that puts 65 million years of history in one man's hands. Indeed, you could tie yourself in knots with all that timey-wimey stuff, but the episode is so much pulpy fun that you barely notice the unbearable weight of those existential dilemmas. Dinosaurs, Martians and an origin story for the human race? What more could you want from a season opener?

New episodes of "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" debut on Paramount+ on Thursdays.

The moon's south pole has long been the target of NASA's Artemis lunar landing missions, but one Artemis astronaut is questioning if that's still the best plan.

NASA's Victor Glover, who piloted the Artemis II mission around the moon this past April, proposed a different approach while speaking at the NASA Exploration Science Forum at the agency's Ames Research Center in California on July 21, according to a report published on Space News. "I think we need to be realistic and work our way to the south pole, and maybe not try to go there first," Glover said.

Instead, Glover suggested aiming closer to the moon's equator, where missions can land in areas not at risk of falling out of daylight, and in regions reachable by orbits that allow for quick transfers back to Earth in case of an emergency, according to Space News. That argument aligns with other recent Artemis program changes that NASA has introduced to gradually expand successive mission goals, but whether space agency officials will take his advice depends on what the top priority for Artemis moon landings is deemed to be.

NASA has long targeted the lunar south pole due to its abundance of water ice. Permanently shadowed areas inside craters in this region are believed to harbor large ice deposits, which scientists believe can be used as a resource in the production of several space-travel essentials, like potable water, radiation shielding and rocket fuel. That goes a long way toward achieving the Artemis program's ultimate goal of creating a sustainable, long-term base on the surface of the moon, and using the lessons learned in building that outpost to enable the eventual occupation of Mars.

There is, however, a secondary motivation behind NASA's ramped-up urgency to see its Artemis missions succeed in a timely manner. China has also set its sights on the lunar surface, stoking fears in some U.S. officials about the implications of Chinese astronauts staking some sort of claim at the moon's south pole before American astronauts are able to get there.

During a Senate Commerce Committee hearing last year, several space industry experts, including former NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine, urged lawmakers not to let that happen. Mike Gold, president of civil and international space at Redwire, told senators that China beating the U.S. back to the moon would mean "a global realignment that will impact our economy, our tax base, our ability to innovate and our national security."

If not just getting back to the moon first, but being the first with boots on the ground at the south pole, is the priority, Glover's suggested approach may not get NASA there in time. China is making fast progress with its lunar program; it has already demonstrated robotic landings and sample returns on both the moon's near and far side and begun developing hardware for a crewed landing by 2030.

NASA's next Artemis mission, Artemis III, is scheduled for next year. It will launch four astronauts aboard the Orion space capsule for rendezvous and docking tests with the program's two commercial lunar lander vehicles, SpaceX's Starship and Blue Origin's Blue Moon. If all goes according to plan on that mission, NASA is targeting late 2028 for the program's first moon landing on Artemis IV. To pull that off, one of the two landers has to be up to the task, and both have faced significant delays that have raised questions about their readiness on NASA's timeline.

To facilitate south pole landings, NASA previously laid out a lunar near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) — a high-altitude, elliptical polar orbit — where Orion would dock with the lunar Gateway space station, and then crews would transfer to and undock aboard one of the Artemis landers to descend to the surface. Gateway is no longer part of the picture, however; the agency has sidelined that outpost to push ahead with a surface base.

But NRHO on its own also introduces some complications that SpaceX and Blue Origin have raised while developing their lunar landers, as well as safety concerns for astronauts facing a potential emergency situation on the moon's surface. Because of its highly elliptical shape and long orbital period, opportunities to launch from the moon's south pole to rendezvous with Orion in NRHO open up just once a week.

To highlight the potential risks imposed by relying on an NRHO, Glover brought up a hypothetical situation — an astronaut health issue that requires a medical evacuation just after landing at a lunar south pole moon base.

"You’re stuck for a week," Glover said. "That’s a big deal to me, and I don’t like that plan … The equator gives me opportunity to save that person."

If the point of Artemis' returning astronauts to the moon as soon as possible is landing there at all, then there's no need for the first of those missions to aim for the south pole, Glover argued. "If you want to go fast, go familiar … If we want to land soon, familiar, daylight, equator."

"I think we need to be realistic and work our way to the south pole, and maybe not try to go there first," he added.

SpaceX is also eyeing an equatorial orbit when Starship flies on the Artemis IV mission, and NASA may already be quietly shifting the mission's landing site to a higher latitude. During a June 9 event that revealed the Artemis III, SpaceX Customer Operations and Integration Vice President Jessica Jensen outlined an Artemis IV mission plan with Starship that didn't involve NRHO.

"We have an updated plan with NASA that includes docking Starship with Orion in Earth orbit instead of NRHO, and then we use Starship to actually do the translunar injection with Orion attached," Jensen said, stressing the same benefits that Glover expressed during the July 21 forum.

"The crew can also abort off the lunar surface nearly any time, versus waiting up to days from NRHO," she said. "In addition to improving crew safety, these new Artemis IV orbits also significantly lower the amount of propellant Starship needs to aggregate in space, since we now just have a more direct route to the moon, and this lower schedule risk overall."

Paleontologists now know that many of the dinosaurs didn't disappear but instead evolved into modern birds, and new research suggests that "cosmic dinosaurs" observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) didn't go extinct either. Rather, they may have evolved into familiar sights in the modern universe: vast conglomerations of densely packed stars called "globular clusters."

Little Red Dots became quite the puzzle for astronomers in 2022, when the JWST began to routinely spot them in abundance around 600 million years after the Big Bang. That is because these objects seemingly disappear before the cosmos gets to around 2 billion years old.

Astronomers have proposed many different explanations for Little Red Dots, including the suggestion that they could be "black hole stars," or black holes wrapped in vast shrouds of dense gas and dust. This team theorizes that a forming globular cluster with a supermassive star, a hypothetical short-lived stellar body with between 1,000 and 10,000 times the mass of the sun, would also look a lot like a Little Red Dot at its heart.

"These may not be just a strange new JWST population with no connection to the universe around us today," team leader John Chisholm of the University of Texas Austin said in a statement. "Instead, Little Red Dots may persist past the early universe, evolving into something relatively familiar.

"Little Red Dots could be galaxies, they could involve black holes, or they could be something even more unexpected. Our work shows that forming globular clusters with supermassive stars should be part of that conversation."

An unfamiliar side to a familar sight

Globular clusters are generally seen in large galaxies and are densely packed with up to many millions of ancient stars. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is host to at least 150 globular clusters, and though familiar, astronomers still aren't quite sure how they form.

"We usually see them [globular clusters] after billions of years of evolution, at a time when their massive stars are gone, their gas has been cleared out, and dynamical processes have changed their masses and structures," team member Danielle Berg of UT Austin said in the statement. "That makes it very hard to reconstruct the original conditions they formed in."

It is thought that the stars in globular clusters all formed at the same time in the early universe. However, at this time the cosmos should only have had hydrogen, helium and a smattering of heavier elements (which astronomers call "metals") available for star construction. Yet, many stars in globular clusters are strangely abundant in helium and metals like nitrogen, sodium and aluminum, while lacking the expected levels of carbon, oxygen and magnesium.

"This specific pattern indicates nuclear fusion at very high temperatures, much higher than in the cores of even massive normal stars," team member Mike Boylan-Kolchin of UT Austin said in the statement. "A supermassive star is precisely the kind of environment that could produce this combination."

Supermassive stars capable of generating this kind of heat would form in the dense environments of early globular clusters in which stellar collisions and mergers would be expected to occur over and over again. The resultant supermassive stars would be short-lived, lasting just around 1 million years (remember the sun is middle-aged at 4.6 billion years old) — but this would be sufficient time to forge the elements needed to explain the peculiar chemistry of globular clusters.

When these supermassive stars die in supernova explosions, the elements they forged would be blasted out to become the building blocks of the next generation of stars. This would provide the stars of modern globular clusters with their unusual chemical fingerprints.

"In our model, the supermassive star that helps make the object look like a Little Red Dot would live for only a short time," Chisholm continued. "Once that star dies, the object may no longer look like a Little Red Dot, even if the cluster itself survives billions of years."

Strange chemistry isn't the only thing linking early globular clusters with Little Red Dots, however. Not only does the team propose that the distribution of Little Red Dots in the early universe matches the distribution of modern globular clusters, but they also say models of Little Red Dot evolution show that their estimated masses could easily lead to the masses of globular clusters seen in the recent universe.

There is also the issue of timing. Little Red Dots appear around 600 million years after the Big Bang, and that is also the time that scientists estimate that globular clusters would have begun to form.

"There's no single smoking gun at this point that says Little Red Dots are globular clusters, but it would explain a lot of diverse and surprising observations," said Boylan-Kolchin.

This study is currently available to view as a pre-print on the paper repository arXiv.

The world's most powerful solid-fuel rocket just aced its third-ever mission.

Gravity-1, a distinctively squat and stubby rocket, launched Tuesday night (July 21) from the deck of a ship stationed off the coast of Shanghai.

Liftoff occurred at 10:54 p.m. EDT (0254 GMT and 10:54 a.m. Beijing time on July 22), according to the state-run Chinese outlet Xinhua, which further reported that all nine satellites reached "their designated orbits." Details about those satellites were not provided.

Gravity-1 is operated by Orienspace, a company based in the eastern Chinese province of Shandong. The rocket stands about 100 feet (30 meters) tall — less than half the height of SpaceX's workhorse Falcon 9 vehicle.

Gravity-1 consists of three core stages and four strap-on boosters, all of which feature solid rocket motors. The launcher can haul up to 14,300 pounds (6,500 kilograms) of payload to low Earth orbit (LEO), making it the most powerful solid rocket in the world. (For comparison: The liquid-fueled Falcon 9 can deliver a maximum of 50,265 pounds, or 22,800 kg, to LEO.)

The Chinese vehicle now has three flights under its belt, all of which launched from ships at sea and achieved full mission success. Gravity-1's first two flights occurred in January 2024 and October 2025.

There won't be such a long gap before Gravity-1 flies again, if all goes to plan. The rocket is expected to launch a batch of Chinese internet satellites in the next few months, according to the state-run outlet CGTN.

And Orienspace's ambitions don't end with Gravity-1. The company is also developing Gravity-2 and Gravity-3, larger, more powerful rockets that will feature liquid-fueled core stages and solid rocket boosters.

Gravity-2 could be ready to fly by the end of the year, CGTN reported. And that vehicle will likely lift off from an ocean-based pad as well.

"Sea launch of solid-propellant rockets paves the way for future launch of liquid rockets at sea," said Gravity-1 chief designer Xu Guoguang, according to CGTN. "We are also considering other methods, such as launching from drilling platforms."

The latest "Dune: Part 3" trailer arrived back on July 8, and it was a sumptuous banquet of startling set pieces, intergalactic political unrest, close-quarter combat, and a whole lot of sand and ash. A fine follow-up to the initial March teaser, to be sure.

After letting it marinate in our minds for a while, let’s break down five items of particular interest in this newest preview of the Denis Villeneuve-directed conclusion to his trilogy of far-future sci-fi epics adapted from author Frank Herbert’s novels, "Dune" and "Dune: Messiah."

Set 17 years after Paul Atreides (Timothée Chalamet) has ascended to the Emperor’s throne, "Dune: Part 3" explores the corrupting side of political power as his holy war against the Imperium’s Great Houses advances towards a destructive destiny.

Right out of the gate, Chani (Zendaya) is certainly not shy about displaying her displeasure with his ultimate betrayal, which was first fleshed out at the end of 2024’s Dune: Part 2. It’s also pretty cool to see Duncan Idaho (Jason Momoa) back as a cloned “ghola” and Paul’s powerful sister, Alia, portrayed by Anya Taylor-Joy.

So behold, our five takeaways from this brand new look at Villeneuve’s "Dune: Part 3".

1. The chilling gaze of Scytale

We already knew that a platinum-haired Robert Pattinson plays Scytale, one of the film’s main villains.

Some might have scoffed at the concept of Pattinson as an intimidating foe, but from these extra snippets in the new trailer, his shapeshifting Tleilaxu Face Dancer seems up to the task of carrying out a careful plan to remove the ruthless Paul Atreides from the throne.

