{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095391288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8040048","title":"Digital Literacy and Higher Education during COVID-19 Lockdown: Spain, Italy, and Ecuador","display_name":"Digital Literacy and Higher Education during COVID-19 Lockdown: Spain, Italy, and Ecuador","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095391288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8040048","mag":"3095391288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/publications8040048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8040048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/8/4/48/pdf?version=1604635231","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738007992","display_name":"Publications","issn_l":"2304-6775","issn":["2304-6775"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/8/4/48/pdf?version=1604635231","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064033181","display_name":"Santiago Tejedor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-9800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","display_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/052g8jq94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Tejedor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Journalism and Communication Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-9800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Journalism and Communication Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076815635","display_name":"Laura Cervi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-0609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","display_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/052g8jq94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laura Cervi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Journalism and Communication Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-0609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Journalism and Communication Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091000781","display_name":"Ana P\u00e9rez-Escoda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4895-0043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020445194","display_name":"Universidad Nebrija","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzyrt94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana P\u00e9rez-Escoda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, Nebrija University, C. de Sta. Cruz de Marcenado, 27, 28015 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4895-0043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, Nebrija University, C. de Sta. Cruz de Marcenado, 27, 28015 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042332601","display_name":"Fernanda Tusa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-9579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141329","display_name":"Universidad Tecnica de Machala","ror":"https://ror.org/036zk8k10","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141329"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernanda Tusa Jumbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Sciences, Technical University of Machala, Machala 070201, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Technical University of Machala, Machala 070201, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141329"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076815635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":53.3336,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":282,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99880774,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"48","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12395","display_name":"Educational Innovations and Technology","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14246","display_name":"E-Learning and Knowledge Management","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-literacy","display_name":"Digital literacy","score":0.7355939745903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.549988329410553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.5314734578132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5300896763801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-research","display_name":"Exploratory research","score":0.491803914308548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.4623810648918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-transformation","display_name":"Digital transformation","score":0.4590003490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-literacy","display_name":"Information literacy","score":0.44254499673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.43730810284614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4359188675880432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3992138206958771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.38776957988739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3514512777328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.32354623079299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2793922424316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.18553426861763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12471985816955566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777646416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242069","display_name":"Digital literacy","level":2,"score":0.7355939745903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.549988329410553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.5314734578132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5300896763801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.491803914308548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.4623810648918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.4590003490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119883117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679789","display_name":"Information