{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T03:05:13Z","timestamp":1780715113457,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plant leaves play an important role in the diagnosis of plant diseases. Losses from such diseases can have a significant economic as well as environmental impact. Thus, examination of leaves into a healthy or infected carries substantial importance. An improved artificial plant optimization (IAPO) algorithm using machine learning has been introduced that identifies the plant diseases and categorize the leaves into healthy and infected on a <jats:italic>private dataset of 236 images.<\/jats:italic> Features are extracted from the images using histogram of oriented gradients (descriptor). The concepts of artificial plant optimization are then applied to study the features of healthy leaves using IAPO. A machine learning algorithm has been created to make the model adaptive with varied datasets. The degree of infection is eventually computed, and the leaves with infection greater than a certain calculated threshold are classified as infected leaves. The results show that IAPO can be used for classification of infected and healthy leaves and this algorithm can be generalized to solve problems in other domains as well. The proposed IAPO is also compared with other classification algorithms including k\u2010nearest neighbours, support vector machine, random forest and convolution neural network that show accuracies of 78.24%, 83.48%, 87.83%, and 91.26%, respectively, whereas IAPO shows quite accurate results in classification of leaves with an accuracy of 97.45% on training set and 95.0% accuracy on test set.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T04:51:13Z","timestamp":1577940673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Artificial plant optimization algorithm to detect infected leaves using machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Deepak","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7478-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prerna","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kshitij","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Hugo C. de","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science University of Fortaleza  Fortaleza Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ankalaki S. &Majumdar J.(2015).Leaf identification based on back propagation neural network and support vector machine. 2015 International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Information Processing (CCIP).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ccip.2015.7100736.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCIP.2015.7100736"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Detection of unhealthy region of plant leaves and classification of plant leaf diseases using texture features","volume":"15","author":"Arivazhagan S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR e\u2010journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/2834-0263134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/itj.2011.267.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai W. 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