{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:49:55Z","timestamp":1770515395447,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]],"date-time":"2018-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61627813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61627813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Collaboration Project","award":["B16001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B16001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the discovery of the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) effect, GMR sensors have gained much attention in last decades due to their high sensitivity, small size, and low cost. The full Wheatstone-bridge-based GMR sensor is most useful in terms of the application point of view. However, its manufacturing process is usually complex. In this paper, we present an efficient and concise approach to fabricate a full Wheatstone-bridge-based angular GMR sensor by depositing one GMR film stack, utilizing simple patterned processes, and a concise post-annealing procedure based on a special layout. The angular GMR sensor is of good linear performance and achieves a sensitivity of 0.112 mV\/V\/Oe at the annealing temperature of 260 \u00b0C in the magnetic field range from \u221250 to +50 Oe. This work provides a design and method for GMR-sensor manufacturing that is easy for implementation and suitable for mass production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]],"date-time":"2018-06-05T06:25:52Z","timestamp":1528179952000},"page":"1832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Design and Fabrication of Full Wheatstone-Bridge-Based Angular GMR Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongxia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anni","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qunwen","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Goertek Inc., Weifang 261031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weisheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.61.2472","article-title":"Giant magnetoresistance of (001) Fe\/(001) Cr magnetic super lattices","volume":"61","author":"Baibich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys. 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