{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:37:48Z","timestamp":1777894668206,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41861054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41861054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aimed to detect the vegetation coverage and evaluate the benefits of afforestation and ecological protection. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial survey was adopted to obtain the images of tailings area at Ma\u2019anshan near the Dianchi Lake estuary, so as to construct a high-resolution Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) and high-density Dense Image Matching (DIM) point cloud. Firstly, the optimal scale was selected for segmentation by considering the terrain. Secondly, the visible-band difference vegetation index (VDVI) of the classified vegetation information of the tail mining area was determined from the index gray histogram, ground class error analysis, and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the bimodal index. Then, the vegetation information was extracted by combining the random forest (RF) classification algorithm. Finally, the extracted two-dimensional (2D) vegetation information was mapped to the three-dimensional (3D) point cloud, and the redundant data was eliminated. Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) was counted in the way of surface to point and human\u2013machine combination. The experimental results showed that the vegetation information extracted from the 2D image was mapped to the 3D point cloud in the form of surface to point, and the redundant bare ground information was eliminated. The statistical FVC was 36.06%. The field survey suggested that the vegetation information in the turf dam area adjacent to the open phosphate deposit accumulation area research area was sparse. Relevant measures should be taken in the subsequent mining to avoid ecological damage caused by expanded phosphate mining. In general, applying UAV measurement technology and related 2D and 3D products to detect the vegetation coverage in an open phosphate mine area was of practical significance and unique technical advantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"6388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Test and Analysis of Vegetation Coverage in Open-Pit Phosphate Mining Area around Dianchi Lake Using UAV\u2013VDVI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Weidong","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land and Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"Plication Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Surveying and Mapping Technology in Plateauand Mountainous Areas Set by Universities in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land and Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"Plication Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Surveying and Mapping Technology in Plateauand Mountainous Areas Set by Universities in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiping","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plication Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Surveying and Mapping Technology in Plateauand Mountainous Areas Set by Universities in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"College of Geosciences and Engineering, West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land and Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"Plication Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Surveying and Mapping Technology in Plateauand Mountainous Areas Set by Universities in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-4839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land and Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"Plication Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Surveying and Mapping Technology in Plateauand Mountainous Areas Set by Universities in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land and Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"Plication Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Surveying and Mapping Technology in Plateauand Mountainous Areas Set by Universities in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"533","article-title":"Research on change of fractional vegetation cover of alpine grass land and its environmental impact factors on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"49","author":"Jianjun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Geod. 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