Pattinson has the acting chops to pull off an intimidated foe, so he might just steal the show. And come on, folks, Pattinson was The Dark Knight!! Have a little faith.

2. Alia’s bloody scream

Alia Atreides, played by Anya Taylor-Joy, is Paul’s sister. The Bene Gesserit Revered Mother Mohiam called her an "abomination" due to the Water of Life that Lady Jessica drank while she was in the womb.

A blood-covered Alia is perhaps unleashing her god-like power on a captive Mohiam in response to a conversation we’re not privy to here, which could be not exactly a scream of peril, but a stern command.

She’s definitely not someone to cross thanks to her otherworldly paranormal skills.

3. Where did Paul’s eyes go?

Towards the end of the 3-minute trailer, we catch a shot of Paul in the aftermath of a nasty Stone Burner radiation bomb detonated by conspirators in the Arrakis capital, Arrakeen, as Paul and his personal Fedaykin guard accompany him outside the palace.

We can see his eyes are severely damaged after the intense detonation flash strikes him square in the face, causing blindness and eventual exile into the deep desert per the Fremen way.

This will open up his prescient sight abilities in new and extraordinary ways as we’ll soon see for ourselves in this third "Dune" installment.

4. Attack of the Clone

Jason Momoa’s master swordsman Duncan Idaho returns here with more sneak peek screen time.

He's shown resplendent in his crisp white uniform, heavily criticizing Paul for the thousands of worlds he’s destroyed during the terror campaign inflicted by his brutal Jihad.

But, as fans of the books will know, this is not technically the same person as his former mentor. He has been resurrected as a Ghola clone named Hayt as a ‘gift’ from the Bene Tleilaxu, and unbeknownst to Paul, he plans to assassinate the crazed ruler who is deemed beyond redemption.

5. Flight of the Navigator

One of the major grumbles coming from fans, myself included, is the lack of the Spacing Guild and its bizarre Guild Navigators in Villeneuve’s "Dune" films, but all that’s seemingly about to change.

In this trailer, we see a hovering coffin tank that no doubt contains one of the mutated human creatures warped by the spice Melange, enabling them to fold space. This former Spacing Guild member is named Edric and is a pivotal player in the plot to overthrow Paul and House Atreides.

Also seen is Edric’s sinister pod sliding silently into one of the gigantic Guild Heighliner starships.

Warner Bros.' "Dune: Part 3" lands on Dec. 18, 2026.

A near-Earth object that astronomers believed was an asteroid for nearly three decades has been unmasked as a faint, active comet, revealing a case of cosmic mistaken identity that could help improve planetary defense.

The object, known since its discovery in 1998 as 1998 SH2, appeared to be an ordinary asteroid. It follows a 4.5-year orbit around the sun and showed no obvious signs of cometary activity, such as the glowing coma or tail produced when sunlight vaporizes surface ice.

However, during a close pass about 2 million miles (3 million kilometers) from Earth in August 2025, researchers using NASA's Deep Space Network planetary radar system noticed something unexpected: The object wasn't where orbital predictions said it should be, according to a statement from the space agency. That discrepancy prompted scientists to take a closer look, and what they found surprised them.

Using decades of precision optical astrometry — measurements of the object's position against background stars — researchers found that gravity alone couldn't explain its irregular motion. Instead, they detected tiny nongravitational forces consistent with jets of gas escaping from the object's surface as hidden ice warmed in sunlight.

"After we measured the nongravitational perturbations affecting the motion of 1998 SH2 and recognized they weren't compatible with the object being an asteroid, we suspected the object could be an active comet," Davide Farnocchia, lead author of the study and navigation engineer with NASA's Center for Near-Earth Object Studies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in the statement.

To test the idea, the team observed the object with the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope atop Mauna Kea. The observations revealed a faint but unmistakable comet tail, confirming the object's true identity.

The discovery earned 1998 SH2 a second designation: P/1998 SH2, officially recognizing it as a comet. Beyond solving the mystery, the finding has important implications for planetary defense.

Unlike rocky asteroids, comets can subtly change course as gas escaping from their surfaces acts like tiny thrusters. Identifying those nongravitational forces allows scientists to more accurately predict an object's future orbit and assess any potential impact risk.

"This work shows the importance of continuously tracking near-Earth objects," Farnocchia said in the statement. "Because of outgassing, the motion of comets is more significantly perturbed than that of asteroids.

"Detecting these perturbations can be an important diagnostic tool for planetary defense that will help understand which objects may be comets rather than asteroids, how their orbits evolve, and how that influences their Earth impact risks."

The study also suggests that 1998 SH2 may not be unique. The researchers noted that analyzing the motions of near-Earth objects with increasingly precise astrometry could reveal more hidden comets that have long been classified as asteroids because they lack obvious tails or glowing comas.

As astronomers continue to monitor the growing population of near-Earth objects, subtle orbital changes may prove just as revealing as spectacular comet tails, uncovering more examples of cosmic mistaken identity while helping scientists better understand which objects pose potential threats to Earth.

Their findings were published July 10 in the journal Nature Astronomy.

The launch of NASA's next super telescope, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman), may mean there is nowhere left for violent black holes to hide.

In fact, these cosmic cannibals may not even be able to hide from Roman at "cosmic noon," a period of the universe's history that occurred around 11 billion to 12 billion years ago. The study of these gory stellar events so early in the history of the universe could help reveal how supermassive black holes grew so big, so rapidly.

Occurrences of black holes ripping apart stars are called tidal disruption events (TDEs), and they happen when an unfortunate star's orbit brings it too close to the immense gravitational influence of a supermassive black hole. This simultaneously squashes and squeezes the star in a process called "spaghettification," with plasma pasta wrapping around the black hole and being fed gradually to it.

Because supermassive black holes are wrapped in a one-way, light-trapping boundary called an event horizon, the only way to study them is when they are actively consuming surrounding matter. Such matter swirls around them in what are known as accretion disks.

However, lighter supermassive black holes aren't ravenous feeders, making them harder to investigate. That is, until a star gets too close and is shredded in an incredibly bright TDE that can outshine the combined light of every star in the supermassive black hole's host galaxy. TDEs are more common to supermassive black holes with masses of about 100,000 to 100 million suns, because supermassive black holes with masses over 1 billion solar masses tend to immediately swallow their stellar snacks.

Previous research has suggested TDEs wouldn't be common in the early universe, because the first supermassive black holes wouldn't even have a mass of 100,000 times that of the sun and thus wouldn't shred stars. However, a new study has reassessed the frequency of TDEs around 1 billion to 2 billion years after the Big Bang, finding they could be more common than previously estimated. Especially during the crowded conditions found during cosmic noon.

Set to launch on Aug. 30, 2026, scientists are hoping Roman's High-Latitude Time-Domain Survey, which will repeatedly revisit a region of the sky equivalent to 90 full moons, will be a powerful tool in the hunt for TDEs in the early universe and their subsequent study. This team estimated that Rubin will detect thousands to tens of thousands of TDEs each year, with 100s dating back to cosmic noon.

"The Roman Space Telescope is going to be transformative for transient science [transients are astronomical events that light up the sky then fade away]," research team leader Mitchell Karmen of the Johns Hopkins University said in a statement. "Thanks to Roman's high sensitivity, we can find multiple tidal disruption events out to greater distances and earlier cosmic times than ever before."

This means Roman is ideally poised to solve a puzzle that has developed since its predecessor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), began beaming data back to Earth in July 2022.

How could early TDEs solve the puzzle of black hole growth

Supermassive black holes with masses equivalent to millions or even billions of suns are found at the hearts of all large galaxies. When they are seen in the relatively local universe, that isn't so problematic; they have had plenty of time to grow via mergers and feeding.

However, the JWST has been routinely spotting supermassive black holes prior to the universe being even 1 billion years old. That is troubling because these early black holes should have had to undergo at least 1 billion years of mergers and gluttonous feeding to reach supermassive status. Scientists have two prevailing theories as to how this growth may have happened.

The first suggests supermassive black holes grow from "light seeds," beginning with black holes with masses just a few hundred times that of the sun that are born from the death and collapse of massive stars.

Such black holes might weigh up to a few hundred times the mass of the sun. These black holes would then merge over time, as well as consume surrounding gas at an incredible rate that facilitates rapid growth. For this theory to be the right one, every young galaxy would have to harbor a massive black hole at its center.

The second theory suggests early supermassive black holes grew from "heavy seeds" created directly from the collapse of vast clouds of primordial gas and dust. This would allow rapid growth because black holes could begin the whole merger and feeding process before the first stars lived and died.

Should this be the correct pathway, however, the fact that collapse events would be rare would make massive black holes at the heart of cosmic noon galaxies less common.

Because TDEs are common to less massive supermassive black holes, counting their occurrence at cosmic noon could give an indication of the masses of black holes during that epoch — the key to determining between heavy seeds and light seeds.

"Tidal disruption events help us probe the population of light supermassive black holes, which can help us discriminate between these models," Karmen said.

"Just by counting the number of TDEs as a function of redshift [a measure of cosmic distance], you can put meaningful constraints on the population of million-solar-mass black holes. Roman will be transformative in that it can probe tidal disruption events out to greater distances, so you can look at how the rate of TDEs evolves over time," team member Suvi Gezari, an associate professor of astronomy at the University of Maryland, said. “Just like the JWST has transformed our understanding of distant, high-redshift [very distant] galaxies, Roman is poised to transform our understanding of high-redshift transients."

The team's research was published on July 14 in The Astrophysical Journal.

The outgoing head of the U.S. Space Force has some stark words for his international partners.

Speaking at the 2026 Global Air and Space Chiefs Conference on July 15, in what was his last public speech as Chief of Space Operations (CSO), Gen. Chance Saltzman told attendees that if an armed conflict ever reaches space, as military leaders have for years been predicting and planning for, no military or nation in the world will be spared.

"If a conflict extends into space, none of us will be able to avoid the war zone. Unlike a combat zone in the air, land or sea, we will not be able to steer clear," Saltzman said in his remarks at the conference, published by the Space Force. "Whether we want to be in the combat zone or not, orbital mechanics will put all of our space capabilities into the space war zone."

Saltzman's warning touches upon the fact that there isn't an unlimited amount of space in Earth orbit; in fact there are some crowded orbital inclinations that contain thousands of spacecraft. When a satellite or other spacecraft breaks up in one of these orbits, it can create hazards for many other spacecraft  — even crewed ones.

When Russia destroyed a satellite with a missile in a 2022 test, it left a dangerous debris field in orbit that persists today. The ISS has had to dodge it multiple times.

If a conflict broke out or extended to space, and that conflict involved the destruction of even just one satellite, it could potentially create a runaway effect that leaves parts of Earth's orbit unusable.

But despite the grave nature of his warning, Saltzman stressed that ultimately the shared nature of space means that all spacefaring nations should aim toward cooperation.

"We will share the consequences; therefore, we should share the responsibility for a safe, secure and stable space domain," Saltzman said, adding later in the speech that "these widespread consequences of conflict in space should make deterrence a goal for all of us."

Saltzman has stressed the need for international cooperation in prior speeches. The outgoing CSO called defending the peaceful use of space "the ultimate team sport" when introducing Space Force's International Partnership Strategy in 2025. "The domain is too big, too complex, too dynamic, for a single nation to secure alone," Saltzman said.

While head of the U.S. military's newest branch, Saltzman has seen the Space Force evolve into a fully "combat-credible" force, to use the outgoing CSO's own words.

Saltzman touted the Space Force's contributions to recent U.S. military operations earlier this year at the Space Foundation's 41st Space Symposium in Colorado Springs. "We aren't just talking about theories or plans anymore. We're talking about real operational combat, space effects and the Guardians who deliver them," Saltzman told attendees.

Saltzman is set to retire in August 2026 after serving as the Space Force's second Chief of Space Operations since 2022. President Donald Trump has nominated a replacement, Lt. Gen. Douglas A. Schiess, to serve as Saltzman's successor. Schiess has served as Deputy Chief of Space Operations for Operations since November 2025.

