{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:34:05Z","timestamp":1778574845540,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we report on our benchmark results of the LiDAR sensors Livox Horizon, Robosense M1, Blickfeld Cube, Blickfeld Cube Range, Velodyne Velarray H800, and Innoviz Pro. The idea was to test the sensors in different typical scenarios that were defined with real-world use cases in mind, in order to find a sensor that meet the requirements of self-driving vehicles. For this, we defined static and dynamic benchmark scenarios. In the static scenarios, both LiDAR and the detection target do not move during the measurement. In dynamic scenarios, the LiDAR sensor was mounted on the vehicle which was driving toward the detection target. We tested all mentioned LiDAR sensors in both scenarios, show the results regarding the detection accuracy of the targets, and discuss their usefulness for deployment in self-driving cars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T23:07:55Z","timestamp":1663888075000},"page":"7146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Benchmarking of Various LiDAR Sensors for Use in Self-Driving Vehicles in Real-World Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7386-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joschua","family":"Schulte-Tigges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Autonomous Systems and Cognitive Robotics Institute, FH Aachen\u2014Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52066 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Autonomous Systems and Cognitive Robotics Institute, FH Aachen\u2014Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52066 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6009-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gjorgji","family":"Nikolovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Autonomous Systems and Cognitive Robotics Institute, FH Aachen\u2014Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52066 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4209-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Reke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Autonomous Systems and Cognitive Robotics Institute, FH Aachen\u2014Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52066 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0643-5422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Ferrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Autonomous Systems and Cognitive Robotics Institute, FH Aachen\u2014Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52066 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0939-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kaszner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, 65428 R\u00fcsselsheim am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0954-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Matheis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, 65428 R\u00fcsselsheim am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3960-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, 65428 R\u00fcsselsheim am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Driving, A. 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