literacy","level":2,"score":0.44254499673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.43730810284614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4359188675880432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3992138206958771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.38776957988739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3514512777328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.32354623079299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2793922424316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.18553426861763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12471985816955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/publications8040048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8040048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/8/4/48/pdf?version=1604635231","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738007992","display_name":"Publications","issn_l":"2304-6775","issn":["2304-6775"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:uabarcelona_::7442ba28be240d730bdfa8fe303311a3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ddd.uab.cat/record/234006","pdf_url":"http://ddd.uab.cat/record/234006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jpubli:v:8:y:2020:i:4:p:48-:d:440736","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/8/4/48/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ddd.uab.cat:234006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ddd.uab.cat/record/234006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400380","display_name":"Dip\u00f2sit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","host_organization_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48965fe2c270419889e76928a5af455d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/48965fe2c270419889e76928a5af455d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Publications, Vol 8, Iss 4, p 48 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2304-6775/8/4/48/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/publications8040048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Publications; Volume 8; Issue 4; Pages: 48","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/publications8040048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8040048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/8/4/48/pdf?version=1604635231","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738007992","display_name":"Publications","issn_l":"2304-6775","issn":["2304-6775"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095391288.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095391288.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78446702","https://openalex.org/W1146427618","https://openalex.org/W1512487564","https://openalex.org/W1560056355","https://openalex.org/W1773927702","https://openalex.org/W1922191855","https://openalex.org/W2097210817","https://openalex.org/W2137535720","https://openalex.org/W2273836640","https://openalex.org/W2406630611","https://openalex.org/W2549044672","https://openalex.org/W2605603943","https://openalex.org/W2617213269","https://openalex.org/W2625526009","https://openalex.org/W2746183077","https://openalex.org/W2770068788","https://openalex.org/W2790603024","https://openalex.org/W2891863523","https://openalex.org/W2953991224","https://openalex.org/W2954812439","https://openalex.org/W2965259514","https://openalex.org/W3011821664","https://openalex.org/W3012320055","https://openalex.org/W3013075879","https://openalex.org/W3015372994","https://openalex.org/W3016439225","https://openalex.org/W3017735571","https://openalex.org/W3023890643","https://openalex.org/W3025017744","https://openalex.org/W3032213493","https://openalex.org/W3044792368","https://openalex.org/W3047011259","https://openalex.org/W3047075546","https://openalex.org/W6603213683","https://openalex.org/W6627332109","https://openalex.org/W6630457603","https://openalex.org/W6637986750","https://openalex.org/W6674559729","https://openalex.org/W6680618873","https://openalex.org/W6729757278","https://openalex.org/W6775489320","https://openalex.org/W6776856315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3149548159","https://openalex.org/W3166410699","https://openalex.org/W4364858044","https://openalex.org/W2884073905","https://openalex.org/W3168712679","https://openalex.org/W2950253037","https://openalex.org/W3199049084","https://openalex.org/W3202401091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"literacy":[1,31,182],"constitutes":[2],"the":[3,15,41,46,84,90,124,128,133,157],"basis":[4],"for":[5,45,138,171],"citizenship":[6],"in":[7,14,18,37,99,116],"order":[8],"to":[9,34,53,64,156],"be":[10,35,142,154],"effective":[11],"and":[12,20,27,77,114,147,149,167,177],"efficient":[13],"21st":[16],"Century":[17],"professional":[19],"personal":[21],"lives.":[22],"The":[23,58,95],"set":[24],"of":[25,60,69,92,119,126,195],"skills":[26],"competences":[28],"integrating":[29],"digital":[30,93,135,178,181],"are":[32],"expected":[33],"guaranteed":[36],"higher":[38,72,164,189],"education.":[39],"During":[40],"lockdown":[42,86],"globally":[43],"imposed":[44],"COVID-19":[47],"pandemic,":[48],"educational":[49],"systems":[50],"worldwide":[51],"had":[52],"face":[54],"many":[55],"disruptive":[56],"changes.":[57],"aim":[59],"this":[61,100,172],"research":[62],"is":[63,183,191],"present":[65],"a":[66,109,117],"comparative":[67],"study":[68,101],"three":[70],"countries\u2019":[71],"education":[73,165,190],"institutions":[74],"(Spain,":[75],"Italy,":[76],"Ecuador),":[78],"analyzing":[79],"how":[80],"they":[81],"have":[82],"faced":[83],"global":[85],"situation,":[87],"focusing":[88],"on":[89],"development":[91],"literacy.":[94],"methodological":[96],"approach":[97],"followed":[98],"was":[102],"quantitative":[103],"with":[104],"an":[105],"exploratory-correlational":[106],"scope":[107],"using":[108],"questionnaire":[110],"designed":[111],"ad":[112],"hoc":[113],"applied":[115],"sample":[118],"376":[120],"students.":[121],"Results":[122],"point":[123],"necessity":[125],"enhancing":[127],"main":[129,169,197],"aspects":[130],"such":[131],"as":[132],"teacher\u2019s":[134],"skills,":[136],"sources":[137],"learning":[139,166],"that":[140,152],"may":[141,161],"adapted,":[143],"communication":[144],"between":[145],"universities":[146],"students,":[148],"teaching":[150],"methodologies":[151],"should":[153],"appropriate":[155],"current":[158],"context.":[159],"Conclusions":[160],"suggest":[162],"rethinking":[163],"reinforcing":[168],"issues":[170],"transformation,":[173],"mainly:":[174],"communication,":[175],"teaching,":[176],"competences.":[179],"Otherwise,":[180],"not":[184,192],"being":[185],"guaranteed,":[186],"which":[187],"means":[188],"accomplishing":[193],"one":[194],"its":[196],"objectives.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}