During a recent confirmation hearing, Schiess defended the Space Force's $71 billion budget request, stating the funds are needed to deter China's development of military space capabilities. "The 71.1 billion dollars that the president has asked for is exactly what we need," Schiess said, according to Space News.

We’re not going to bombard you with a bunch of "Hasta La Vista, Baby" jokes, but you might want to mark your calendars for Aug. 28, 2026, because James Cameron's Oscar-winning "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" is heading back into U.S. and global theaters later this summer in honor of its 35th anniversary.

While the actual anniversary of the movie's release was back on July 3rd, StudioCanal has a great reason for delaying the re-release until August.

Judgment Day in the sci-fi franchise’s mythology occurs on August 29, 1997. It's when Skynet becomes self-aware and launches a doomsday nuclear attack on the world, so that weekend chosen for the re-release is particularly appropriate and pretty cool. In honor of these big birthday party plans, a special new anniversary trailer and nostalgia poster have been composed to heighten the excitement and anticipation.

Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Edward Furlong, and Robert Patrick, "Terminator 2" was unleashed into theaters on July 3, 1991, and was ultimately awarded four Oscars, instantly cementing its legacy as one of the most influential sci-fi flicks ever.

This anniversary re-release presentation utilizes StudioCanal’s 2017 restoration and 3D conversion. For residents in Australia, the seminal classic arrives back on Sept. 3, with a United Kingdom release due to strike beginning Sept. 4. Tickets in the United States for "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" 35th Anniversary have been available online since July 17.

"T2 was made for theatres, and our lovingly-prepared 3D version, coming back to the big screen, is the absolute best way to see the film," director James Cameron added in an official announcement.

"I believe it’s safe to do spoilers after 35 years, so SPOILER ALERT: the good guys win against the AI superintelligence! And maybe that’s a message of hope we all could use this summer."

If you don't want to wait until next month, you can watch "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" on Paramount+

Since the discovery of the first world beyond the solar system in the 1990s, astronomers have become adept at spotting extrasolar planets, or exoplanets. But while NASA's exoplanet catalog has burgeoned to over 6,000 confirmed entries, moons around these worlds, known as exomoons, have proved elusive.

In fact, we have failed to make a single confirmed discovery of an exomoon despite being certain that just as the planets of the solar system have their own natural satellites, worlds in other star systems must have them too.

Now, this controversial drought of exomoons may have become even more confusing and, frankly, weird. That is because while studying a strange star system called CD-35 2722 with the Very Large Telescope (VLT), astronomers have discovered an object that could be an exomoon, or it could be something that forces us to rethink our very definition of what a "moon" is and what a "planet" is.

The star CD-35 2722 is located around 73 light-years away and has around half the mass of the sun. It is orbited by a "failed star" or brown dwarf. These stellar bodies get their unfortunate nickname because they form like other stars but fail to gather enough mass to trigger the fusion of hydrogen to helium in their cores. In terms of mass, brown dwarfs are more massive than the largest gas giant planets, but smaller than the smallest stars, usually with around 13 to 80 times the mass of Jupiter, or around 0.013 to 0.08 times the mass of the sun.

The newly discovered object in CD-35 2722 is certainly moon-like, but rather than orbiting a planet as the moons in the solar system do, it orbits the system's brown dwarf.

"This system is somewhat hard to define using solar-system-based words like 'planet' and 'moon.' The exosatellite is clearly massive enough to be a planet, but it does not orbit a star, though it orbits an object that orbits a star," team leader Kevin Hoy of the Universidad Diego Portales and the Millennium Nucleus of Young Exoplanets and their Moons (YEMS) in Chile, said in a statement.

"Being the third wheel in this system makes us want to call it a moon, even if it is nothing like the small, rocky moons we have in our system."

The team's research was published on Wednesday (July 22) in the journal Nature.

Erm... It's definitely an exosatellite

The team currently isn't able to definitively claim this object in CD-35 2722 is an exomoon, because that would require really nailing down a new definition of what a moon is.

"The satellite we report is a giant gaseous body orbiting a highly massive companion, itself several times the mass of Jupiter. We have a clear delineation between the planets and the sun in the solar system, so defining things like moons is simple," team member Alice Zurlo of the Universidad Diego Portales said. "In the CD-35 2722 system, where we are blurring the lines between stars, planets, and moons, the whole thing becomes more complicated to describe."

Zurlo and colleagues can, however, confidently claim this is an exosatellite, meaning it is a first-of-its-kind detection no matter what the future holds for its classification.

It is hoped that the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) currently under construction in Chile, will make a massive impact in the hunt for exomoons, and now, other exosatellites.

Until these objects begin to be uncovered, one thing this discovery re-emphasizes is something that astronomers have been gleefully discovering ever since the first exoplanet was spotted: planetary systems come in a variety of diverse, weird and wonderful forms.

You're looking at history. What might seem like a simple black-and-white picture of some rocks is actually the first photograph ever taken on the surface of Mars.

What is it?

Bright and early on the morning of July 20, 1976, NASA's Viking 1 lander touched down on the surface of Mars. This moment 50 years ago marked the first fully successful touchdown on the Red Planet, and, pretty much as soon as it landed, Viking 1 captured the first image of the Martian surface.

The Soviet Union had already made multiple Mars landing attempts, all of them failures to some degree. The nation's Mars 3 lander did manage to survive its landing initially in December 1971, but it lost contact less than two minutes later.

Viking 1 did more than just survive. While its mission tasked the lander with studying the planet for 90 days after landing, it lasted over six years on the planet and made some incredible observations. The Viking 1 lander worked in tandem with an orbiter by the same name, and was soon joined at Mars by Viking 2, another lander/orbiter pair.

Why is it incredible?

It has now been 50 years since Viking 1's historic first, which opened our eyes to the Martian surface. And NASA has kept improving technologies and exploring further on Mars ever since. Agency rovers began scouring the planet's surface in the 1990s, so we have gathered data on the planet's surface for decades upon decades at this point.

But in 1976, no one had ever seen the surface of Mars close up. This view was preceded by science fiction like Ray Bradbury's "The Martian Chronicles," which painted fantastical possibilities about what it might really be like on Mars. With Viking 1's view, we finally got some concrete evidence of the reality on the planet.

In 50 years, our understanding of Mars, our solar system and beyond has grown tremendously. But with each major accomplishment, we can look back at previous milestones such as this to see the stepping stones that paved the way to get us there.

The fight continues against SpaceX's controversial South Texas land swap.

That deal, which the company made with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), gives SpaceX 727 acres (294 hectares) of public land that's currently part of the Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge. In exchange, the company hands over 683 acres (276 hectares) of its territory in the area, not all of it contiguous, to the USFWS.

Last month, a coalition of conservation and tribal groups sued the USFWS over the swap, saying it degrades the refuge and violates multiple laws, including the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997. And yesterday (July 20), those groups filed an emergency injunction, asking a federal judge to stop the exchange until the courts can rule on the ongoing case.

"Federal officials are racing to fork over America's public lands to one of wealthiest corporations on Earth before the courts can even weigh in," Laiken Jordahl, national public lands advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity, said in a statement yesterday (July 20).

"This refuge is one of the last places left for the public to enjoy nature in the Rio Grande Valley," Jordahl added. "Why should Texans be forced to surrender even more of their public lands to a trillion-dollar corporation? The court has to intervene now, because once these refuge lands are transferred to SpaceX, they’re gone forever."

The land set to be transferred to SpaceX is near Starbase, the manufacturing and launch hub for the company's Starship megarocket. SpaceX sees Starship as transformational; it's the biggest and most powerful launcher ever built, and it's designed to be fully and rapidly reusable.

Starship remains in the development-and-testing phase. It has flown 12 suborbital test flights to date, all of them from Starbase, and is gearing up for Flight 13 this Thursday (July 23).

These launches pose a threat to the wildlife that the 90,000-acre (36,420 hectares) refuge was established to protect, according to the Center for Biological Diversity, a conservation nonprofit based in Tucson, Arizona.

"A 2024 study found that, after one launch, every single monitored shorebird nest near the launch site suffered egg damage or loss," the organization said in yesterday's statement. "Instead of taking any enforcement actions or working with SpaceX to reduce or eliminate its harm to the refuge, the Service [USFWS] is now citing the resulting degradation as justification for handing the public land to SpaceX."

Some of the land being transferred to SpaceX is part of the Palmito Ranch Battlefield National Historic Landmark, where the final battle of the Civil War was fought. This means the swap also violates the National Historic Preservation Act, according to the Center or Biological Diversity.

The Center or Biological Diversity and its partners also take issue with how the land deal was made.

"The proposed land exchange was first made public in March, but records obtained under the Freedom of Information Act show internal agency planning began as early as April 2025," yesterday's statement reads. "In those discussions with the regional director of the Service, the agency developed 'the most expedited schedule possible' for completing a land transfer and recommended hiring additional staff to meet what they described as an 'optimum timeframe.'"

The plaintiffs in the lawsuit against the USFWS are the Center for Biological Diversity, Save RGV, the Carrizo/Comecrudo Nation of Texas, Inc., and the South Texas Environmental Justice Network.

Swelling from a razor-thin crescent into a cratered world before fading back into the darkness, Mars gave NASA's Psyche spacecraft both a spectacular view — and a 1,000-mph boost toward its namesake asteroid.

A new time-lapse video released by NASA, stitched from images taken throughout May, captures the probe's month-long encounter with Mars. On May 15, Psyche swooped within 2,864 miles (4,609 kilometers) of the surface, using the planet's gravity to boost its speed and adjust its trajectory toward asteroid Psyche, a metal-rich world in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter that the spacecraft is scheduled to reach in 2029.

"This gravity assist was years in the making, and the navigation team nailed it — Psyche flew by Mars on exactly the trajectory we needed to set us on a path to rendezvous with the asteroid in the summer of 2029," Bob Mase, Psyche's project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, said in a statement.

Approaching from a steep or what scientists call a "high phase" angle relative to the sun, Psyche initially caught Mars as a slender crescent with just 4 percent of its disk illuminated and its thin atmosphere glowing in scattered sunlight, Hannah Zigo, a Psyche team member at the Arizona State University, said in a NASA video accompanying the statement.

As the spacecraft closed in, the video follows Mars steadily expanding to reveal numerous craters puncturing its surface, the ancient double-ringed Huygens crater and the south polar ice cap before receding in the spacecraft's rearview.

The flyby served a dual purpose. By aiming Psyche's suite of instruments at a well-studied world, engineers say they calibrated and validated the spacecraft's scientific payload ahead of its 2029 destination.

"We didn't anticipate big discoveries, given how extensively the planet has been studied," Lindy Elkins-Tanton, principal investigator for the Psyche mission at the University of California, Berkeley, said in the statement, "but we did complement Mars science with the data we collected through Psyche's unique perspective."

All three of the spacecraft's science instruments performed as expected, according to NASA. Its gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer, designed to determine the asteroid's elemental makeup, detected the predicted surge of escaping neutrons during closest approach, confirming its operational readiness.

The mission's magnetometer, which will search for evidence that asteroid Psyche is the metallic core of an early planetesimal, recorded its first magnetic signature from a planetary body since its launch in 2023, detecting the bow shock where the solar wind meets Mars' magnetic environment.

Psyche's twin multispectral cameras also passed their calibration tests, capturing the frames for the time-lapse while spotting Mars' tiny moons, Phobos and Deimos, from a distance, the NASA statement read.

Spotting the moons served as "a practice for the satellite search that we'll use at the asteroid Psyche to look for any moonlets there," Jim Bell, a planetary scientist at Arizona State University who leads the multispectral imager instrument team, said in the statement.

With Mars in its rearview and its instruments fully vetted, Psyche remains locked on course for its summer 2029 rendezvous with the metal asteroid.

"The spacecraft is in great shape, and we're on schedule to resume sustained thrusting with the solar-electric propulsion system later this fall," Mase said.

Once again, the "Land Down Under" is on the apparent uptick for falling space debris.

