{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:31:40Z","timestamp":1760149900411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology","award":["62071137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of modern military countermeasure technology, deep distinguish hostile radar is essential in electronic warfare. However, traditional radio frequency (RF) feature extraction methods can easily be interfered by signal information and fail due to the lack of research on RF feature extraction techniques for complex situations. Therefore, in this paper, first, the generation mechanism of RF structure information is discussed, and the influence of different signal information introduced by different operating parameters on RF structure feature extraction is analyzed. Then, an autoencoder (AE) network and an autoencoder metric (AEM) network are designed, introducing metric learning ideas, so that the extracted deep RF structure features have good stability and divisibility. Finally, radar emitter structure (RES) inversion is realized using the centroid-matching method. The experimental results demonstrate that this method exhibits good inversion performance under variable operating parameters (modulation type, frequency, bandwidth, input power). RES inversion including unknown operating parameters is realized for the first time, and it is shown that metric learning has the advantage of separability of RF feature extraction, which can provide an idea in emitter and RF feature extraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T07:49:29Z","timestamp":1696578569000},"page":"4844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Radar Emitter Structure Inversion Method Based on Metric and Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lutao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-3980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaozu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11074","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2716191","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks for automatic cognitive radio waveform recognition","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2019.0436","article-title":"Intra-pulse modulation radar signal recognition based on CLDN network","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"133","article-title":"Specific emitter identification and verification","volume":"113","author":"Talbot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Technol. 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