{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:31:09Z","timestamp":1782448269252,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["2020CFB839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CFB839"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["2021CFB596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB596"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["2020020601012327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020020601012327"]}]},{"name":"Wuhan Application Fundamental Frontier","award":["2020CFB839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CFB839"]}]},{"name":"Wuhan Application Fundamental Frontier","award":["2021CFB596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB596"]}]},{"name":"Wuhan Application Fundamental Frontier","award":["2020020601012327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020020601012327"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer has garnered global attention due to its high incidence worldwide, and even more noteworthy is that approximately 90% deaths due to breast cancer are attributed to cancer metastasis. Therefore, the early diagnosis of breast cancer metastasis holds significant importance for reducing mortality outcomes. Biosensors play a crucial role in the early detection of metastatic breast cancer due to their advantages, such as ease of use, portability, and real-time analysis capabilities. This review primarily described various types of sensors for detecting breast cancer metastasis based on biomarkers and cell characteristics, including electrochemical, optical, and microfluidic chips. We offered detailed descriptions of the performance of these various biosensors and made comparisons between them. Furthermore, we described the pathology of breast cancer and summarized commonly used biomarkers for metastatic breast cancer. Finally, we discussed the advantages of current-stage biosensors and the challenges that need to be addressed, as well as prospects for their future development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:26:55Z","timestamp":1698672415000},"page":"8813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Application of Biosensors in Detecting Breast Cancer Metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, People\u2019s Hospital of Dongxihu District Wuhan City and Union Dongxihu Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2022.08.010","article-title":"Current and Future Burden of Breast Cancer: Global Statistics for 2020 and 2040","volume":"66","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31891-8","article-title":"Breast Cancer","volume":"389","author":"Harbeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-019-0685-7","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer in Young Women","volume":"20","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9S","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.157834","article-title":"Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Breast Cancer","volume":"57","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0089-9","article-title":"Progress in Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Zardavas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maric, T., Bazhin, A., Khodakivskyi, P., Mikhaylov, G., Solodnikova, E., Yevtodiyenko, A., Giordano Attianese, G.M.P., Coukos, G., Irving, M., and Joffraud, M. (2023). A Bioluminescent-Based Probe for In Vivo Non-Invasive Monitoring of Nicotinamide Riboside Uptake Reveals a Link between Metastasis and NAD+ Metabolism. Biosens. Bioelectron., 220.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114826"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadpour-Haratbar, A., Boraei, S.B.A., Zare, Y., Rhee, K.Y., and Park, S.-J. (2023). Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Breast Cancer Detection. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010080"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.03.068","article-title":"Beyond Graphene: Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomarkers Detection","volume":"89","author":"Bollella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0548-6","article-title":"Interaction of Host Immunity with HER2-Targeted Treatment and Tumor Heterogeneity in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Griguolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2020.07.008","article-title":"Systemic Therapy for Metastatic HER2-Positive Breast Cancer","volume":"47","author":"Bredin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2022.100892","article-title":"Tailoring antiHer2 Treatment Strategies in Breast Cancer and Beyond","volume":"46","author":"Fedele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2021.0459","article-title":"Breast Cancer: Presentation, Investigation and Management","volume":"83","author":"Katsura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2018.1456599","article-title":"Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis: Molecular Biology and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/75943","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Prevention of Breast Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Kolak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.08.012","article-title":"Metastatic Heterogeneity of Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanism and Potential Therapeutic Targets","volume":"60","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01617-6","article-title":"A PIK3CA-Mutant Breast Cancer Metastatic Patient-Derived Organoid Approach to Evaluate Alpelisib Treatment for Multiple Secondary Lesions","volume":"21","author":"Donzelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashemi, M., Arani, H.Z., Orouei, S., Fallah, S., Ghorbani, A., Khaledabadi, M., Kakavand, A., Tavakolpournegari, A., Saebfar, H., and Heidari, H. (2022). EMT Mechanism in Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance: Revisiting Molecular Interactions and Biological Functions. Biomed. Pharmacother., 155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113774"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"CD011276","article-title":"Breast Surgery for Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Tosello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12165","article-title":"Muscle Strength in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Different Treatment Regimes","volume":"8","author":"Klassen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, S.L., Pallar\u00e8s-Rusi\u00f1ol, A., Sappia, L., Mart\u00ed, M., and Pividori, M.I. (2022). The Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase in Breast Cancer Exosomes Simplifies the Biosensing Design. Biosens. Bioelectron., 198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113826"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y.R., Shim, J., Park, J.