{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289529984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155697","title":"An Efficient IAKF Approach for Indoor Positioning Drift Correction","display_name":"An Efficient IAKF Approach for Indoor Positioning Drift Correction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289529984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155697","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35957254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5697/pdf?version=1659404639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5697/pdf?version=1659404639","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003756325","display_name":"Shang-Hsien Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-3302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189290911","display_name":"National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034ezwg26","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189290911"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shang-Hsien Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189290911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089210202","display_name":"Hung-Hsien Chang Chien","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189290911","display_name":"National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034ezwg26","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189290911"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Hsien Chang Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189290911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748337","display_name":"Weiwen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0971-7887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189290911","display_name":"National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034ezwg26","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189290911"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Wen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189290911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050647852","display_name":"Kuang-Hao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-7005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40689657","display_name":"National Formosa University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q523p52","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40689657"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuang-Hao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-7005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40689657"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016510654","display_name":"Guan-Jin Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40689657","display_name":"National Formosa University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q523p52","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40689657"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan-Jin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40689657"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003756325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189290911"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3693,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57209484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"15","first_page":"5697","last_page":"5697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6441538333892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.6352440714836121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-technology","display_name":"Positioning technology","score":0.536294162273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triangulation","display_name":"Triangulation","score":0.534664511680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4970112144947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.46631771326065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.43215397000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3344353139400482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32528775930404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24199128150939941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11031469702720642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6441538333892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.6352440714836121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778075934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning technology","level":2,"score":0.536294162273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135981907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188056","display_name":"Triangulation","level":2,"score":0.534664511680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4970112144947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.46631771326065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.43215397000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3344353139400482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32528775930404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24199128150939941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11031469702720642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5697/pdf?version=1659404639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35957254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35957254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:935d2ccc070d48f58747bb4cc2dc099c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/935d2ccc070d48f58747bb4cc2dc099c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 15, p 5697 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/15/5697/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 15; Pages: 5697","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9371139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9371139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5697/pdf?version=1659404639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289529984.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289529984.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999753923","https://openalex.org/W2034782889","https://openalex.org/W2082825806","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2108550954","https://openalex.org/W2111566853","https://openalex.org/W2128190945","https://openalex.org/W2137299697","https://openalex.org/W2137952873","https://openalex.org/W2156357456","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2559138643","https://openalex.org/W2741363478","https://openalex.org/W2746750595","https://openalex.org/W2806729898","https://openalex.org/W2884310543","https://openalex.org/W2889850168","https://openalex.org/W2912182735","https://openalex.org/W2953765084","https://openalex.org/W2955562638","https://openalex.org/W2963455029","https://openalex.org/W2964366859","https://openalex.org/W3000004788","https://openalex.org/W3002034439","https://openalex.org/W3011403803","https://openalex.org/W3014958547","https://openalex.org/W3085875475","https://openalex.org/W3197013133","https://openalex.org/W3206868623","https://openalex.org/W3217258243","https://openalex.org/W4214841623","https://openalex.org/W4226322272"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986153185","https://openalex.org/W2388863042","https://openalex.org/W838927295","https://openalex.org/W4361186034","https://openalex.org/W1634815921","https://openalex.org/W2376975041","https://openalex.org/W4205615058","https://openalex.org/W1937447007","https://openalex.org/W2378061121","https://openalex.org/W1502250010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"an":[3,12],"indoor":[4,114],"positioning":[5,25,34,66,115,143],"shift":[6],"correction":[7,74],"architecture":[8],"was":[9,107],"developed":[10],"with":[11,132],"improved":[13,125],"adaptive":[14],"Kalman":[15,98],"filter":[16,99],"(IAKF)":[17],"algorithm":[18,106],"for":[19,39],"the":[20,41,61,73,76,104,112,122,139],"people":[21],"interference":[22],"condition.":[23],"Indoor":[24],"systems":[26],"(IPSs)":[27],"use":[28],"ultra-wideband":[29],"(UWB)":[30],"communication":[31,48],"technology.":[32],"Triangulation":[33],"algorithms":[35,87],"are":[36,80,145],"generally":[37],"employed":[38],"determining":[40],"position":[42],"of":[43,64,75,141,149],"a":[44],"target.":[45],"However,":[46],"environmental":[47,70],"factors":[49,71],"and":[50,72,90,101,109,128,133],"different":[51],"network":[52],"topologies":[53],"produce":[54],"localization":[55,77,83],"drift":[56,62,78,84,123],"errors":[57,124],"in":[58,130],"IPSs.":[59],"Therefore,":[60],"error":[63,79],"real-time":[65,142],"points":[67,144],"under":[68],"various":[69],"discussed.":[81],"For":[82],"error,":[85],"four":[86],"were":[88],"simulated":[89],"analyzed:":[91],"movement":[92],"average":[93],"(MA),":[94],"least":[95],"square":[96],"(LS),":[97],"(KF),":[100],"IAKF.":[102],"Finally,":[103],"IAKF":[105],"implemented":[108],"verified":[110],"on":[111],"UWB":[113],"system.":[116],"The":[117],"measurement":[118],"results":[119],"showed":[120],"that":[121],"by":[126],"60%":[127],"74.15%":[129],"environments":[131],"without":[134],"surrounding":[135],"crowds,":[136],"respectively.":[137],"Thus,":[138],"coordinates":[140],"closer":[146],"to":[147],"those":[148],"actual":[150],"targets.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}