{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T21:00:26Z","timestamp":1762376426093,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,4]],"date-time":"2018-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of the Interior and Safety of Korean government","award":["MOIS-DP-2015-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOIS-DP-2015-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposed a pressure driven entropy method (PDEM) that determines a priority order of pressure gauge locations, which enables the impact of abnormal condition (e.g., pipe failures) to be quantitatively identified in water distribution networks (WDNs). The method developed utilizes the entropy method from information theory and pressure driven analysis (PDA), which is the latest hydraulic analysis method. The conventional hydraulic approach has problems in determining the locations of pressure gauges, attributable to unrealistic results under abnormal conditions (e.g., negative pressure). The proposed method was applied to two benchmark pipe networks and one real pipe network. The priority order for optimal locations was produced, and the result was compared to existing approach. The results of the conventional method show that the pressure reduction difference of each node became so excessive, which resulted in a distorted distribution. However, with the method developed, which considers the connectivity of a system and the influence among nodes based on PDA and entropy method results, pressure gauges can be more realistically and reasonably located.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e20080576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T03:44:18Z","timestamp":1533613458000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Optimal Placement of Pressure Gauges for Water Distribution Networks Using Entropy Theory Based on Pressure Dependent Hydraulic Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Do Guen","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 18323, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Eil","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3937-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang Ho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"German Water Partnership (GWP) (2016). 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