-H., Kim, Y.-S., and Kim, M.J. (2021). Discovery of Orphan Olfactory Receptor 6M1 as a New Anticancer Target in MCF-7 Cells by a Combination of Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based and Cell-Based Systems. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103468"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11068","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402761s","article-title":"Microfluidic Chip with Integrated Electrical Cell-Impedance Sensing for Monitoring Single Cancer Cell Migration in Three-Dimensional Matrixes","volume":"85","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106535","article-title":"Breast Cancer: Biology, Biomarkers, and Treatments","volume":"84","author":"Barzaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632079","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.632079","article-title":"Advanced Approaches to Breast Cancer Classification and Diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Zubair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifianjazi, F., Jafari Rad, A., Bakhtiari, A., Niazvand, F., Esmaeilkhanian, A., Bazli, L., Abniki, M., Irani, M., and Moghanian, A. (2021). Biosensors and Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnosis (Lung and Bronchus, Breast, Prostate, and Colon): A Systematic Review. Biomed. Mater., 17.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ac41fd"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjbari, S., Darroudi, M., Hatamluyi, B., Arefinia, R., Aghaee-Bakhtiari, S.H., Rezayi, M., and Khazaei, M. (2022). Application of MXene in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer: A Critical Overview. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.984336"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2022.102795","article-title":"Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Polymer Nanocomposites for Detecting Breast Cancer: Recent Progress and Future Prospects","volume":"309","author":"Zare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, R., Sun, H., Li, D., Yang, W., Fan, K., Liu, C., Dong, L., and Wang, G. (2022). A Review of Biosensors for Detecting Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030342"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7388-0","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Invasion in Breast Cancer","volume":"64","author":"McSherry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-020-01296-5","article-title":"Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Subtyping and Treatment Progress","volume":"22","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Fang, C., Xu, X., Li, A., Cai, Q., and Long, X. (2015). Androgen Receptor, EGFR, and BRCA1 as Biomarkers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/357485"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabor, S., Szostakowska-Rodzos, M., Fabisiewicz, A., and Grzybowska, E.A. (2020). How to Predict Metastasis in Luminal Breast Cancer? Current Solutions and Future Prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218415"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000219","article-title":"Paget\u2019s \u201cSeed and Soil\u201d Theory of Cancer Metastasis: An Idea Whose Time Has Come","volume":"26","author":"Akhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0425-0","article-title":"Mechanisms Involved in Breast Cancer Liver Metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_384_22","article-title":"The Issues and Challenges with Cancer Biomarkers","volume":"19","author":"Purkayastha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-1636","article-title":"MUC1-C Induces PD-L1 and Immune Evasion in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"78","author":"Maeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0551-y","article-title":"Mechanisms Involved in IL-15 Superagonist Enhancement of Anti-PD-L1 Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Knudson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2017.04.023","article-title":"The Diagnostic Value of Serum Tumor Markers CEA, CA19-9, CA125, CA15-3, and TPS in Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"470","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13769","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-016-5171-2","article-title":"CA27.29 as a Tumour Marker for Risk Evaluation and Therapy Monitoring in Primary Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"37","author":"Rack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"33","article-title":"The Relationship between CEA and CA 15-3 Positivity and Metabolic and Volumetric 18F-FDG PET\/CT Parameters in Preoperative Evaluation of Breast Cancer","volume":"92","author":"Can","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Italy Chir."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2015-103132","article-title":"Comprehensive Spectrum of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Deleterious Mutations in Breast Cancer in Asian Countries","volume":"53","author":"Kwong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1272-6","article-title":"Genome-Wide Cell-Free DNA Fragmentation in Patients with Cancer","volume":"570","author":"Cristiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110127","article-title":"PAK5 Promotes RNA Helicase DDX5 Sumoylation and miRNA-10b Processing in a Kinase-Dependent Manner in Breast Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-018-2689-2","article-title":"MicroRNAs in Regulation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression","volume":"144","author":"Piasecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.046","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cell Clustering Shapes DNA Methylation to Enable Metastasis Seeding","volume":"176","author":"Gkountela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31165","article-title":"Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Implications as a Biomarker for Diagnosis, Prognostication, and Therapeutic Monitoring in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21916","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100294RR","article-title":"Expression, Regulation, and Function of Exosome-Derived miRNAs in Cancer Progression and Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45351","article-title":"Breast Cancer Exosomes Contribute to Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation and Promote Bone Metastasis of Tumor Cells","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002518","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002518","article-title":"CD63+ Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Confer Tamoxifen Resistance to Breast Cancer Cells through Exosomal miR-22","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.05.006","article-title":"Current and Future Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Patients with Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Geukens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, H., Deng, W., He, Y., Li, X., Song, J., Liu, R., Liu, H., Yang, G., and Li, L. (2020). Ultrasensitive Aptasensor for Isolation and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells Based on CeO2@Ir Nanorods and DNA Walker. Biosens. Bioelectron., 168.