{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:44:07Z","timestamp":1774539847287,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The early detection of autism spectrum disorder acts as a risk in the infants and toddlers as per the increase over the early invention awareness. Hence, this paper has made an effort to introduce a new autism detection technique in young children, which poses three major phases called weighted logarithmic transformation, optimal feature selection and classification. Initially, weighted transformation in the input data is carried out that correctly distinguishes the interclass labels, and it is determined to be the specified features. Because of the presence of numerous amounts of features, the \u2018prediction\u2019 becomes a serious issue, and therefore the optimal selection of features is important. Here, for optimal feature selection process, a new Levi Flight Cub Update-based lion algorithm (LFCU-LA) is introduced that can be a modification in lion algorithm. Once the optimal features are selected, they are given to the classification process that exploits a hybrid classifier: deep belief network (DBN) and neural network (NN). Additionally, the most important contributions in the hidden neurons of DBN and NN were optimally selected that paves way for exact detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxaa156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T20:14:32Z","timestamp":1604520872000},"page":"1760-1774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimal Feature Selection and Hybrid Classification for Autism Detection in Young Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Guruvammal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Melpakkam, Tindivanam 604 001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Chellatamilan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology, School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L Jegatha","family":"Deborah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Melpakkam, Tindivanam 604 001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2475724","article-title":"Robot-mediated imitation skill training for children with autism","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2598727","article-title":"Design of an autonomous social orienting training system (ASOTS) for young children with autism","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2240700","article-title":"Design and development of a virtual dolphinarium for children with autism","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref4","first-page":"6","article-title":"Sharing data to solve the autism riddle: an interview with Adriana Di Martino and Michael Milham of ABIDE","volume":"8","author":"Mertz","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Pulse"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2015.86","article-title":"Integrating multimedia into autism intervention","volume":"22","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE MultiMedia"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.02.005","article-title":"Impaired detection and differentiation of briefly presented facial emotions in adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Frank","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1569-x","article-title":"Getting a grip on social gaze: control over others\u2019 gaze helps gaze detection in high-functioning autism","volume":"43","author":"Dratsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-008-0243-6","article-title":"Community childcare providers\u2019 role in the early detection of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"35","author":"Branson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Early Child. Edu. J."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1321-y","article-title":"Olfactory detection thresholds and adaptation in adults with autism spectrum condition","volume":"42","author":"Tavassoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref10","first-page":"2407","article-title":"Computational technologies for augmenting social communication of autism children","volume":"V","author":"Guruvammal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2018.10.007","article-title":"Missed opportunities: an investigation of pathways to autism diagnosis in Australia","volume":"57","author":"Gibbs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2016.08.004","article-title":"Diagnosing autism\/autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Yates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1236-7","article-title":"Verification of parent-report of child autism spectrum disorder diagnosis to a web-based autism registry","volume":"42","author":"Daniels","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref14","first-page":"6103","article-title":"Computer assisted language learning system for hyperlexia children of Tamilnadu","volume":"8","author":"Guruvammal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Tech. Eng."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.njas.2019.02.001","article-title":"Social farming and work inclusion initiatives for adults with autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study","volume":"88","author":"Torquati","year":"2019","journal-title":"NJAS-Wagen. J. Life Sci."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref16","article-title":"RGB vegetation indices applied to grass monitoring: a qualitative analysis","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref17","article-title":"Design and construction of a low-cost remotely piloted aircraft for precision agriculture applications","author":"Moreira","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2016.2559482","article-title":"Specialized intervention using tablet devices for communication deficits in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"10","author":"Cabielles-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2018.2791562","article-title":"Hand-in-hand: a communication-enhancement collaborative virtual reality system for promoting social interaction in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum. Machine Sys."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.12.011","article-title":"Epilepsy and interictal epileptiform activity in patients with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"92","author":"Milovanovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2019.01.003","article-title":"Exploring brain functions in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.01.004","article-title":"General health of adults with autism spectrum disorders \u2013 a whole country population cross-sectional study","volume":"60","author":"Rydzewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-018-0666-3","article-title":"Fast and accurate diagnosis of autism (FADA): a novel hierarchical fuzzy system based autism detection tool","volume":"41","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.017","article-title":"A systematic review of screening tools in non-young children and adults for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"80","author":"Hirota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1830-y","article-title":"Correlates and risk markers for sleep disturbance in participants of the autism treatment network","volume":"43","author":"Hollway","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2102-1","article-title":"Using the autism detection in early childhood (ADEC) and childhood autism rating scales (CARS) to predict long term outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"44","author":"Nah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Increased serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"71","author":"Ning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Toxicology"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.01.014","article-title":"Laser-based spectrometer for optical trace gas detection in young adults with autism","volume":"138","author":"Bratu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2377555","article-title":"A Kalman filtering framework for physiological detection of anxiety-related arousal in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"62","author":"Kushki","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.01.003","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of autonomic functioning in autism from birth to early childhood","volume":"142","author":"Sheinkopf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref31","article-title":"A new machine learning model based on induction of rules for autism detection","author":"Thabtah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Informatics J."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/17538157.2017.1399132","article-title":"Machine learning in autistic spectrum disorder behavioral research: a review and ways forward","volume":"44","author":"Thabtah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inform. Health Soc. Care"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0403-4","article-title":"Migrant and refugee populations: a public health and policy perspective on a continuing global crisis","volume":"20","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-018-0168-y","article-title":"Optimization using lion algorithm: a biological inspiration from lion\u2019s social behavior","volume":"11","author":"Boothalingam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evol. Intell."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Medical and Health Informatics","author":"Tabtah","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref36","volume-title":"ASDTests. A mobile app for ASD screening","author":"Thabtah"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2009.08.029","article-title":"Simplifying particle swarm optimization","volume":"10","author":"Pedersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2012.06.009","article-title":"Firefly algorithm with chaos","volume":"18","author":"Gandomi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat"},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007","article-title":"Grey wolf optimizer","volume":"69","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Soft."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008","article-title":"The whale optimization algorithm","volume":"95","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Soft."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2016.03.001","article-title":"A novel metaheuristic method for solving constrained engineering optimization problems: crow search algorithm","volume":"169","author":"Askarzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Struct."},{"key":"2021120104052949900_ref42","article-title":"Automatic detection of autism in young children using weighted logarithmic transformed data with optimized deep learning","author":"Guruvammal"}],"container-title":["The Computer Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/64\/11\/1760\/41269359\/bxaa156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/64\/11\/1760\/41269359\/bxaa156.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T05:05:45Z","timestamp":1638335145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article\/64\/11\/1760\/6041173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comjnl\/bxaa156","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4620","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]}}}