{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:35:50Z","timestamp":1774960550659,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]],"date-time":"2017-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect that the canopy structure and the viewing geometry have on the intensity and the spatial distribution of passively measured sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence at canopy scale is still not well understood. These uncertainties constrain the potential use of fluorescence to quantify photosynthesis at this level. Using a novel technique, we evaluated the diurnal changes in the spatial distribution of sun-induced fluorescence at 760 nm (F760) within the canopy as a consequence of the spatial disposition of the leaves and the viewing angle of the sensor. High resolution spectral and stereo images of a full sugar beet canopy were recorded simultaneously in the field to estimate maps of F760 and the surface angle distribution, respectively. A dedicated algorithm was used to align both maps in the post-processing and its accuracy was evaluated using a sensitivity test. The relative angle between sun and the leaf surfaces primarily determined the amount of incident Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), which in turn was reflected in different values of F760, with the highest values occurring in leaf surfaces that are perpendicularly oriented to the sun. The viewing angle of the sensor also had an impact in the intensity of the recorded F760. Higher viewing angles generally resulted in higher values of F760. We attribute these changes to a direct effect of the vegetation directional reflectance response on fluorescence retrieval. Consequently, at leaf surface level, the spatio-temporal variations of F760 were mainly explained by the sun\u2013leaf\u2013sensor geometry rather than directionality of the fluorescence emission. At canopy scale, the diurnal patterns of F760 observed on the top-of-canopy were attributed to the complex interplay between the light penetration into the canopy as a function of the display of the various leaves and the fluorescence emission of each leaf which is modulated by the exposure of the individual leaf patch to the incoming light and the functional status of photosynthesis. We expect that forward modeling can help derive analytical simplified skeleton assumptions to scale canopy measurements to the leaf functional properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]],"date-time":"2017-04-28T11:57:04Z","timestamp":1493380624000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Multiangular Observation of Canopy Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence by Combining Imaging Spectroscopy and Stereoscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 56237 Texcoco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"M\u00fcller-Linow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Schickling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cendrero-Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agim","family":"Ballvora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRES-Plant Breeding, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Experimental Station of University of Bonn in Klein-Altendorf, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Rascher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.03.016","article-title":"Leaf level detection of solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence by means of a subnanometer resolution spectroradiometer","volume":"103","author":"Meroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.3390\/s8031740","article-title":"Assessing steady-state fluorescence and PRI from hyperspectral proximal sensing as early indicators of plant stress: The case of ozone exposure","volume":"8","author":"Meroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.05.011","article-title":"High resolution field spectroscopy measurements for estimating gross ecosystem production in a rice field","volume":"150","author":"Rossini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.003","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of chlorophyll fluorescence and physiological and structural indices acquired from hyperspectral imagery as compared with carbon fluxes measured with eddy covariance","volume":"133","author":"Morales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.42.060191.001525","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis\u2014The basics","volume":"42","author":"Krause","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.07.007","article-title":"A model for chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis at leaf scale","volume":"149","author":"Verhoef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-007-9187-8","article-title":"Variability and application of the chlorophyll fluorescence emission ratio red\/far-red of leaves","volume":"92","author":"Buschmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1080\/15476510.1988.10401466","article-title":"The role of chlorophyll fluorescence in the detection of stress conditions in plants","volume":"19","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1988","journal-title":"CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(02)00366-3","article-title":"Resolution of the photosystem I and photosystem II contributions to chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves at room temperature","volume":"1556","author":"Franck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1117\/12.7971842","article-title":"MK II Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD-II) for airborne and orbital remote-sensing of solar-stimulated luminescence","volume":"14","author":"Plascyk","year":"1975","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"VanToai, T. (2003). Sun-induced fluorescence: A new tool for precision farming. Digital Imaging and Spectral Techniques: Applications to Precision Agriculture and Crop Physiology, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America Madison. ASA Special Publication 66."