In early July, the Australian Space Agency reported that objects recovered, dubbed "space balls," are likely pressure vessels from a space launch vehicle. Six spherical pieces of space junk were found in the small seaside community of Forrest Beach, near Ingham. Australian Queensland Fire Department crews swung into action to assist partner agencies following the discovery of the potentially hazardous objects. Scientific teams safely secured a number of the items, establishing a 165 feet (50-meter) "exclusion zone" around them to assure public safety. The nature and origin of the debris are still being investigated.

This latest incident is part of an unwanted legacy of being the "fall guy" for space remains, from the U.S. Skylab space station debris that fell into Western Australia in 1979; a chunk of a SpaceX Dragon trunk found in New South Wales in 2022; a pressure vessel that washed up in Perth from an Indian booster in 2023; along with a section of Chinese Jielong-3 rocket in October 2025.

In fact, these incidents are becoming so common that the Australian Space Agency has put together a trio of steps to take if suspected space debris is discovered:

• Step 1: Do not handle the debris. Space objects are built from a range of materials that may be hazardous. They should only be handled by appropriately trained and equipped professionals.
• Step 2: Contact the local authorities if (a) the situation is potentially urgent (e.g. there is a life-threatening situation) or (b) otherwise contact the 24/7 Police Assistance Line for further advice.
• Step 3: Notify the Australian Space Agency, who may support authorities with technical expertise, liaise with foreign counterparts and operators, and advise on the country's treaty obligations. The ASA can advise local authorities on the appropriate response to a confirmed space debris event.

Indeed, if an item is definitely found to be space debris, the Australian Government has worldwide obligations to notify the launching authority of its discovery, and upon request, may be required to return the space junk.

"Even if they heat up, they don't care."

For Marlon Sorge, executive director of the Aerospace Corporation's Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies (CORDS), it's no surprise that the recent so-called space balls endured their plunge from space.

"Very often they will be made of something like titanium which is really good at surviving," Sorge told Space.com. "In spite of them being metal, they tend to decelerate more than, say, a solid hunk of metal. They can 'float down' a little bit more gently than some other things," he said.

Sorge said that this class of space debris decelerates quicker, and also once on the surface the pieces are also more recognizable than broken up chunks of metal. Furthermore, if made of titanium, "even if they heat up, they don't care." In other words, they tend to survive reentry intact.

There's more awareness in the space debris study community that materials like titanium are potentially an issue, said Sorge. If you go to something like Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPV), also commonly used in manufactured space hardware, that too is an issue you have to deal with, he said.

Bigger picture

But ultimately, many of these debris concerns could be mitigated with more responsible behaviors from space agencies and launch providers, Sorge said.

"In the bigger picture with [rocket] upper stages," Sorge added, "just don't let them randomly reenter. Bring them down via controlled reentry and then if they are survivable it doesn't matter because you dump them somewhere where there aren't any people."

As for the Australian-found space leftovers, these tanks are clearly coming from non-controlled reentry events, said Sorge, dropping out of the sky and washing up onshore.

Over the years, the Aerospace Corporation has studied recovered pressure vessels like those from the Australian affair. The welcome mat is open for contributions from countries that are on the receiving end of space objects, Sorge advised.

Some information can be gleaned from such appraisals, like what shape the recovered debris is in, what degree of temperatures they were exposed to. Also, such a hands and eyes-on look can point out what they didn't experience, which is also useful data, Sorge said.

If observers could track and observe incoming debris on its way down, it could be extremely helpful in identifying points of origin. That's currently a challenge, Sorge said. "If we get an impact location and a time of reentry that really helps us figure out what's going on," he said.

On the whole, there's a lot more attention being paid to the implications stemming from reentering, human-made, space leftovers.

"The real challenge is that this is still an area that we don't completely understand. We get surprises now and again," Sorge concluded, "because we know only so much. There's certainly a lot more awareness now than earlier years to be proactive in thinking about this."

Atmospheric drag wins

"It may seem surprising that pieces of the same rocket can show up in Australia, Canada or on a farm in Africa, but that's actually what we'd expect," said Michelle Hanlon, executive director of the Center for Air and Space Law at the University of Mississippi School of Law.

"Objects in low Earth orbit pass over much of the planet as the Earth rotates underneath them. If a reentry isn't controlled, the exact point where it finally comes down can shift by thousands of kilometers depending on when atmospheric drag finally wins," Hanlon told Space.com.

Since most of the Earth is ocean, that's where most debris ends up, Hanlon said. "Every now and then, though, a tough piece survives and lands somewhere people can find it  — or lands in the ocean and gets swept swiftly to shore."

Country of origin?

Hanlon said that the pressure vessels like those found in Australia are a good example.

"They're built to withstand enormous pressures, so they are also among the pieces most likely to survive reentry. That's why they seem to turn up so often," said Hanlon.

Why are recovered space debris so hard to identify, their country-of-origin?

"I'm not sure stamping everything with a country-of-origin is the answer," said Hanlon. "Many of these objects can already be identified by their design, serial numbers or by matching them to launch and registration records. And there's no guarantee a label would even survive reentry."

For Hanlon, the bigger issue is traceability. "Can authorities quickly figure out what the object is, whether it poses any danger and which state should be contacted? Better information-sharing and better tracking would be far more useful than a 'Made in' stamp," Hanlon said.

"One thing I'd also point out is that we're seeing more of these simply because we're launching a lot more things into space. That's actually a sign of how active the space sector has become, not necessarily that it's becoming less safe," said Hanlon.

Even if reentries go exactly as planned 99.9 percent of the time, more launches mean more reentries, which means more chances that a particularly durable piece survives and lands somewhere unexpected.

All-in-all, the Australian incident of space balls is another sobering reminder that space activities don't end when a mission does, Hanlon concluded. "End-of-life disposal is now just as much a part of responsible space operations as launch."

This recent debris incident has a bit of a cosmic coincidence to it, too, Hanon added. "It's funny that we're having this conversation just as 'Spaceballs: The New One' is gearing up."

The sequel is being filmed in Australia.

Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), astronomers have discovered the secrets of early galaxies that pumped the infant cosmos full of dust, which would become vital for the birth of new stars and the growth of galaxies.

However, while the JWST is powerful enough to see many of these early galaxies, it is still limited when it comes to delving into them in great detail. So, the team at the heart of this research worked around this by studying a much closer and more modern galaxy with many characteristics that resemble the universe's first galaxies.

In lieu of being able to study the processes that occurred in the early universe that allowed galaxies to be seeded with "metals, (the term astronomers use to describe elements heavier than hydrogen and helium), the researchers turned their attention to a dwarf galaxy just 4.6 million light-years away.

"Directly studying the galaxies that populated the early universe is still very difficult, which is why observing a nearby galaxy like Sextans A, which presents similar chemical conditions, offers us a precious opportunity to understand how the first generations of stars evolved and what role they played in transforming the interstellar medium," team leader Claudio Gavetti of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) said in a statement.

How does Sextans A impersonate ancient galaxies?

The early universe was a pretty dull place in terms of chemistry. That is because it was dominated by the lightest element, hydrogen, with some helium and a tiny smattering of heavy elements, or metals. That means that the first generation of stars, so-called POP III stars, were correspondingly metal-poor.

During their lives, however, POP III stars fused hydrogen and helium in their cores to forge heavier elements. When these original stars reached the ends of their lives, they exploded in supernova explosions that dispersed these metals into the interstellar medium, the vast clouds of dust and gas between stars.

Eventually, dense and cool patches in these vast clouds collapsed under their own gravity, birthing the next generation of stars, POP II stars, which, thanks to the supernova deaths of their predecessors, were richer in metals.

Our own star, the sun, is classed as a POP I star, meaning it is even richer in metals than these second-generation stars. However, not all modern galaxies are so metal-rich; this is especially true for dwarf galaxies like Sextans A, even though it lies at the outer edge of our cosmic backyard, known as the "local group."

Sextans A is so metal-poor that it is estimated to contain only between 1% and 7% of the heavy elements found in the sun. That makes it a great proxy for the study of metal-poor early galaxies.

Using the JWST's NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) instruments, Gavetti and colleagues obtained high-resolution observations of Sextans A that allowed them to map the dwarf galaxy's entire population of stars during an evolutionary phase known as the "asymptotic red giant branch."

This phase occurs when stars larger than the sun exhaust helium in their cores, creating an inert carbon heart, but nuclear fusion continues in outer alternating helium- and hydrogen-burning layers. These stars "puff out" as a result of this and can undergo thousandfold increases in brightness.

The team's findings revealed that around 90% of the asymptotic red giant branch stars they studied were not surrounded by envelopes of dust. However, around 20 or so of these stars were embedded in thick dust shells. They also found that these "dust factories" formed between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago from stars with an initial mass about 1.5 times the mass of the sun.

This research is a leap forward in understanding which stars in the early universe were most likely to create the metal dust that would have enriched the next generations of stars. That means it helps paint a complete picture of how the universe as we see it today took shape.

The scientists behind this study say that this type of research would have been impossible before the launch of Webb.

"The JWST allows us to observe in unprecedented detail environments that until a few years ago were beyond our reach," team member Flavia Dell'Agli of the INAF. "The value of these data lies not only in the images, but in the ability to compare them with theoretical models and verify how correctly they describe the evolution of stars."

The team's research was published on Monday (July 20) in The Astrophysical Journal.

A rocky planet orbiting in the habitable zone of a sun-like star may look like a perfect place for life to thrive — but not if it's too small to hold onto its atmosphere.

So, we may wonder: How much smaller Earth could be and still have its delightfully breathable atmosphere? How small could an exoplanet be to sustain life as we know it?

With these questions in mind, University of California Riverside planetary scientist Michelle Hill and her colleagues recently simulated what happens to the atmospheres of different sizes of rocky worlds. The worlds tested were similar to Earth and orbited in the habitable zones around sun-like stars. It turns out for a world to maintain an atmosphere long enough for life to gain a foothold (a few billion years at minimum), it needs to be at least as big as Mars.

Narrowing down the search for life

The habitable zone — the area around a star where temperatures are right for liquid water to exist on a planet's surface — is prime real estate in the hunt for alien life. It's also a tough neighborhood for exoplanet atmospheres, because the closer a planet is to a star, the more ways in which radiation and stellar wind will try to strip away an atmosphere.

This is why Hill and her colleagues recently simulated how long it would take rocky, Earth-like planets of various sizes, in the habitable zone of a star like our sun, to lose their atmospheres. In other words, how much smaller could Earth, or a similar planet, be and still keep an atmosphere?

The answer turns out to be that an atmosphere-sustaining planet needs to be about 80% as wide as Earth, but could technically be as small as 60%. This offers astrobiologists a clue about which planets to focus on in the search for habitable worlds and signs of alien life.

"The plethora of exoplanets creates an interesting challenge in the search for potentially habitable planets," wrote Hill and her colleagues. "Of the many targets in the habitable zones of their star, which are the best candidates for follow-up observations with the aim of detecting biosignatures?" In other words, astrobiologists now have almost too many planets to choose from and not enough telescope time to search them all. So, it's time to narrow the search.

One way to do that is to figure out which planets are most likely to be habitable — and for life as we know it, that habitability means having an atmosphere.

Modeling atmospheres — and volcanoes

Hill and her colleagues' "Smaller Than Earth Habitability Model" simulates the fate of atmospheres around digital versions of Earth. Some of the simulated worlds are exactly like ours but smaller, with the same chemical makeup and the same proportions of core, mantle and crust. Others have slightly different amounts of carbon, larger or smaller cores, or different starting temperatures. The model traces what happens to these worlds over a few billion years, based on two things: how quickly stellar wind and radiation strip away gas from the planet's atmosphere and how quickly volcanoes pump out gas (mostly carbon dioxide) to replace it.

The model is how the team realized a scaled-down version of Earth needs to be at least 80% as wide as true Earth (0.8 Earth radii) to maintain an atmosphere in the long run. Smaller planets tend to lose gas faster than volcanic eruptions can replace it.

That's because smaller planets have less gravity and weaker magnetic fields with which to hold onto their thin envelopes of gas. They also don't usually release enough gas from within to make up for the loss. Their mantles — the churning layer of magma beneath the crust — tend to release less volcanic gas over time, and their upper layers cool and harden much faster. The latter process cuts off volcanic eruptions much earlier in a planet's lifespan.