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112516"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11614","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b01897","article-title":"Electrochemical Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells Based on DNA Generated Electrochemical Current and Rolling Circle Amplification","volume":"91","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.014","article-title":"Recent Advances in Biosensor Development for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers","volume":"91","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharehzadehshirazi, A., Zarejousheghani, M., Falahi, S., Joseph, Y., and Rahimi, P. (2023). Biomarkers and Corresponding Biosensors for Childhood Cancer Diagnostics. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031482"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.149","article-title":"Aptamer Based Assay of Plated-Derived Grow Factor in Unprocessed Human Plasma Sample and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lysates Using Gold Nanoparticle Supported \u03b1-Cyclodextrin","volume":"108","author":"Hasanzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127623","article-title":"Magnetic Beads-Based Electrochemical Immunosensing of HIF-1\u03b1, a Biomarker of Tumoral Hypoxia","volume":"307","author":"Gamella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.07.036","article-title":"Distinguishment of Populated Metastatic Cancer Cells from Primary Ones Based on Their Invasion to Endothelial Barrier by Biosensor Arrays Fabricated on Nanoroughened Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)","volume":"118","author":"Nikshoar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Tang, S., Chen, S., Zou, F., Yuan, H., and Jiao, J. (2023). Multivalent Aptamer Nanoscaffold Cytosensor for Glioma Circulating Tumor Cells during Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition. Biosens. Bioelectron., 226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115140"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6097","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c01662","article-title":"Electrophotocatalysis: Cyclic Voltammetry as an Analytical Tool","volume":"11","author":"Costentin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamyabi, M.A., Kazemi, D., Bikas, R., and Soleymani-Bonoti, F. (2021). Investigation of the Hg(II) Biosorption from Wastewater by Using Garlic Plant and Differential Pulse Voltammetry. Anal. Biochem., 627.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114263"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07230-3","article-title":"A High-Performance Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Graphene-Decorated Rhodium Nanoparticles to Detect HER2-ECD Oncomarker in Liquid Biopsy","volume":"12","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0047","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive Nanobiosensor Based on Aptamer-Conjugated Graphene-Decorated Rhodium Nanoparticles for Detection of HER2-Positive Circulating Tumor Cells","volume":"11","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34350-1","article-title":"Square-Wave Voltammetry of Human Blood Serum","volume":"13","author":"Kokoskarova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202200228","article-title":"Combining Amperometry and Mass Spectrometry as a Dual Detection Approach for Capillary Electrophoresis","volume":"44","author":"Koall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brett, C.M.A. (2022). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in the Characterisation and Application of Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051497"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117030","article-title":"Employing Pd Nanoparticles Decorated on Halloysite Nanotube\/Carbon Composite for Electrochemical Aptasensing of HER2 in Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"237","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3619-y","article-title":"Impedimetric Aptasensing of the Breast Cancer Biomarker HER2 Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Gold Nanoparticles in a Composite Consisting of Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"186","author":"Rostamabadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100845","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100845","article-title":"Current-Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Monitoring Cell Layer Integrity with Enhanced Sensitivity","volume":"10","author":"Lieberth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12543-y","article-title":"Detection of Listeria Monocytogenes in Foods with a Textile Organic Electrochemical Transistor Biosensor","volume":"107","author":"Vizzini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18470","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b01987","article-title":"Organic Electrochemical Transistors for the Detection of Cell Surface Glycans","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13478","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02906","article-title":"Direct Analysis of Rare Circulating Tumor Cells in Whole Blood Based on Their Controlled Capture and Release on Electrode Surface","volume":"92","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN01998G","article-title":"Optical Biosensors: An Exhaustive and Comprehensive Review","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b02155","article-title":"Rapid Detection of Circulating Breast Cancer Cells Using a Multiresonant Optical Fiber Aptasensor with Plasmonic Amplification","volume":"5","author":"Loyez","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Xie, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Kwan, Y.