{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T22:32:14Z","timestamp":1780093934197,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) are helping to make water management smarter and optimizing consumption in the smart agriculture industry. This article proposes a new topology of sensor nodes based on the use of inexpensive and highly efficient components, such as water level, soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and rain sensors. Additionally, to guarantee good performance of the system, the used transmission module is based on LoRa LPWAN technology. The design of the main circuit board of the system is optimized by combining two layers and implementing software optimization. The overall sensor network is developed and tested in the research lab, and real farms can be controlled by users manually or automatically using the mobile application. Experimental results are produced by testing sensor and communication link effectiveness, and are subsequently validated in the field through a one-week measurement campaign.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan8030045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T04:38:23Z","timestamp":1566794303000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Smart Agriculture Using IoT Multi-Sensors: A Novel Watering Management System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran Anh","family":"Khoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai Minh","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1725-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tan-Y","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic and Automotive Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"VanDung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9949-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Hoang","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2652320","article-title":"Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview","volume":"19","author":"Raza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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