Smaller planets clinging onto atmospheres

By changing some of Earth's parameters, the team managed to get planets as small as 0.6 Earth radii to maintain a stable atmosphere. Carbon was the key: planets with more carbon in their mantles tend to release more carbon dioxide gas in eruptions, and that turns out to be the biggest factor (other than size) in whether a planet keeps its atmosphere.

"Carbon dioxide is a heavy molecule," Hill and her colleagues wrote, "which can make it a difficult molecule to lose. We focus on a pure carbon dioxide atmosphere as a best-case scenario for atmospheric retention." Of course, that's only a best-case scenario for some relatively simple forms of life, so your astrobiological mileage may vary.

It took tons more carbon than Earth contains to make a significant difference to the fate of a planet's atmosphere — but because it's theoretically possible for a planet to form with that much carbon in its makeup, that's useful knowledge. Planets with relatively smaller cores, and therefore relatively thicker mantles, also had better luck on the atmospheric retention front. Starting with a larger supply of radioactive elements, which decay and release heat into the surrounding rock, helped keep the mantle molten and the volcanic gases churning skyward.

Starting with a cooler mantle also helps — which sounds surprising. You'd think a hotter mantle would be more likely to spew volcanic gases into the atmosphere. Yet, a cooler mantle takes longer to start erupting in earnest, which means the planet gets to hold onto its reservoir of gases until its star is older and more settled.

Newborn stars are prone to violent bursts of radiation and plasma, which would sweep away the volcanic gas as fast as it erupted. With a cooler mantle and later eruptions, the planet gets to keep more of the erupted gas.

A second chance for airless worlds

There's still hope of life for smaller worlds.

Even planets that lose their initial atmospheres entirely — instead of gradually replacing them with things like carbon dioxide and methane — might have a second chance to build a new atmosphere.

Hill and her colleagues suggest that one way for a planet to regain its lost atmosphere could be comet and asteroid impacts, which might deliver volatile elements like hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. These elements can combine to form all sorts of atmospheric gases.

Such impacts could be especially helpful if they happen later in the star system's life, like after the star is past its youthful phase of intense flares.

"While smaller planets face greater challenges in retaining atmospheres, our model suggests that they can develop atmospheres under the right conditions," wrote Hill and her colleagues, so, "even those that initially lose their atmospheres should not be immediately discounted as potentially habitable worlds."

What's next?

Future simulations using the Smaller Than Earth Habitability Model could study worlds around smaller, cooler stars called red dwarfs — stars like TRAPPIST-1, which is home to at least seven rocky planets, with three of them in the habitable zone. These stars make up about 75% of the stars in our galaxy, and their relatively dim light makes it easier for telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to capture images of starlight filtering through the atmospheres of planets that pass between Earth and their host stars.

Hill and her colleagues also hope to explore what happens to atmospheres around tidally-locked planets, or planets where tidal forces keep the interior hot and seismically active, similar to Jupiter's moon Io.

The researchers published their work in June in The Planetary Science Journal.

The U.S. Space Force is adding three dozen spacecraft to its growing constellation designed to detect and track incoming missiles from orbit. The Space Development Agency (SDA) announced the agreements, worth a combined $1.75 billion, on July 14, naming L3Harris Technologies and Sierra Space as the recipients.

Each company will provide 18 Accelerated Missile Defense Tranche 3 (AMDT3) spacecraft, for a total of 36 satellites that will grow the SDA Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture's Tranche 3 Tracking Layer constellation, part of the Trump Administration's Golden Dome initiative. All 36 are expected to be ready for launch by the end of 2028, according to an SDA statement.

SDA's contracts with each company differ slightly. One calls for "18 missile warning and missile tracking variant space vehicles" from Sierra Space, while the other requests "18 missile defense variant space vehicles" from L3Harris, all equipped with infrared sensors to add to the constellation's global network.

L3Harris will receive up to $955 million for its 18 satellites, which the Space Force describes as "Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor-like" (HBTSS) spacecraft. Sierra Space's agreement has the potential to reach $798 million for its 18-satellite contribution. Altogether, the 36 spacecraft will be distributed across four orbital planes as part of a hybrid missile-defense architecture designed to provide "global stereo coverage" of next-generation missile threats.

The Tracking Layer uses infrared imaging in low Earth orbit to detect and track missiles, and it transfers that data in real time through a low-latency communications network to military forces on the ground. According to the agency, the new satellites will increase the constellation's coverage and integrate into the spacecraft of SDA's first three Tranches.

“AMDT3 expands upon SDA’s previous and current Tracking Layer generations — Tranches 1, 2 and 3," said SDA Director G.P. Sandhoo, "marking another milestone in delivering a resilient, global missile warning, missile tracking, and missile defense capability.”

Sierra Space will base its satellites on the Horizon vehicle, from the company's Eclipse satellite series, which it also used in the design of the spacecraft it provided for the Tranche 2 Tracking Layer program, according to a Sierra Space release.

L3Harris plans to build on the success of the HBTSS satellites the company developed for the Military Defense Agency, according to an L3Harris release. The company "has more than 70 missile tracking and defense satellites on order, including five on orbit, between MDA’s HBTSS program and SDA’s Tracking Layer across Tranche 0, 1, 2 and 3," the company said.

The 36 satellites from L3Harris and Sierra Space are in addition to the 72 Tranche 3 Tracking Layer spacecraft SDA ordered in December 2025, via contracts worth $3.5 billion. L3Harris was included in those agreements as well, along with Lockheed Martin, Rocket Lab and Northrop Grumman. In total, the two rounds of awards bring the Tranche 3 constellation to a planned 108 satellites, worth about $5.25 billion. If all goes to plan, all of them will be available to launch by the end of 2029.

The newly contracted satellites from L3Harris and Sierra Space could begin heading to space sooner than that, however. SDA describes the new contracts as "accelerated," though a launch timeline has not been established to the overall group. Once in orbit, the Space Force will assume responsibility for the satellites' operation and integration "in support of joint force operations and delivering warfighting capabilities," the SDA statement said.

Twenty-four Starlink satellites reached low Earth orbit on Tuesday (July 21), a day later than originally scheduled due to a last-second rocket engine abort.

SpaceX at first tried to launch the broadband internet relay units on a Falcon 9 rocket on Monday morning (July 20), but an unexpected engine cutoff at the point of ignition scrubbed the day's attempt. The company did not provide a reason for the abort.

By Tuesday, whatever the problem was had been addressed and the Falcon 9 was ready to fly. It liftoff off at 10:49 a.m. EDT (1449 GMT; 7:49 a.m. PDT local time) from Space Launch Complex 4 East at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. About an hour later, after a normal ascent, the new Starlink batch (Group 17-39) were deployed into their intended orbit.

"Deployment of 24 Starlink satellites confirmed," SpaceX posted on social media.

The Falcon 9 rocket's first stage, Booster 1082, completed its 23rd mission by touching down atop the droneship "Of Course I Still Love You" positioned in the Pacific Ocean.

The Starlink network provides worldwide access to the internet, especially to areas where other means of connection are not possible. The megaconstellation also enables in-flight wifi and direct-to-cell services for select providers.

Tuesday's Starlink launch was SpaceX's 85th Falcon 9 launch of the year. SpaceX experienced a similar but unrelated last-second abort on its first attempt at launching its 13th test flight of its Starship megarocket on Thursday (July 16). That flight has now been rescheduled for Thursday (July 23).

Picture it: A slash of vivid green light splits the starry sky. There for a moment and then gone, leaving nothing but a short-lived glowing trail and a moment of pure joy. You've finally caught it, your first Perseid shooting star of the season.

What you saw was the final moment of a story billions of miles and thousands of years in the making. A story that began with that same shooting star locked inside the icy body of the wandering comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle.

The 16-mile-wide (26 kilometer) giant of a comet spends its life journeying back and forth between the outer and inner solar system, where its frigid body is heated by the sun, triggering dramatic outbursts of activity. While in close proximity to our star, ice near to the surface of the comet is transformed into gas, skipping the water stage entirely as it escapes out into the vastness of interplanetary space.

Embedded within that ice was once a micrometeoroid no larger than a grain of sand, destined to become the Perseid shooting star you saw.

The violence of the newborn micrometeoroid's exile was followed by an epoch of utter silence, as its orbit was subtly influenced by the unseen forces of the solar system. It would be easy to think of this as a lonely existence, but we'd be wrong.

Our cosmic pebble was joined by millions of others, all shed in the wake of Swift-Tuttle. A great stream of primordial material that threads through the inner solar system, crossing the path of Earth before extending in a great swarm that messily traces the elliptical orbit of their comet progenitor, below the plane of the solar system. Beyond the orbit of Pluto.

Each follows its own unique path. Trajectories are shaped by the force of a micrometeoroid's expulsion from the comet's nucleus, along with the gentle push of radiation from the sun and the gravitational tug of the planets.

It's impossible to know how long our shooting star drifted through the cold expanse of interplanetary space. Was it hundreds or many thousands of years? How many times might it have journeyed around the sun before its fateful rendezvous with our Blue Marble?

We can never know. What we do know is how its journey ended.

Civilizations could have risen to their zenith and crumbled in the time our micrometeoroid spent traversing the unfeeling expanse of interplanetary space, but its demise lasted but a fraction of a second. It collided with our planet's gaseous shell at 132,000 miles per hour (212,433 kmph), cutting a brilliant green trail through the summer sky as atmospheric friction vaporized the cometary shard.

It's that fiery demise that you spotted tonight — an experience that will repeat hundreds of times each and every hour at the height of the Perseid meteor shower, as Earth passes through the densest part of the debris stream cast off by comet Swift-Tuttle.

The Perseid meteor shower is active from now until Aug. 24, with the best viewing window occurring in the early hours of Aug. 13, as the shower's radiant rises to its highest point on the night of the shower's peak.

This year's peak will be particularly spectacular, unfolding as it does in the pristinely dark skies surrounding the Aug. 12 new moon, which will also cause a spectacular total solar eclipse to be visible across parts of Spain, Iceland and Greenland. If you find yourself in the path of totality and have luck on your side, then you might just spot a Perseid fireball brightening the false twilight that falls as the moon hides the face of the sun at the crescendo of the eclipse!

Want to capture a shooting star that will stay with you forever? Then be sure to read our guide to photographing fast-moving meteors, along with our roundups of the best cameras and lenses for astrophotography if you're looking to upgrade your gear.

Editor's Note: Did you catch a photo of a Perseid shooting star and want to share it with Space.com's readers? Then please go ahead and send your photos along with your comments, name and location to spacephotos@space.com.

Orion is getting an upgrade on Artemis III, and the astronauts aboard are getting WiFi (sort of).

NASA is partnering with SpaceX to equip the Orion spacecraft for Artemis III with a pair of Starlink mini laser terminals, designed to operate on SpaceX's existing Starlink network. The two panels will be installed on Orion's exterior, and will augment the spacecraft's existing communications systems.

The added capability is expected to provide a greater data capacity from Orion to NASA's mission control in Houston, which may include high-definition live video from orbit. The mission is currently scheduled for the second half of 2027, and will also include another sizable contribution from SpaceX: a Starship rocket.

SpaceX currently operates more than 10,000 Starlink spacecraft in LEO, which provide satellite internet coverage across nearly the entire globe to commercially-available wireless terminals about the size of a laptop. Combined, those more than 10,000 and counting satellites are equipped with over 25,000 lasers currently in operation in LEO to maintain the network's interconnectedness, according to a NASA update.

The company previously demonstrated the Starlink constellation's use as a communication relay network during the privately funded Fram2 mission that launched the first human into a polar orbit around Earth in 2025. SpaceX frequently utilizes its high-data capabilities to stream high-definition live views of its Falcon 9 and Starship rocket launches from orbit.

Artemis III is the third in a program of NASA missions with the goal of returning astronauts to the moon and establishing a permanent base on its surface. Artemis III is designed as a practice run for NASA's Orion capsule to rendezvous and dock with the program's commercial lunar lander vehicles, Starship, and Blue Origin's Blue Moon spacecraft, in low Earth orbit (LEO). That's a lot closer to home compared to the Artemis II mission that NASA launched in April of this year.

