{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115198840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2009.35","title":"ReLOAD: Real Laboratories Operated at a Distance","display_name":"ReLOAD: Real Laboratories Operated at a Distance","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115198840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2009.35","mag":"2115198840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2009.35","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2009.35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060521948","display_name":"Ben Hanson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4661-6778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Hanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK","Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. Coll. London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. Coll. London, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008612542","display_name":"Peter Culmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2867-0420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Culmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021245682","display_name":"Justin Gallagher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3341-175X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Gallagher","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067902917","display_name":"Kate Page","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Page","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083471105","display_name":"Elizabeth Read","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41860943","display_name":"National Academy Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02hfdv863","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41860943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90731587","display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0526snb40","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90731587"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Read","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Academy of Engineering, London, UK","R. Acad. of Eng., London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Academy of Engineering, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90731587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"R. Acad. of Eng., London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41860943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036667843","display_name":"Andrew Weightman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-4942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Weightman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011765139","display_name":"Martin Levesley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Levesley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3381,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96355338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"331","last_page":"341"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-laboratory","display_name":"Remote laboratory","score":0.8293979167938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7467321157455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.6715219020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.6519833207130432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.5531809329986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-education","display_name":"Distance education","score":0.5286034941673279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5045291185379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3813536763191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.37241584062576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3107571005821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.13376060128211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10578396916389465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09070998430252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08532032370567322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777820725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312158","display_name":"Remote laboratory","level":3,"score":0.8293979167938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7467321157455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6715219020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.6519833207130432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.5531809329986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503872463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159595","display_name":"Distance education","level":2,"score":0.5286034941673279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5045291185379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3813536763191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.37241584062576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3107571005821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.13376060128211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10578396916389465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09070998430252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08532032370567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2009.35","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2009.35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/2436a23d-62ff-4850-ae2a-d5fcc9fac043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/2436a23d-62ff-4850-ae2a-d5fcc9fac043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Culmer, B, Gallagher, P, Page, J, Read, K, Weightman, E & Levesley, A 2009, 'ReLOAD : real laboratories operated at a distance', IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies , vol. 2, pp. 331-341. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2009.35","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320221","display_name":"Higher Education Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/0267nkd62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320286","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320291","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323180","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603955545","https://openalex.org/W1493735179","https://openalex.org/W2010371568","https://openalex.org/W2011807756","https://openalex.org/W2025691702","https://openalex.org/W2039705957","https://openalex.org/W2043008695","https://openalex.org/W2073376913","https://openalex.org/W2095254153","https://openalex.org/W2106029369","https://openalex.org/W2123612908","https://openalex.org/W2142350417","https://openalex.org/W2170182402","https://openalex.org/W2189380428","https://openalex.org/W2337384599","https://openalex.org/W2407649220","https://openalex.org/W2408541512","https://openalex.org/W2751494458","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6687887299","https://openalex.org/W6703594509","https://openalex.org/W6714386027","https://openalex.org/W6813040193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185469136","https://openalex.org/W2353933111","https://openalex.org/W2064165679","https://openalex.org/W2593304799","https://openalex.org/W4306353150","https://openalex.org/W1588461101","https://openalex.org/W8219677","https://openalex.org/W2885058781","https://openalex.org/W3208525924","https://openalex.org/W2356391427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"laboratories":[1],"are":[2,22,52,152,170,190],"increasingly":[3],"being":[4],"developed":[5],"to":[6,12,173],"provide":[7,179],"students":[8],"with":[9,56,137,193],"Web-based":[10],"access":[11,28],"real":[13],"laboratory":[14],"experiments.":[15],"The":[16],"demonstrable":[17],"advantages":[18,188],"(e.g.,":[19],"increased":[20],"accessibility)":[21],"tempered":[23],"by":[24,81],"concerns":[25,45],"that":[26,43,64,160],"remote":[27,50,70,103,140,182],"will":[29],"be":[30,47],"substituted":[31],"for":[32],"\"hands-on\u00bf":[33],"practical":[34],"work,":[35],"and":[36,71,74,79,86,117,119,128,135,139,165,178],"reduce":[37],"interaction":[38],"between":[39,69,167],"students.":[40],"We":[41,61,122,158],"argue":[42],"these":[44],"can":[46],"avoided":[48],"if":[49],"labs":[51,151,183],"used":[53],"appropriately,":[54],"as":[55],"any":[57],"other":[58],"pedagogical":[59,156],"method.":[60],"review":[62],"studies":[63],"have":[65],"made":[66],"direct":[67],"comparisons":[68],"hands-on":[72,138],"labs,":[73],"analyze":[75],"the":[76,83,146,163,168],"important":[77],"similarities":[78,166],"differences":[80,164],"considering":[82],"students'":[84,133],"physical":[85],"psychological":[87],"experiences.":[88],"A":[89],"case":[90],"study":[91],"is":[92],"presented:":[93],"\"ReLOAD\u00bf,":[94],"which":[95,189],"has":[96],"been":[97],"in":[98,108],"operation":[99,104],"since":[100],"2001":[101],"providing":[102],"of":[105,132,149,162,181],"dynamic":[106],"experiments":[107],"Mechanical":[109],"Engineering,":[110],"featuring":[111],"personalized":[112],"experiments,":[113],"immediate":[114],"automated":[115],"grading":[116],"feedback,":[118],"collaborative":[120],"learning.":[121],"present":[123],"results":[124],"from":[125,129,143,154],"online":[126],"surveys":[127],"focus":[130],"groups":[131],"opinions":[134],"experiences":[136],"labs.":[141,195],"Drawing":[142],"this":[144],"experience,":[145],"characteristic":[147],"properties":[148],"remote-access":[150],"investigated":[153],"a":[155],"perspective.":[157],"find":[159],"many":[161],"modalities":[169],"controllable":[171],"factors,":[172],"greater":[174],"or":[175],"lesser":[176],"extents,":[177],"examples":[180],"offering":[184],"some":[185],"valuable":[186],"educational":[187],"not":[191],"possible":[192],"traditional":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}