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.02.012","article-title":"A new instrument for passive remote sensing 1. Measurements of sunlight-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"91","author":"Moya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.003","article-title":"Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Review of methods and applications","volume":"113","author":"Meroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2008.2001180","article-title":"Improved fraunhofer line discrimination method for vegetation fluorescence quantification","volume":"5","author":"Alonso","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12710","article-title":"Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from high-resolution imaging spectroscopy data to quantify spatio-temporal patterns of photosynthetic function in crop canopies","volume":"39","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.027","article-title":"Continuous and long-term measurements of reflectance and sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence by using novel automated field spectroscopy systems","volume":"164","author":"Cogliati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2193131","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of canopy level sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence during the growth of a sorghum field","volume":"50","author":"Daumard","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13017","article-title":"Sun-induced fluorescence\u2014A new probe of photosynthesis: First maps from the imaging spectrometer hyplant","volume":"21","author":"Rascher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062943","article-title":"Red and far red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence as a measure of plant photosynthesis","volume":"42","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00134.1","article-title":"Monitoring and modeling the terrestrial system from pores to catchments: The transregional collaborative research center on patterns in the soil\u2013vegetation\u2013atmosphere system","volume":"96","author":"Simmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.006","article-title":"Retrieval and global assessment of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from gosat space measurements","volume":"121","author":"Guanter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320008111","article-title":"Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"111","author":"Guanter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2803-2013","article-title":"Global monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from moderate-spectral-resolution near-infrared satellite measurements: Methodology, simulations, and application to gome-2","volume":"6","author":"Joiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.031","article-title":"Impact of varying irradiance on vegetation indices and chlorophyll fluorescence derived from spectroscopy data","volume":"156","author":"Damm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013716","article-title":"Developments for vegetation fluorescence retrieval from spaceborne high-resolution spectrometry in the O2-A and O2-B absorption bands","volume":"115","author":"Guanter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.010","article-title":"A coupled 1-D atmosphere and 3-D canopy radiative transfer model for canopy reflectance, light environment, and photosynthesis simulation in a heterogeneous landscape","volume":"112","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.11.014","article-title":"Effects of canopy architectural parameterizations on the modeling of radiative transfer mechanism","volume":"251","author":"Govind","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.09.012","article-title":"Dynamics of photosynthesis in fluctuating light","volume":"9","author":"Rascher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp156","article-title":"Scientific and technical challenges in remote sensing of plant canopy reflectance and fluorescence","volume":"60","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.01.003","article-title":"Effect of canopy structure on sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"68","author":"Fournier","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.11.012","article-title":"Bidirectional sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence emission is influenced by leaf structure and light scattering properties\u2014A bottom-up approach","volume":"158","author":"Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(98)80143-0","article-title":"Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence corrected for re-absorption by means of absorption and reflectance measurements","volume":"152","author":"Gitelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Plant Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Miller, J.R., Berger, M., Goulas, Y., Jacquemoud, S., Louis, J., Moise, N., Mohammed, G., Moreno, J., Moya, I., and Pedr\u00f3s, R. (2005). Development of a Vegetation Fluorescence Canopy Model, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC). Final Report."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-3109-2009","article-title":"An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiances, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance","volume":"6","author":"Verhoef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2252877","article-title":"Spatial resolution effects on chlorophyll fluorescence retrieval in a heterogeneous canopy using hyperspectral imagery and radiative transfer simulation","volume":"10","author":"Suarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3390\/s120101052","article-title":"Computer reconstruction of plant growth and chlorophyll fluorescence emission in three spatial dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Bellasio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"31","article-title":"Quantification of plant surface structures from small baseline stereo images to measure the three-dimensional surface from the leaf to the canopy scale","volume":"96","author":"Biskup","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nova Acta Leopoldina"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2007.01702.x","article-title":"A stereo imaging system for measuring structural parameters of plant canopies","volume":"30","author":"Biskup","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ehlert, D., Heisig, M., and Adamek, R. (2010, January 27\u201328). Assessment of a laser scanner on agricultural machinery. Proceedings of the Engineering for Rural Development-9th International Scientific Conference, Jelgava, Latvia."