Artemis II was Orion's first flight with astronauts onboard, and flew a 10-day mission around the far side of the moon. NASA used laser communications during Artemis II as well, using terminals on Orion and ground stations at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab in California and White Sands Complex in New Mexico to transmit data loads too big for the agency's Near Space and Deep Space radio networks. With flight sticking to LEO during Artemis III, communication limitations become a lot easier to surmount.

If all goes according to plan during Artemis III, NASA has scheduled the first Artemis moon landing on the following mission, Artemis IV. NASA is targeting 2028 to launch Artemis IV, and has selected Starship as the lunar lander that will return astronauts to the lunar surface.

The first trailer for "Avengers: Doomsday" dropped yesterday, and while it’s jammed full of superheroes, surprises, and our first extended look at Dr. Doom, it is missing one big thing that has been a constant in the MCU ever since "Avengers" was released and the Infinity Stone saga kicked off: outer space.

Believe it or not, the MCU has been very sci-fi heavy for the past decade as the universe expanded into space with "Guardians of the Galaxy", "Captain Marvel", and the entire throughline of Thanos’ quest to bring balance to the universe.

Entire films took place in space, and extended exposition was delivered inside the hulls of spaceships. Alien heroes and villains swung around made-up planets and lived in the skulls of dead space giants. That whole "Eternals" thing. It's safe to say that the Marvel movies were into outer space in a big way. The MCU leaned heavily into science fiction and space for much of its life, but judging from this trailer, that may be coming to an end.

This is a very Earth-based trailer, and while the remnants of years of science fiction still permeate throughout the MCU (superhero comics are almost always dabbling in the genre), the focus on it is clearly gone. This trailer is all about the Earth and superheroes, pulling back hard on the bigger universe. Sure, it opens with the Fantastic Four exiting their spaceship — probably an unintentional visual metaphor for the MCU’s abandonment of the cosmos — but we’re kept mainly on Earth otherwise.

We have absolutely no alien heroes appearing on screen in this trailer outside of Thor and, of course, our main villain is decidedly earthbound even if he may be from a different multiverse (for those not in the know, that’s Robert Downey Jr. behind Dr. Doom’s mask).

There are plenty of reasons that the MCU may be pulling out of space. Introducing all of the X-Men means you’ve got plenty of Earth stuff to mess around with anyway, and there’s very little reason to need space travel when you’ve got time travel, quantum realms, and multiverses expanding your universe in other ways.

To be fair, all of those are sci-fi as well, but it’s not the same as outer space. We do know from casting that some of our favorite space-based heroes will be returning, but what is clear is that space is no longer the focus here. The MCU has been pulling back on space ever since Thanos fell, and this new trailer for "Avengers: Doomsday" just hammers another nail into the coffin of that universe.

Of course, Marvel is a master of misdirection and fake-outs, so anything could change as we get more details and the film finally releases, but for now it seems that the Marvel Cinematic Universe isn’t so interested in the universe part.

"Avengers: Doomsday" will hit theaters on December 18.

For the first time, scientists may have discovered a binary system—like the twin suns of the fictional planet Tatooine in "Star Wars"—where both stars exploded as supernovas, a new study finds.

Although Earth may orbit around a single star, more than half of all stars are in systems where two or more suns orbit each other. "When it comes to massive stars, the percentage in multiple systems are even higher," study lead author Miltiadis Michailidis, a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University in California, told Space.com.

When massive stars burn all their fuel, they can die in giant explosions known as supernovas. These outbursts can briefly outshine all of the other suns in these stars' galaxies. They often leave behind expanding super-hot clouds of debris known as supernova remnants. Astronomers have detected about 300 such remnants in our galaxy to date.

Given how often massive stars are found in binary systems, "one can expect many pairs of massive stars where both will explode as supernovas," Michailidis noted. "However, this has never been observed, until now."

One reason supernova pairs may have escaped attention is that "if the stars are too close together when they exploded, the resulting supernova remnants may look like that from a single explosion," Michailidis explained. Another is that one star going supernova may propel its partner far enough away to hide the fact they were ever a duo, he added.

In the new study, Michailidis and his colleagues investigated a supernova remnant known as IC 443, located about 6,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Gemini. IC 443 is also known as the Jellyfish Nebula for how it resembles a jellyfish.

IC 443 is one of the most extensively studied supernova remnants in the galaxy because of how shock waves from the supernova have collided with surrounding clouds of gas and dust to create a set of concentric bubble shells, "much like how a drop of water falling on a lake creates circular waves," Michailidis said. "It is very isolated from its surroundings, without many other objects nearby to complicate its very bright emissions."

The scientists analyzed one of IC 443's much dimmer, long-hidden neighbors, dubbed G189.6+3.3. The German-led ROSAT (Roentgen Satellite) mission first discovered G189.6+3.3 in 1994 via its faint X-ray emissions, and the Russian-German Spektrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG) space observatory later clearly detected shell-like structures within G189.6+3.3, suggesting that it was a supernova remnant.

In the new study, the researchers analyzed more than 16 years of data from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope along with earlier X-ray, optical and radio measurements. They discovered signs that both IC 443 and G189.6+3.3 were both smashing into the same interstellar cloud of hydrogen, revealing they were close together in space, with the centers of their explosions about 30 to 50 light-years apart.

The researchers calculated that the chances of randomly encountering two unrelated supernova remnants at this distance from one another "was about one in 1,000," Michailidis said. "This suggests that our discovery is in fact the first known binary-system supernova pair."

The scientists estimated that G189.6+3.3 was older than IC 443, with the parent star of G189.6+3.3 exploding between 20,000 to 110,000 years ago, while IC 443 was created about 8,000 to 9,000 years ago. The original stars may have been 20 or more times the sun's mass.

These new findings can help shed light on how massive binary stars evolve, interact and die. For instance, further analysis of G189.6+3.3 and IC 443 can reveal how much of a kick the former gave the latter when it died, Michailidis said.

The scientists detailed their findings July 21 in the journal Nature Communications.

A young cluster of galaxies sparkles under a cosmic glow that's 4.4 billion years old. This peek into the past shows the stellar spectacle of a galaxy cluster still forming.

What is it?

The James Webb Space Telescope snapped this image of the galaxy cluster MACS J0553.4-3342 on July 3 using its near-infrared camera (NIRCam). The glorious, glimmering sight is actually a massive young galaxy cluster forming 4.4 billion years ago. A galaxy cluster is a grouping of galaxies held together by gravity. Galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of galaxies and are the largest known structures in the entire universe that are held together in this way.

Why is it incredible?

Because light takes time to travel through space, and because the JWST can look incredibly far out into space, this telescope acts as a sort time machine.

This power isn't unique to the JWST, however. Other telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope, for instance, have similarly peered back in time through the cosmos and revealed some incredible, ancient sights. However, the JWST's specialized instruments like NIRCam allow the telescope to pick up incredibly faint light from galaxies remarkably far away. This greatly stretches how far back in time we can see.

But the really incredible thing is, you can look back in time yourself — with only your eyes. While JWST can look exceptionally far out into space and can capture the very faint light of ancient galaxies, the light coming from the stars you can see with your bare eyes also had to travel over incredible stretches of time to reach you. Think about this: the light coming from a constellation you love may have traveled across millions of light-years to get to your eyes.

SpaceX launched a trailblazing satellite-servicing mission today (July 21).

A Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Florida's Cape Canaveral Space Force Station today at 5:15 p.m. EDT (2115 GMT).

SpaceX called today's launch MRV-MEV, because it's sending up a Mission Robotic Vehicle and three Mission Extension Pods (MEPs). These spacecraft will be operated by SpaceLogistics, a subsidiary of Virginia-based aerospace giant Northrop Grumman.

MRV-MEV is headed to geostationary orbit (GEO), 22,236 miles (35,786 kilometers) above Earth. At this altitude, orbital speed matches the velocity of our planet's rotation, allowing spacecraft to "hover" over the same patch of ground continuously. For this reason, GEO is a popular destination for spy, communications and weather satellites.

The new mission will work to extend the lives of such satellites. The MRV is equipped with two 10-foot-long (3 meters) robotic arms, a system developed by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) with the help of the Naval Research Laboratory. The spacecraft will use those arms to attach the MEPs — the first three ever to launch — to three separate satellites in GEO.

"Once installed, the MEP uses electric propulsion to provide orbit control and momentum unloading for a client satellite," Northrop Grumman wrote in an MEP fact sheet. "The MEP is controlled by the customer via a self-contained C- or Ku-band telemetry and command system, and [is] capable of providing up to eight years of life extension for a typical 2,000 kg satellite in GEO."

The Australian satellite operator Optus booked one of the MEPs, and Intelsat hired out the other two, according to Tech Times.

The MRV and MEPs will reach GEO separately. When it's rendezvous time, the robotic-armed spacecraft will grab an MEP and ferry it over to its client satellite, Tech Times reported. The MRV will then remain in GEO after it has installed the third MEP, waiting for other such "satellite jetpacks" to reach orbit.

In addition to installing MEPs, the MRV "can relocate, inspect, repair and upgrade spacecraft while in orbit," Northrop Grumman's website states.

"MRV includes a Northrop Grumman-developed Passive Refueling Module (PRM), the first refueling interface standard approved by the U.S. Space Force, which enables MRV to be refueled in orbit," it adds. "With advanced robotics technology and Northrop Grumman's proven experience in satellite servicing, the mission delivers an unprecedented capability and new class of system that can continuously evolve to support novel or increasingly advanced missions for our nation, making assets in space more resilient."

That "proven experience in satellite servicing" consists of two previous Northrop Grumman projects. Mission Extension Vehicle-1 (MEV-1) — the first-ever commercial satellite-servicing spacecraft — launched in October 2019 and successfully rendezvoused with its target in GEO (the communications satellite Intelsat 901) four months later. MEV-2 launched in August 2020 and docked with Intelsat 10-02 the following April.

Neither MEV-1 nor MEV-2 used Mission Extension Pods, however. Each of those previous efforts employed a single servicing craft, which made its way to the target satellite, docked and performed life-extension duties on its own.

All went according to plan during the launch: The Falcon 9's upper stage deployed the MRV 35.5 minutes after liftoff and the three MEPs at 10-minute intervals after that, according to SpaceX.

In a departure from most Falcon 9 missions, there was not a first-stage landing today.

"Due to the additional performance needed to launch these payloads to geosynchronous transfer orbit, this will be the 32nd and final flight for the Falcon 9 first stage booster supporting this mission, which previously launched CRS-24, Eutelsat HOTBIRD 13F, OneWeb 1, SES-18 and SES-19, and 27 Starlink missions," SpaceX's MRV-MEP mission description reads.

SpaceX's rocket-reuse record is 36 flights, set earlier this month during a Falcon 9 launch of the company's Starlink internet satellites.

MEV-MEP was SpaceX's second launch of the day. The company also sent 24 Starlink craft to orbit atop a Falcon 9 from California this morning.

Editor's note: This story was updated at 5:23 p.m. ET with news of successful liftoff. It was then updated again at 11:05 a.m. ET on July 22 with news of successful payload deployment, and to note DARPA's key role in this mission.

An amateur astronomer's plans for a camping vacation two years ago transformed into a possible crater find in Canada's north.

Amateur astronomer Joël Lapointe, using Google Maps to figure out his route for the 2024 vacation, saw some odd terrain in Quebec's Côte-Nord region centered on Lake Marsal. Lapointe suspected it was an impact crater from a meteorite, and made a report on Impact Earth — a crowdsourcing website for craters with Canada's Western University in London, Ontario near Toronto. Western planetary geologist Gordon Osinski made a visit to the region in 2025, provisionally not only confirming the crater, but saying it's probably one of the biggest discovered in recent years. The 390-million-year old feature is roughly 15 miles (25 kilometers) wide.

In an email interview with Space.com while on travel in Scotland, Osinski — known as "Oz" by the space community — said to his knowledge the last discovery of that scale was the approximately 31-km (19-mile) Hiawatha structure, also possibly a crater, spotted in Greenland in 2018. "However, that structure is completely buried by ice, so its diameter is uncertain and there is still some controversy about its origin," Oz said.