-W., Zeng, S., Yuan, W., and Ho, H.-P. (2022). Real-Time Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Bloodstream Using Plasmonic Fiber Sensors. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12110968"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, B., Parajuli, P., and Podila, R. (2020). Rapid Detection of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Using Flexible Paper-Based Graphene-Gold Platform. Biointerphases, 15.","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5128889"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15496","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c05084","article-title":"Graphene\u2013Gold Nanohybrid-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Platform on a Portable Easy-to-Use Centrifugal Prototype for Liquid Biopsy Detection of Circulating Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"9","author":"Jibin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasrollahpour, H., Mahdipour, M., Isildak, I., Rashidi, M.-R., Naseri, A., and Khalilzadeh, B. (2021). A Highly Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Cytosensor for Detection of SKBR-3 Cells as Metastatic Breast Cancer Cell Line: A Constructive Phase in Early and Precise Diagnosis. Biosens. Bioelectron., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113023"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, S., Devireddy, R., and Gartia, M.R. (2023). Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor for Cancer Biomarker Detection. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13030396"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2020-0361","article-title":"Applications of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Detection Fields","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalili, R., Chenaghlou, S., Khataee, A., Khalilzadeh, B., and Rashidi, M.-R. (2022). An Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor for the Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s Tau Protein Based on Gold Nanostar Decorated Carbon Nitride Nanosheets. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020431"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04039-9_19","article-title":"Emerging Microfluidic and Biosensor Technologies for Improved Cancer Theranostics","volume":"1379","author":"Caballero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsabbagh, K., Hornung, T., Voigt, A., Sadir, S., Rajabi, T., and L\u00e4nge, K. (2021). Microfluidic Impedance Biosensor Chips Using Sensing Layers Based on DNA-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers for Label-Free Detection of Proteins. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11030080"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J., Kang, B., Son, H.Y., Mun, B., Huh, Y.-M., Rho, H.W., Kang, T., Moon, J., Lee, J.-J., and Seo, S.B. (2022). Microfluidic Device for One-Step Detection of Breast Cancer-Derived Exosomal mRNA in Blood Using Signal-Amplifiable 3D Nanostructure. Biosens. Bioelectron., 197.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113753"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104016","article-title":"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Based Microfluidic Biosensor for the Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells","volume":"32","author":"Burinaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz, M., Bakhshpour, M., G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, I., Pi\u015fkin, A.K., and Denizli, A. (2021). Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Based Biosensor Functionalized by HER2\/Neu Antibody for Breast Cancer Cell Detection. Chemosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9040080"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, W., Lv, X., Ma, Z., Liu, J., Pei, W., and Geng, Z. (2022). A Flexible Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor for Cancer Cell Growth and Migration Detection. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13040631"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Migo\u0144, D., Wasilewski, T., and Suchy, D. (2020). Application of QCM in Peptide and Protein-Based Drug Product Development. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173950"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.10.037","article-title":"QCM-Based Rapid Detection of PCR Amplification Products of Ehrlichia Canis","volume":"1001","author":"Bunroddith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Mitra, A., and A\u00efssa, B. (2022). Metamaterials and Metasurfaces: A Review from the Perspectives of Materials, Mechanisms and Advanced Metadevices. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12061027"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018610118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018610118","article-title":"Oligomodal Metamaterials with Multifunctional Mechanics","volume":"118","author":"Bossart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5516","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.005516","article-title":"Dielectric Metamaterials with Electric Response","volume":"43","author":"Maslova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., Lee, Y.K., Lee, S.-H., Kwak, J., Song, H.S., and Seo, M. (2022). Detection and Discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Derived Peptides Using THz Metamaterials. Biosens. Bioelectron., 202.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.113981"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, X., Yang, S., Huang, G., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Tian, H., Xie, F., Lamy de la Chapelle, M., Yang, X., and Fu, W. (2021). Streptavidin-Functionalized Terahertz Metamaterials for Attomolar Exosomal microRNA Assay in Pancreatic Cancer Based on Duplex-Specific Nuclease-Triggered Rolling Circle Amplification. Biosens. Bioelectron., 188.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113314"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauro, N., Utzeri, M.A., Varvar\u00e0, P., and Cavallaro, G. (2021). Functionalization of Metal and Carbon Nanoparticles with Potential in Cancer Theranostics. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113085"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8813\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:14:06Z","timestamp":1760130846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23218813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23218813","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]}}}