{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T21:54:40Z","timestamp":1761947680353,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,28]],"date-time":"2010-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a model-based approach for reconstructing 3D polyhedral building models from aerial images. The proposed approach exploits some geometric and photometric properties resulting from the perspective projection of planar structures. Data are provided by calibrated aerial images. The novelty of the approach lies in its featurelessness and in its use of direct optimization based on image rawbrightness. The proposed framework avoids feature extraction and matching. The 3D polyhedral model is directly estimated by optimizing an objective function that combines an image-based dissimilarity measure and a gradient score over several aerial images. The optimization process is carried out by the Differential Evolution algorithm. The proposed approach is intended to provide more accurate 3D reconstruction than feature-based approaches. Fast 3D model rectification and updating can take advantage of the proposed method. Several results and evaluations of performance from real and synthetic images show the feasibility and robustness of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110100228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,28]],"date-time":"2010-12-28T10:38:45Z","timestamp":1293532725000},"page":"228-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Featureless Approach to 3D Polyhedral Building Modeling from Aerial Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Karim","family":"Hammoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, Institut G\u00e9ographique National, 73 avenue de Paris, 94160 Saint-Mand\u00e9 cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Dornaika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country, Paseo de Manuel Lardiz\u00e1bal, 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jibrini, H., Pierrot-Deseilligny, M., Paparoditis, N., and Ma\u00eetre, H. (, January July). Automatic building reconstruction from very high resolution aerial stereopairs using cadastral ground plans. Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Taillandier, F., and Deriche, R. (, January July). Automatic buildings reconstruction from aerial images: A generic Bayesian framework. Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1998.0721","article-title":"Extracting buildings from aerial images using hierarchical aggregation in 2D and 3D","volume":"72","author":"Fischer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Vision Image Understand"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2003.09.006","article-title":"Reconstruction of 3D building models from aerial images and maps","volume":"58","author":"Suveg","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suveg, I., and Vosselman, G. (2001, January September). 3D building reconstruction by map based generation and evaluation of hypotheses. Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.5244\/C.15.66"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Durupt, M., and Taillandier, F. (, January September). Automatic building reconstruction from a digital elevation model and cadastral data: an operational approach. Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.74.9.1147","article-title":"Shaping polyhedral buildings by the fusion of vector maps and lidar point clouds","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.281","article-title":"Structural approach for building reconstruction from a single DSM","volume":"32","author":"Lafarge","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Verma, V., Kumar, R., and Hsu, S. (2006, January June). 3D building detection and modeling from aerial lidar data. New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.3390\/s8117323","article-title":"A comprehensive automated 3D approach for building extraction, reconstruction, and regularization from airborne laser scanning point clouds","volume":"8","author":"Dorninger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.74.11.1425","article-title":"Using a binary space partitioning tree for reconstructing polyhedral building models from airborne lidar data","volume":"74","author":"Sohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramme. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2030180","article-title":"Segmentation and reconstruction of polyhedral building roofs from aerial lidar point clouds","volume":"48","author":"Sampath","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.3390\/s90806101","article-title":"Building reconstruction by target based graph matching on incomplete laser data: Analysis and limitations","volume":"9","author":"Elberink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-3142(03)00027-4","article-title":"Recognition and reconstruction of buildings from multiple aerial images","volume":"90","author":"Jaynes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Vision Image Understand"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zebedin, L., Bauer, J., Karner, K., and Bischof, H. (2008, January October). Fusion of feature- and area-based information for urban buildings modeling from aerial imagery. Marseille, France.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88693-8_64"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2004.10.006","article-title":"Building reconstruction from images and laser scanning","volume":"6","author":"Brenner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinform"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dornaika, F., and Hammoudi, K. (2009, January May). Extracting 3D polyhedral building models from aerial images using a featureless and direct approach. Keio, Japan.","DOI":"10.3390\/s110100228"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dornaika, F., and Hammoudi, K. (2010, January December). Estimating 3D polyhedral building models by registering aerial images. Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17691-3_22"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., Jawahar, C. V., and Narayanan, P.J. (2005). Survey of Planar Homography Estimation Techniques, International Institute of Information Technology. Technical Report;."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Romero, L., and Calder\u00f3n, F. (2007). Scene Reconstruction, Pose Estimation and Tracking, I-Tech."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Tseng, Y., Lin, C., and Wang, S. (2002, January November). Model-image fitting using genetic algorithm for building extraction from aerial images. Kathmandu, Nepal."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Shi, F., Xi, Y., Li, X., and Duan, Y. (2,, January November). Rooftop detection and 3D building modeling from aerial images. Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Rau, J.Y., and Chen, L.C. (2002, January July). An interactive system for producing polyhedral and prismatic building models using building outline segments. Ottawa, Canada."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"29","article-title":"A parametric model for automatic 3D building reconstruction from high resolution satellite images","volume":"5687","author":"Lafarge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Rep. INRIA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.09.003","article-title":"Automatic building extraction from DEMs using an object approach and application to the 3D-city modeling","volume":"63","author":"Lafarge","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2005.01.001","article-title":"A computer vision based approach for 3D building modelling of airborne laser scanner DSM data","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.12.015","article-title":"Using range data in automatic modeling of buildings","volume":"24","author":"Vestri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Image Vision Comput"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2005.06.004","article-title":"3D building reconstruction from aerial CCD image and sparse laser sample data","volume":"44","author":"Hongjian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optics Lasers Eng"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.76.5.609","article-title":"Generation of complex polyhedral building models by integrating stereo-aerial imagery and lidar data","volume":"76","author":"Habib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.09.006","article-title":"An update on automatic 3D building reconstruction","volume":"65","author":"Haala","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Wang, L., You, S., and Neumann, U. (2007, January October). Semi-automatic registration between ground-level panoramas and an orthorectified aerial image for building modeling. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poullis, C., and You, S. (2009, January June). Automatic reconstruction of cities from remote sensor data. Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206562"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"47","article-title":"3D building reconstruction from LiDAR based on a cell decomposition approach","volume":"38","author":"Kada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inform. Sci"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Region refinement and parametric reconstruction of building roofs by integration of image and height data","volume":"36","author":"Khoshelham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inform. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley, R., and Zisserman, A (2004). Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811685"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2002.806551","article-title":"Fast algorithm for robust template matching with M-estimators","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sign. Process"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008202821328","article-title":"Differential evolution: a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces","volume":"11","author":"Storn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Glob. Opt"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/1\/228\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:04:14Z","timestamp":1760220254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/1\/228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s110100228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110100228","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,28]]}}}