{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393079043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3380821","title":"Minimalism is King! High-Frequency Energy-Based Screening for Data-Efficient Backdoor Attacks","display_name":"Minimalism is King! High-Frequency Energy-Based Screening for Data-Efficient Backdoor Attacks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393079043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3380821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3380821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3380821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094220601","display_name":"Yuan Xun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7069-9816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Xun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7069-9816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084784341","display_name":"Xiaojun Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-9344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Research Centre @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-9344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Research Centre @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055994909","display_name":"Jindong Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0574-0129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jindong Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, Torr Vision Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0574-0129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, Torr Vision Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461515","display_name":"Xinwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-3395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026239594","display_name":"Qing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC) and the Centre for Frontier AI Research (CFAR), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A@STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-9299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC) and the Centre for Frontier AI Research (CFAR), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A@STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068837264","display_name":"Xiaochun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7141-708X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7141-708X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8446,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68608128,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"4560","last_page":"4571"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9179999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.8926820755004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7708839774131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48097455501556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4329718351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11122912168502808}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.8926820755004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7708839774131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48097455501556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4329718351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11122912168502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3380821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3380821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2434235226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62261160653","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4414281452","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62025604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G967332224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L212004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2140000690","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2753783305","https://openalex.org/W2774423163","https://openalex.org/W2807363941","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2914483840","https://openalex.org/W2942091739","https://openalex.org/W2946171505","https://openalex.org/W2994720379","https://openalex.org/W3012113073","https://openalex.org/W3034175346","https://openalex.org/W3042368254","https://openalex.org/W3083185154","https://openalex.org/W3093239278","https://openalex.org/W3107337211","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3121478722","https://openalex.org/W3197818647","https://openalex.org/W3210327063","https://openalex.org/W3217308368","https://openalex.org/W4206230075","https://openalex.org/W4283705168","https://openalex.org/W4285602113","https://openalex.org/W4286979592","https://openalex.org/W4287118252","https://openalex.org/W4287998266","https://openalex.org/W4289300166","https://openalex.org/W4312569687","https://openalex.org/W4312648479","https://openalex.org/W4320002812","https://openalex.org/W4360890381","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640054144","https://openalex.org/W6674914833","https://openalex.org/W6676297131","https://openalex.org/W6679349572","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6728896693","https://openalex.org/W6746897123","https://openalex.org/W6750462152","https://openalex.org/W6755308174","https://openalex.org/W6756074407","https://openalex.org/W6756333562","https://openalex.org/W6759085134","https://openalex.org/W6761051576","https://openalex.org/W6762628237","https://openalex.org/W6763810570","https://openalex.org/W6770897281","https://openalex.org/W6774277700","https://openalex.org/W6776469819","https://openalex.org/W6780292011","https://openalex.org/W6780735040","https://openalex.org/W6784558051","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6788876066","https://openalex.org/W6789325072","https://openalex.org/W6793139824","https://openalex.org/W6797144289","https://openalex.org/W6800551481","https://openalex.org/W6801234243","https://openalex.org/W6803053407","https://openalex.org/W6803329705","https://openalex.org/W6803620494","https://openalex.org/W6804995136","https://openalex.org/W6839383656","https://openalex.org/W6840957633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W3015678314","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4386185023","https://openalex.org/W4317672133","https://openalex.org/W3140988292","https://openalex.org/W4386080799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"the":[1,10,32,52,59,67,83,97,102,112,123,154,181],"effectiveness":[2],"of":[3,12,26,31,47,54,61,66,101,129,158,187],"deep":[4],"neural":[5,13],"networks":[6,14],"in":[7,142],"various":[8],"fields,":[9],"security":[11],"has":[15,80],"received":[16],"great":[17],"attention.":[18],"The":[19,126,197],"backdoor":[20,55],"attack,":[21],"which":[22,117,168],"induces":[23],"malicious":[24],"behaviors":[25],"models":[27],"by":[28,184],"poisoning":[29,87],"part":[30],"training":[33,113,127,159],"set,":[34],"still":[35],"remains":[36],"a":[37,162,173,185],"challenging":[38],"problem.":[39],"Many":[40],"recent":[41,75],"efforts":[42],"have":[43,206],"proposed":[44,210],"different":[45,92],"ways":[46,70],"embedding":[48],"backdoors":[49],"to":[50,71,96,115,122,190],"improve":[51],"stealthiness":[53],"attacks.":[56],"Yet,":[57],"lowering":[58],"percentage":[60],"poisoned":[62],"samples":[63,93,118,160],"is":[64,88,134,212],"one":[65],"most":[68],"direct":[69],"increase":[72],"stealthiness.":[73],"A":[74],"study":[76],"(Filtering-and-Updating":[77],"strategy,":[78,167],"FUS)":[79],"revealed":[81],"that":[82,208],"sample":[84,149],"selection":[85,150],"for":[86],"also":[89,179],"crucial,":[90],"as":[91],"contribute":[94,120],"differently":[95],"final":[98],"decision":[99],"boundary":[100],"network.":[103],"Concretely,":[104],"they":[105],"utilize":[106],"each":[107],"sample\u2019s":[108],"forgetting":[109],"events":[110],"during":[111],"stage":[114],"identify":[116],"will":[119],"more":[121,217],"network\u2019s":[124],"prediction.":[125],"phase":[128],"their":[130],"search":[131],"method,":[132],"however,":[133],"computationally":[135],"expensive":[136],"and":[137,165,204,216],"slow.":[138],"To":[139],"overcome":[140],"this,":[141],"this":[143],"paper,":[144],"we":[145],"propose":[146],"an":[147],"efficient":[148],"strategy":[151],"based":[152],"on":[153,201],"high-frequency":[155],"energy":[156],"(HFE)":[157],"with":[161],"global":[163],"screening":[164],"updating":[166],"can":[169],"not":[170],"only":[171],"achieve":[172],"higher":[174],"backdoor-attack":[175],"success":[176],"rate":[177],"but":[178],"reduce":[180],"searching":[182],"time":[183],"factor":[186],"4320":[188],"compared":[189],"FUS":[191],"(12":[192],"hours":[193],"vs":[194],"10":[195],"seconds).":[196],"extensive":[198],"experiment":[199],"results":[200],"CIFAR-10,":[202],"CIFAR-100,":[203],"ImageNet-10":[205],"shown":[207],"our":[209],"method":[211],"much":[213],"simpler,":[214],"faster,":[215],"efficient.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}