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5769","DOI":"10.3390\/s110605769","article-title":"Innovative Lidar 3d dynamic measurement system to estimate fruit-tree leaf area","volume":"11","author":"Camp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Linow, M., Pinto, F., Scharr, H., and Rascher, U. (2015). The leaf angle distribution of natural plant populations: Assessing the canopy with a novel software tool. Plant Methods, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-015-0052-z"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"265","article-title":"Einheitliche codierung der ph\u00e4nologischen entwicklungsstadien mono-und dikotyler pflanzen\u2013erweiterte BBCH-Skala, Allgemein","volume":"44","author":"Hack","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nachrichtenblatt Deutschen Pflanzenschutzd."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(82)90034-7","article-title":"Irradiance measurement errors due to the assumption of a lambertian reference panel","volume":"12","author":"Kimes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.005981","article-title":"Use of a spectralon panel to measure the downwelling irradiance signal: Case studies and recommendations","volume":"43","author":"Doxaran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.843320","article-title":"Detecting solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from field radiance spectra based on the fraunhofer line principle","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.011","article-title":"Modeling the impact of spectral sensor configurations on the FLD retrieval accuracy of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"115","author":"Damm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802438555","article-title":"On the application of the modtran4 atmospheric radiative transfer code to optical remote sensing","volume":"30","author":"Guanter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.002858","article-title":"Characterization of fine resolution field spectrometers using solar fraunhofer lines and atmospheric absorption features","volume":"49","author":"Meroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Guanter, L. (2007). New Algorithms for Atmospheric Correction and Retrieval of Biophysical Parameters in Earth Observation. Application to Envisat\/Meris Data, Department de Fisica de la Terra i Termodin\u00e0mica, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.009","article-title":"Fld-based retrieval of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from medium spectral resolution airborne spectroscopy data","volume":"147","author":"Damm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1217603","article-title":"Advances in computational stereo","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corp, L.A., Middleton, E.M., Cheng, Y.B., Campbell, P., and Huemmrich, K.F. (2008, January 7\u201311). Impact of spectral resolution on solar induced fluorescence and reflectance indices for monitoring vegetation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779991"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802036524","article-title":"Comparison of measurements and fluormod simulations for solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance of a corn crop under nitrogen treatments","volume":"29","author":"Middleton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00104-8","article-title":"Steady-state and maximum chlorophyll fluorescence responses to water stress in grapevine leaves: A new remote sensing system","volume":"73","author":"Flexas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2002.1140209.x","article-title":"Steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence (FS) measurements as a tool to follow variations of net CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance during water-stress in C3 plants","volume":"114","author":"Flexas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.125.4.1558","article-title":"Non-photochemical quenching. A response to excess light energy","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802036391","article-title":"Evaluation of remote sensing of vegetation fluorescence by the analysis of diurnal cycles","volume":"29","author":"Alonso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.005","article-title":"Leaf BRDF measurements and model for specular and diffuse components differentiation","volume":"98","author":"Bousquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.57.001105","article-title":"Theory for off-specular reflection from roughened surfaces","volume":"57","author":"Torrance","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90024-2","article-title":"Leaf bidirectional reflectance and transmittance in corn and soybean","volume":"29","author":"Norman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schickling, A., Matveeva, M., Damm, A., Schween, J., Wahner, A., Graf, A., Crewell, S., and Rascher, U. (2016). Combining sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical reflectance index improves diurnal modeling of gross primary productivity. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070574"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.004","article-title":"Far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence shows ecosystem-specific relationships to gross primary production: An assessment based on observational and modeling approaches","volume":"166","author":"Damm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amoros-Lopez, J., Gomez-Chova, L., Vila-Frances, J., Calpe, J., Alonso, L., Moreno, J., and del Valle-Tascon, S. (2006). Study of the Diurnal Cycle of Stressed Vegetation for the Improvement of Fluorescence Remote Sensing. Proc. SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.690036"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/5\/415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:34:06Z","timestamp":1760207646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/5\/415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9050415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9050415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]}}}