{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416296525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111986","title":"Multi-Scale Investigation on Strength, Fracture Behavior, and Microstructure of Cemented Tailings Backfill Under Varying Mix Proportions","display_name":"Multi-Scale Investigation on Strength, Fracture Behavior, and Microstructure of Cemented Tailings Backfill Under Varying Mix Proportions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416296525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17111986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111986","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/11/1986/pdf?version=1763371627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/11/1986/pdf?version=1763371627","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenhai Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2798-3077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83776822","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03rrkrc24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenhai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2798-3077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101997003","display_name":"Haosen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-2021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103745","display_name":"Changji University","ror":"https://ror.org/016j41127","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103745"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108141","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01hw7wf62","country_code":"IR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN","IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haosen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Mining and Ecological Restoration for Xinjiang Mineral Resources, Urumqi 830047, China","School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China","Xinjiang Green Blasting Engineering Technology Research Center, Changji 831100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-2021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Mining and Ecological Restoration for Xinjiang Mineral Resources, Urumqi 830047, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xinjiang Green Blasting Engineering Technology Research Center, Changji 831100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082101328","display_name":"Jinsheng Xin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096346","display_name":"Golden Concord Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2js569","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096346"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinsheng Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Gold Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Gold Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325591","display_name":"Liu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7037-4495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83776822","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03rrkrc24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7037-4495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043911451","display_name":"Yunpeng Kou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83776822","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03rrkrc24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Kou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062168415","display_name":"Zaihai Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83776822","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03rrkrc24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaihai Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Baoshan Zhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83776822","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03rrkrc24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoshan Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Backfill Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Gold Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 261400, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83776822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart-Green Exploitation for Deep-Earth Coastal Gold Deposits, Jinan 250100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101997003"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I4210103745","https://openalex.org/I4210108141","https://openalex.org/I83776822","https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.567,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7020067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"1986","last_page":"1986"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12865","display_name":"Tailings Management and Properties","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12865","display_name":"Tailings Management and Properties","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tailings","display_name":"Tailings","score":0.8870999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microstructure","display_name":"Microstructure","score":0.7384999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slurry","display_name":"Slurry","score":0.6808000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brittleness","display_name":"Brittleness","score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"Compressive strength","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","score":0.5392000079154968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5166401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784525","display_name":"Tailings","level":2,"score":0.8870999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.7384999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94293008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23925154","display_name":"Slurry","level":2,"score":0.6808000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6694999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136478896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898288","display_name":"Brittleness","level":2,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43369102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66283442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389268","display_name":"Failure mode and effects analysis","level":2,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988439775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5120022","display_name":"Brittle fracture","level":3,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988076202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240553","display_name":"Mechanical strength","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17111986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111986","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/11/1986/pdf?version=1763371627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17111986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111986","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/11/1986/pdf?version=1763371627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416296525.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416296525.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1434940092","https://openalex.org/W1809478369","https://openalex.org/W1970804916","https://openalex.org/W1973369232","https://openalex.org/W2011192896","https://openalex.org/W2016810215","https://openalex.org/W2060887876","https://openalex.org/W2606200378","https://openalex.org/W2889289482","https://openalex.org/W2902395068","https://openalex.org/W2911405986","https://openalex.org/W3027732750","https://openalex.org/W3038077753","https://openalex.org/W3047873692","https://openalex.org/W3087664186","https://openalex.org/W3092708724","https://openalex.org/W3140256531","https://openalex.org/W3167548568","https://openalex.org/W4294316229","https://openalex.org/W4308310558","https://openalex.org/W4311564857","https://openalex.org/W4313443136","https://openalex.org/W4372329840","https://openalex.org/W4386616534","https://openalex.org/W4399842923","https://openalex.org/W4405849011","https://openalex.org/W4412102358","https://openalex.org/W4412410364","https://openalex.org/W4413767404"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"systematically":[2],"investigates":[3],"the":[4,63,89,149],"mechanical":[5],"behavior":[6,103],"and":[7,18,28,30,36,49,57,127,136,144,155,157,164],"failure":[8,46,118,156],"mechanisms":[9,151],"of":[10,25,33,85],"cemented":[11],"tailings":[12,20,79],"backfill":[13],"(CTB)":[14],"prepared":[15],"from":[16,98,110],"classified":[17,93],"unclassified":[19,71,78],"across":[21],"cement-to-tailings":[22],"(C/T)":[23],"ratios":[24,126],"1:8,":[26],"1:6,":[27],"1:4":[29],"slurry":[31],"concentrations":[32,128],"60%,":[34],"65%,":[35],"70%.":[37,76],"Specimens":[38],"were":[39],"evaluated":[40],"by":[41],"uniaxial":[42],"compression":[43],"(UCS)":[44],"tests,":[45],"mode":[47],"observation,":[48],"SEM.":[50],"The":[51],"results":[52],"show":[53],"that":[54,123],"increasing":[55],"C/T":[56,73],"concentration":[58],"markedly":[59],"enhances":[60],"compressive":[61],"strength:":[62],"maximum":[64],"28-day":[65],"UCS":[66],"reached":[67],"5.38":[68],"MPa":[69],"under":[70],"tailings,":[72],"=":[74],"1:4,":[75],"Moreover,":[77],"exhibited":[80],"a":[81,108],"later-age":[82],"strength":[83,154],"gain":[84],"244.9%,":[86],"far":[87],"exceeding":[88],"58.5%":[90],"observed":[91],"for":[92,161],"tailings.":[94],"Failure":[95],"modes":[96],"evolve":[97],"brittle":[99],"splitting":[100],"to":[101,115],"shear-dominated":[102],"as":[104],"mixes":[105],"densify,":[106],"reflecting":[107],"transition":[109],"near-symmetric":[111],"early-age":[112],"stress/microstructural":[113],"fields":[114],"asymmetric":[116],"localized":[117],"(symmetry":[119],"breaking).":[120],"SEM":[121],"reveals":[122],"higher":[124],"binder":[125],"promote":[129],"C-(A)-S-H-dominated":[130],"gel":[131],"formation,":[132],"improved":[133],"ITZ":[134],"continuity,":[135],"reduced":[137],"apparent":[138],"porosity,":[139],"thereby":[140],"restraining":[141],"microcrack":[142],"initiation":[143],"coalescence.":[145],"These":[146],"findings":[147],"elucidate":[148],"micro-to-macro":[150],"governing":[152],"CTB":[153],"provide":[158],"field-relevant":[159],"guidance":[160],"mix":[162],"optimization":[163],"safe,":[165],"efficient":[166],"underground":[167],"backfilling.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-11-17T00:00:00"}