But in the case of the new crater, called Uhackatik with approval from the Innu Council of Ekuanitshit in whose traditional lands the crater lies, there is no doubt at all where the crater came from. Oz's expedition to the area revealed "shock metamorphic effects", which are deformations to the rocks induced by the shock waves and heating produced by a meteorite impact.

"Impact melt rocks are like they sound: large volumes of rock that are melted by the impact event, but then cool and crystallize to look a lot like volcanic rocks," he said. "Finding these preserved — as they are usually some of the first parts of a crater to be eroded — was a big surprise."

While most of the features are microscopic, Oz said in the field he and his collaborators could easily see "shatter cones", which are branching features in rock layers produced by the shockwave of impact. The research is not yet peer-reviewed, but it will be presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society in Frankfurt, Germany in August.

While 400-million-year-old impact craters on Earth are hard to find, as geologic activity as well as erosion change their features over time, the precious evidence is helpful for scientists to better understand meteorite impacts on the moon, Mars and other rocky extraterrestrial bodies.

In terms of age, Oz noted, the moon's prominent Tycho crater best represents what Uhackatik probably looked like 390 million years ago. But On Earth, one of the best comparisons to Uhackatik is a moon-like crater used to help the Artemis II astronauts get ready for their moon mission this year.

That Earth crater is called Kamestastin (also known as Mistastin) in northern Labrador, Canada. Oz regularly runs expeditions there in consultation with the Mushuau Innu First Nation, as the crater lies within their traditional hunting grounds. Kamestastin includes anorthosite, a common mineral found in craters at the moon's south pole, where NASA hopes to land astronauts under the US-led Artemis program.

Artemis II astronauts Jeremy Hansen (from the Canadian Space Agency or CSA) and Christina Koch (NASA), as well as CSA backup astronaut and lunar-flyby capcom Jenni Gibbons, did an expedition to Kamestastin crater in 2023 alongside Oz and collaborators.

"For comparative craters [to Uhackatik], Kamestastin is actually a great one as the size is very similar," Oz said. "Kamestastin is well-preserved and I've worked there a lot … so in my mind, I was using Kamestastin as a template for exploring this new potential crater."

To fully confirm Uhackatik's extraterrestrial origin, Oz and collaborators are examining samples microscopically for more evidence of shock effects, such as chemistry indicating a high-temperature melt, or deformation effects in the quartz. In the meantime, Oz's lunar work with NASA continues: he will be part of the geology teams supporting the moon-landing astronauts during the Artemis 4 and 5 missions, which will touch down as soon as 2028.

For the first time, astronomers have reconstructed the magnetic field of an entire cluster of galaxies, from its central nucleus to its outer limits.

The record-breaking achievement is the product of the deepest-ever observations of the galaxy cluster Abell 2255, located around a billion light-years away — and those observations are thanks to the European radio telescope LOFAR (Low Frequency Array).

Abell 2255 has long been known for its complexity in radio waves. Its vast, diffuse radio emissions are created by particles called electrons racing at near-light, or relativistic, speeds and interacting with magnetic fields of galaxies in the cluster. Thus, using Abell 2255 as a cosmic laboratory to study the universe in radio waves could lead scientists to a better understanding of how magnetic fields come about and evolve. These observations could also help paint a picture of the dynamics of hot gas in galaxy clusters. This could reveal how the largest structures in the universe are constructed.

As part of the LOFAR Galaxy Cluster Ultra-Deep Field project, this team used 224 hours of radio image collection to discover that the distribution of large-scale magnetic fields throughout Abell 2255 (which itself stretches out for several million light-years) are not randomly distributed. Instead, these magnetic fields seem to be organized by the motion of gas that occurred during the formation of this galactic cluster.

"Obtaining very sensitive images of galaxy clusters at radio wavelengths is crucial to understanding how electrons are accelerated to relativistic speeds and magnetic fields are amplified on large cosmic scales," team leader Andrea Botteon, of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), said in a statement. "The complexity of these studies is due to the elusiveness of the radio signal from electrons moving in very weak magnetic fields. We believe that the mechanism that 'turns on' these gigantic radio emissions is linked to the formation process of galaxy clusters."

Botteon added that for this research he and his colleagues combined the deepest radio observations ever made with an innovative data analysis technique that allowed them to reconstruct the shape of a galaxy cluster's magnetic field for the first time.

"The coherence of the magnetic field lines observed in some regions of the cluster suggests that the morphology of the field is intimately linked to the dynamics of the gas in which it resides, where it can be 'stretched' or 'compressed' by the motions associated with the formation of the cluster itself," Botteon said.

This analysis revealed that, in some regions, the magnetic fields follow very specific directions, stretching radially along extended radio emissions. In contrast to this, in regions dominated by shock waves, magnetic fields are orientated at tangents. This suggests magnetic fields in Abell 2255 are carved out by the same dynamics that allow clusters to accrete gas and grow.

This serves as the first observational evidence that the same mechanisms that allow galaxies to grow and cluster, creating the largest structures in the universe, also shape their magnetic fields.

The team's research has been accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics and is available as a pre-peer-reviewed paper on the repository site arXiv.

One thing is for certain: there will absolutely be no shortage of superheroes in Marvel Studios' "Avengers: Doomsday", as evidenced by this first full trailer that showcases everyone from the Wakandans and the X-Men to the Fantastic Four and Earth's Mightiest Heroes, the Avengers.

Plus, we get slivers of a metal-masked Victor Von Doom looming over the mayhem to further whet the appetites of MCU acolytes before the Russo Brothers’ epic lands Dec. 18.

"Something's coming," Downey's Doom declares as the trailer rolls out before later stopping Thor's Stormbreaker axe with two fingers. "Something we may not be able to deter. Before this day is done, we shall be faced with an unthinkable decision."

Opening with a blinding explosion witnessed by Professor X, fans are treated to a cavalcade of nearly everyone in the Marvel Cinematic Universe teaming up to stop a series of multiverse incursions and intentional destructions seemingly orchestrated by the mad monarch of Latveria.

"Beloved heroes from three distinct universes will be set on a deadly collision course and face an existential threat unlike anything they've ever encountered," states the official synopsis for the highly-anticipated $400 million tentpole project.

"Put aside your petty squabbles," Chris Hemsworth's Thor demands as we glimpse Patrick Stewart’s Professor X and Ian McKellen's Magneto together.

Paul Rudd’s Ant-Man arrives to join the party as a welcome addition, as does Channing Tatum reprising his "Deadpool and Wolverine" role as Gambit, who's having a showdown with Simu Liu's Shang-Chi, and a beaded, long-haired Chris Evans as Steve Rogers is surprisingly seen after an encounter with Tom Hiddleston's Loki and his Time Variance Authority character. It's also fun seeing Rogers display his worthiness by snagging Thor's silver hammer! We're just relieved the tone on display is respectful and serious and not choked with jokes and gags as in the most recent MCU outings.

"You are far stronger than all of us put together," the Asgardian warns his brethren in the extended sneak peek. "And they died facing enemies and threats; that's going to be far less than this one. Everything that they sacrificed will be for nothing if we do not stand together."

With its countless superhero cameos and callbacks building to a chaotic crescendo, "Avengers: Doomsday" storms into theaters on Dec. 18, 2026.

SpaceX has pushed the next launch of its Starship megarocket back a few more days.

Elon Musk's company is now targeting Thursday (July 23) for Flight 13 of Starship, the giant, fully reusable vehicle it's developing to help get people to the moon and Mars, among other spaceflight tasks.

If all goes to plan, the 408-foot-tall (124.4 meters) Starship will lift off from SpaceX's Starbase site in South Texas on Thursday during a 90-minute window that opens at 6:45 p.m. EDT (2245 GMT; 5:45 p.m. local Texas time). You can watch the action live here at Space.com, courtesy of SpaceX.

It will be the second launch attempt for Starship Flight 13. The first came last Thursday (July 16) and ended in an abort, which occurred just as the giant rocket's 33 first-stage Raptor engines were firing up.

"To be confident of a good flight, 2 Raptors will be removed & replaced. Most probable launch timing is early next week," Musk said on July 16 via X, the social media platform he owns.

SpaceX first targeted today (July 20) for Flight 13's second try. On Sunday (July 19), however, the company announced that it had pushed that date back to no earlier than Thursday.

Flight 13 will be the second launch of Starship Version 3 (V3), the latest, most advanced iteration of the megarocket. V3 is the variant that will land astronauts on the moon for NASA's Artemis program and fly SpaceX's first Mars missions, if all goes to plan.

The plan for the upcoming suborbital launch is similar to that of Flight 12, which lifted off on May 22. Starship's Super Heavy first stage will aim to steer itself back to Earth for a controlled splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico, while the Ship upper stage will do the same halfway around the world, off the coast of Western Australia.

SpaceX accomplished the latter objective on Flight 12 but not the former; Super Heavy suffered engine issues during its return to Earth and ended up hitting the Gulf waters hard.

Flight 13 will do a few new things, however. For example, it will carry 20 of SpaceX's next-gen Starlink V3 internet satellites, which have never flown to space before. SpaceX plans to build a constellation of 100,000 Starlink V3 spacecraft in low Earth orbit over the coming years, and Starship will do all of the heavy lifting.

These 20 Starlinks won't stay aloft for long, however. Since Ship is flying on a suborbital trajectory, the satellites will come back to Earth relatively quickly — about 20 minutes after deployment, according to SpaceX's Flight 13 mission description.

Starship debuted in April 2023. All of its test flights to date have been suborbital.

Separated by billions of miles and shaped by very different environments, Saturn's smoggy moon Titan and the dwarf planet Pluto have, on paper, little in common.

Titan is a geologically active world cloaked in an atmosphere denser than Earth's, its landscape shaped by seas of liquid methane and vast dunes built from organic particles that rain out of its skies. Pluto, by contrast, is a frigid outpost with a tenuous atmosphere hovering above an icy, frozen surface.

Yet, observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed these two disparate worlds share an identical, unexplained infrared signature on their surfaces — a sign that similar chemistry may be unfolding on both worlds despite their stark differences, scientists say.

Detailed in a new study, the feature appears at precisely the same infrared wavelength on both Titan and Pluto, indicating that it absorbs light identically on both worlds. The signal points to the presence of an unknown compound, or a family of related compounds, that scientists have yet to identify.

"It's rather mysterious," Bruno Bézard, a planetary scientist at the Paris Observatory who led the discovery, told Space.com. "We cannot say what it is."

Chasing the signal

Bézard first spotted the unexplained feature while analyzing Titan observations from November 2022, when JWST gathered infrared light leaking through the haze in very specific, narrow wavelength bands, allowing scientists to peer directly through the otherwise opaque atmosphere.

To make sense of this light, researchers rely on spectroscopy, a technique used to identify compounds by the specific wavelengths of light they absorb. Because every molecule leaves behind a unique spectral fingerprint that telescopes can detect, astronomers can routinely identify substances across the solar system and beyond, ranging from simple water ice to complex molecules.

But the newly detected feature neither matches any of the standard library spectra cataloged so far, nor does it appear to be a fluke of the hardware, the study notes. The exact same absorption feature was detected by two different JWST instruments — the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) and the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) — ruling out the possibility of an instrumental artifact.

After failing to find a match with the cataloged spectral fingerprints of the simplest and most common planetary ices, Bézard wondered whether another world with similar atmospheric chemistry might hold a clue. He turned to his colleague Emmanuel Lellouch of the Paris Observatory, who had led a JWST program that had observed Pluto in May 2023.

"I asked him, 'Do you also have a signature [on Pluto] at this exact wavelength?'" Bézard recalled in the interview with Space.com. "So we looked, and we found that it is present there."

The ground truth

There is no evidence that the mystery molecule is a biosignature, Bézard said. Instead, it likely reflects the kind of prebiotic chemistry that has been operating in Titan's oxygen-free environment for more than 4 billion years.

One compelling possibility is that it belongs to a family of hydrocarbons known as allenes, which the study notes are essentially the only organic compounds known to exhibit strong absorption bands within the same 5-micron infrared range as the mystery signal.

