{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:14:18Z","timestamp":1777889658797,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["KES"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Textual Question Answering targets answering questions defined in natural language. Question Answering Systems offer an automated approach to procuring answers to queries expressed in natural language. The need for Multilingual Question Answering without performing machine translation is ever existing. Besides that, automating tasks with the help of technology to assist humans, has been the main aim of research in recent years. This paper presents an automated answer evaluation system for reading comprehension-based questions in the Hindi language without requiring translation in any other language. The system accepts text, question, and handwritten answer of a student in the form of an image for answer evaluation. This is accomplished by developing a textual question-answering system for reading comprehension. It is an extractive approach that utilizes RoBERTa transformer model and fine-tunes it for Hindi question-answering. The answer to the question is extracted as a span from the provided text. Further, a handwritten text recognizer model is developed employing a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network with Connectionist Temporal Classification module along with two layers of Bidirectional LSTM. Experimentation is performed using existing as well as self-created datasets to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. An accuracy of 98.69% is obtained on the self-created Hindi-QA dataset and the proposed system outperformed the other existing methods. The paper also discusses potential research directions in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/kes-230188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T11:36:49Z","timestamp":1705664209000},"page":"435-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A textual question answering and handwritten answer evaluation system for hindi language"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Khushboo","family":"Khurana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachita","family":"Bharambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hardik","family":"Dharmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Rathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayur","family":"Rawte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1145\/979872.979874","article-title":"Hindi-English cross-lingual question-answering system","volume":"2","author":"Sekine","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1145\/974740.974746","article-title":"Hindi CLIR in thirty days","volume":"2","author":"Larkey","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.13053\/cys-25-1-3897","article-title":"Transformer-based extractive social media question answering on TweetQA","volume":"25","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computaci\u00f3n y Sistemas"},{"key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2023.01.175","article-title":"Answer prediction for questions from tamil and hindi passages","volume":"218","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2006.08.014","article-title":"Fuzzy model based recognition of handwritten numerals","volume":"40","author":"Hanmandlu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703312","article-title":"Devnagari numeral recognition by combining decision of multiple connectionist classifiers","volume":"27","author":"Bajaj","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sadhana"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.88","article-title":"Handwritten numeral databases of Indian scripts and multistage recognition of mixed numerals","volume":"31","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142642","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3012542","article-title":"Handwritten optical character recognition (OCR): A comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR)","volume":"8","author":"Memon","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/KES-230188_ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamic graph reasoning for conversational open-domain question answering","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Knowledge-based and Intelligent Engineering Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/KES-230188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:14:36Z","timestamp":1777612476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/KES-230188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/kes-230188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1327-2314","1875-8827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1327-2314","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}