But the allene family contains many complex variations for which complete spectra do not yet exist, Bézard said. Alternatively, the signature could belong to a known molecule whose spectral fingerprint has shifted, potentially because it is mixed with other planetary ices that have not yet been fully cataloged.

"We only have spectra for the simplest of them," Bézard said. "But it is possible that within this family you could find one or several compounds which are present together and make such an absorption feature."

Whatever the compound ultimately proves to be, he and his team believe it forms in the atmosphere through photochemical reactions before eventually "snowing" down onto the surface.

Despite their stark differences, both Titan and Pluto possess atmospheres dominated by nitrogen and methane. Scientists know from spacecraft observations and lab simulations that in the upper reaches of the planets' atmospheres, ultraviolet sunlight breaks these molecules apart, triggering a cascade of highly reactive chemical fragments. These fragments then reassemble into complex organic compounds, some of which condense and snow back down onto the surface below, which is where the JWST detected them.

A couple of different lines of evidence support this atmosphere-to-surface pipeline. First, the team analyzed how the signal behaved across Titan's disk. As the JWST scanned Titan from the center of its circular face toward its outer edge, or limb, the mysterious signal steadily weakened, the study notes.

"This is what you expect if it comes from the surface," said Bézard.

Because of the three-dimensional geometry of looking at a sphere, a signal coming from a flat surface will appear strongest at the center and grow fainter near the edge, where the angle of view through the atmosphere becomes longer and more obscured. This specific dimming trait was not shared by atmospheric carbon monoxide the team checked, which remained essentially unchanged from center to limb, Bézard said, which helped the team infer that this mystery molecule likely resides on the ground.

Pluto offered an independent line of evidence to back up this surface theory. Its near-vacuum atmosphere is physically too thin and sparse to generate an absorption feature of the observed depth, Bézard said, leaving the dwarf planet's solid surface as the only plausible source for the deep signature.

To further test their atmospheric-origin hypothesis, the team studied JWST observations of Jupiter's moon Ganymede. Because Ganymede lacks a nitrogen-methane atmosphere, it cannot run the same photochemical engine like Titan and Pluto do. Sure enough, the researchers found no trace of the mysterious feature, lending additional support to the theory that the compound is uniquely tied to the chemistry of nitrogen and methane skies.

Mapping Titan's surface

More clarity may arrive in the coming months. Researchers are currently analyzing newer JWST observations that provide a more complete view of Titan as it rotates. The data will allow the team to map the mysterious infrared signature across the moon's surface and determine whether it is associated with specific geologic features, such as Titan's vast organic-rich dune fields, which are continually replenished by a slow drizzle of complex particles produced in the atmosphere, Bézard said.

Further clues may have to wait for NASA's Dragonfly mission, a car-sized rotorcraft expected to launch in 2028 and arrive at Titan in the mid-2030s.

Although Dragonfly does not carry an infrared spectrometer to replicate JWST's light measurements, its onboard mass spectrometer will allow it to "taste" organic molecules across the various geologically interesting areas the spacecraft will fly to. By revealing which compounds are actually present on Titan's surface, the mission could give scientists a shortlist of candidates to replicate in laboratories back on Earth to see if they match the traits of the mystery molecule, Bézard said.

"It's always exciting when you discover something that was not seen before," Bézard said. "It's really the nicest part of our job."

The new study was accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Half a century after first putting hardware down on Mars, NASA is looking to explore the Red Planet's skies.

On July 20, 1976, the Viking 1 lander touched down in the western reaches of Chryse Planitia (the "Golden Plain"), a large circular landform that lies 22.5 degrees north of the Martian equator.

It was the first-ever Mars landing for NASA. Viking 1, along with its twin Viking 2, went on to conduct the first fully successful mission on the Red Planet's surface. (The Soviet Union's Mars 3 probe survived its touchdown attempt on Dec. 2, 1971 but died less than two minutes later.) And those missions have left a rich and intriguing legacy.

Viking 1 and Viking 2 — which touched down in a different Red Planet region on Sept. 3, 1976 — were sent to the surface to search for signs of life on Mars. (Each mission also featured an orbiter, which studied the planet from above.)

The landers did this using three different experiments, two of which returned negative results. But the third, called Labeled Release (LR), was different. LR observed a steady stream of carbon dioxide gas coming from dirt into which it had introduced nutrients — a possible sign of microbial metabolism.

Some scientists deemed the LR results a likely life detection. But most disagreed, ascribing them to abiotic reactions and stressing that, overall, the Viking data paint a picture of a dead planet.

That disagreement illustrates one of the main legacies of the Viking program: It showed researchers that hunting for extraterrestrial life is a complicated business, and they needed to learn more about Mars before attempting the search again on the Red Planet.

NASA didn't send a surface craft to Mars for another two decades, a hiatus caused in part by the Vikings' ambiguous results and high price tag, as well as a shifting of funds to the nascent space shuttle program.

The dry spell was broken in July 1997, when the agency's Pathfinder lander touched down in Chryse Planitia, about 530 miles (850 kilometers) from Viking 1. The main goals of Pathfinder's mission were to demonstrate a new "faster, better, cheaper" method of Mars exploration, prove out a new airbag-based landing system and get a mobile robot onto the red dirt.

Pathfinder achieved all of these objectives, notching the third by deploying a small rover named Sojourner. The little wheeled robot stumbled across rounded pebbles — strong evidence that they had been exposed to flowing water.

This discovery helped shape a new NASA Mars exploration strategy, one that aims to make an informed search for alien life after "following the water." Life as we know it depends on water, so the agency built rovers designed to hunt for signs of past liquid water and potentially habitable environments.

The twin golf-cart-sized rovers Spirit and Opportunity landed in 2004, and the car-sized Curiosity followed suit in August 2012. Then came Perseverance, which landed inside Mars' Jezero Crater in February 2021.

All of these wheeled explorers found evidence of past aqueous environments. Curiosity and Perseverance — with their more extensive and sophisticated scientific payloads — delved even deeper, discovering complex organic molecules that may have been produced by life as we know it.

The two latter rovers are continuing their work; both remain active on the Red Planet. (Pathfinder and Sojourner operated for about three months; Spirit was declared dead in 2010 and Opportunity fell victim to a Mars dust storm in 2018.)

Perseverance has collected a variety of Mars samples, which NASA wants to return to Earth for detailed study. As the Vikings' experience suggests, such a level of intense scrutiny may be necessary to make a definitive detection of life on Mars, if it indeed exists. (Getting those samples home is not a foregone conclusion, however; NASA's original plan was deemed too expensive, and it's now looking into a new return strategy.)

Perseverance also carried a little robotic companion, which heralded a new phase of Red Planet exploration — the Ingenuity helicopter.

Ingenuity was a technology demonstration, designed to show that rotorcraft could effectively ply the thin Red Planet skies. (Mars' atmosphere is just 1% as dense as that of Earth at sea level.)

The $80 million mission was a rousing success. The 4-pound (1.8 kilograms) Ingenuity was expected to make just five short hops on Mars but ended up flying 72 times over the course of nearly three years of activity. (Its first flight occurred on April 19, 2021, and its last was on Jan. 18, 2024.)

So NASA aimed higher, drawing up plans for future helicopter missions that could collect valuable scientific data. And such a mission is on course to launch in 2028, if all goes according to plan: Skyfall, which will send three Ingenuity-like choppers to Mars on a nuclear-powered rocket.

"Equipped with a suite of scientific instruments, these aerial scouts will map hidden ice deposits and analyze weather patterns," NASA officials wrote in a description of Skyfall. "The mission will also demonstrate how aerial vehicles can generate wide terrain and subsurface maps to identify safe and resource-rich destinations for future American astronauts venturing to Mars."

And Skyfall could be just another step toward even more ambitious aerial exploration on the Red Planet. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, which built and operated Ingenuity, is looking into larger, more capable Mars helicopters that could do a wider variety of work on the Red Planet.

This is all part of Viking 1's legacy. That historic touchdown on Mars half a century ago lifted exploration up — all the way into the skies of another world.

In July 2016, "Stranger Things" stormed its way into the pantheon of pop culture greats. Finding the sweet spot of '80s nostalgia, horror, and sci-fi, the Duffer Brothers' series established itself as one of Netflix's flagship shows and a favourite water cooler topic for close to a decade.

Much like "Jurassic Park" encouraged an entire generation to suddenly view paleontology through a new set of eyes, the same can be said about "Stranger Things" and science. Seriously, how many of us discovered the many-worlds theory because of the concept of the Upside Down on the show? Even wormholes are easier to understand now because of Mr Clarke's lessons than whatever the heck happens in "Interstellar" that has Matthew McConaughey bawling like he's been forced to sit through a Jared Leto movie marathon.

Parents and government groups have long highlighted the negative effects of entertainment, but not enough is said about its positive influences, especially the ability to inspire. In fact, it's often underestimated how invaluable a show like "Stranger Things" has been to educators who want to turn around the declining numbers in STEM graduates.

For University of Liverpool physics professor Carsten Welsch, "Star Wars" references were no longer cutting it with his students. However, the "Stranger Things" science allowed him to relate to a younger generation of learners. " It's a really good way to talk about science, which can be quite a challenge, especially with teenagers," Welsch told NPR. "Normally, the moment you mention physics or engineering, they run away."

This is something echoed by Louis Bearson, the director of science, business, and education at the Institute of Physics. Bearson mentioned how some of the devices used on the show and its delicate unpacking of complex topics like quantum physics could widen the appeal of science and physics beyond the explanations in the textbooks.

"One of the issues we have is that physics really needs to be more representative of the community at large," Bearson told The Times. "If we can get a broader base of people interested through things like 'Stranger Things', that's only going to be for the good."

It wasn't only the educators who appreciated the power of "Stranger Things" to connect with others, but also government departments like the U.S. Department of Energy.

The official website used the premise of the Upside Down to explain its own work, especially in terms of its search for other dimensions and how this is done in a real-world setting. While the information was always out there for anybody interested in finding out more, how many people would have read and taken an interest in any of it without the influence of "Stranger Things"?Apart from the natural benefit to educators and government departments wanting to increase the interest in STEM education, "Stranger Things" opened up the doors to something else equally important: intelligent discourse among its fanbase — the kind that's often missing in an online world where trolls walk among us and bring their bad manners from under-the-bridge living.

Reddit and social media forums were flooded with young fans discussing what they watched, the possibilities of where it could go, and even providing explanations to others who might not have understood the scientific concepts. It was encouraging, insightful, and fun, as people learned through interaction and exploration, which to this day is still the best way to learn anything.

In 2017, Olivia Richter, a then-student at the School of Communication and College of Arts and Sciences and writer for The Eagle, wrote a column about how "Stranger Things" served as a modern role model for curiosity.

The author explained how the Hawkins gang expressed "a great thirst for knowledge" and dispelled the notion that being smart or nerdy was something to be ashamed of. "It is encouraging a culture of curiosity and learning in its viewers," Richter wrote. "Much of the science in the show is based in fiction, though it is still highly successful in making science look exciting and fun and creating a model for young people that it is cool to be inquisitive."

Fans demonstrated an example of this ultra-curious attitude after the series finale. Science has always been about hypotheses and proving theories, and this approach was applied to the Conformity Gate theory that spread like wildfire online. Sure, some people might call it a conspiracy theory and looking for something that isn't there, but the fans from around the world rallied to find clues and provide evidence for their unique hypothesis about the show's ending.

They might not have been right in the end — maybe even being deliberately misled by Netflix's marketing — but the fact that they questioned, critiqued, and researched to such an extent is a positive sign that the show's message had an impact. It's also proof that critical thinking isn't dead and intelligent life is still out there.

Say what you want about the final season of "Stranger Things" and whether the ending stuck the landing or not, but there's no disputing the Demogorgon-shaped mark it left on viewers around the globe. More than that, it was a show that provoked curiosity and discovery, as well as encouraging a new generation to find out more about science.

In a world riddled with fake news, false information, endless rage-bait, and sustained pushes for conformity rather than curiosity, we desperately need more neuron-firing programming like this.

All five seasons of "Stranger Things" are on Netflix.