AI as an intervention: improving clinical outcomes relies on a causal approach to AI development and validation.

Pierre A. Elias

Shalmali Joshi Iñigo Urteaga Wouter A. C. van Amsterdam George Hripcsak Pierre A. Elias Benjamin R. C. Amor Noémie Elhadad James C. Fackler Mark P. Sendak Jenna Wiens Kaivalya Deshpande Yoav Wald Madalina Fiterau Zachary C. Lipton Daniel Malinsky Madhur Nayan Hongseok Namkoong Soojin Park Julia E. Vogt Rajesh Ranganath AI as an intervention: improving clinical outcomes relies on a causal approach to AI development and validation. 589-594 2025 32 J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae301 db/journals/jamia/jamia32.html#JoshiUAHEAEFSWDWFLMNNPV25 streams/journals/jamia

Young Sang Choi Vincent Jeanselme Pierre A. Elias Shalmali Joshi ICYM2I: The illusion of multimodal informativeness under missingness. 2025 May abs/2505.16953 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.16953 db/journals/corr/corr2505.html#abs-2505-16953 streams/journals/corr

J. Weston Hughes James E. Tooley Jessica Torres Soto Anna Ostropolets Tim Poterucha Matthew Christensen Neal Yuan Ben Ehlert Dhamanpreet Kaur Guson Kang Albert J. Rogers Sanjiv M. Narayan Pierre A. Elias David Ouyang Euan A. Ashley James Zou 0001 Marco V. Perez A deep learning-based electrocardiogram risk score for long term cardiovascular death and disease. 2023 6 npj Digit. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00916-6 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm6.html#HughesTSOPCYEKKRNEOAZP23

Liyan Tang Zhaoyi Sun Betina Ross S. Idnay Jordan G. Nestor Ali Soroush Pierre A. Elias Ziyang Xu Ying Ding 0001 Greg Durrett Justin F. Rousseau Chunhua Weng Yifan Peng 0002 Evaluating large language models on medical evidence summarization. 2023 6 npj Digit. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00896-7 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm6.html#TangSINSEXDDRWP23

Timothy Poterucha Pierre A. Elias Christopher M. Haggerty The Case Records of ChatGPT: Language Models and Complex Clinical Questions. 2023 abs/2305.05609 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.05609 db/journals/corr/corr2305.html#abs-2305-05609

David Ouyang John Theurer Nathan R. Stein J. Weston Hughes Pierre A. Elias Bryan He Neal Yuan Grant Duffy Roopinder K. Sandhu Joseph Ebinger Patrick Botting Melvin Jujjavarapu Brian Claggett James E. Tooley Tim Poterucha Jonathan H. Chen Michael Nurok Marco V. Perez Adler J. Perotte James Y. Zou Nancy R. Cook Sumeet S. Chugh Susan Cheng Christine M. Albert Electrocardiographic Deep Learning for Predicting Post-Procedural Mortality. 2022 abs/2205.03242 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.03242 db/journals/corr/corr2205.html#abs-2205-03242

Victor Alfonso Rodriguez Shreyas Bhave Ruijun Chen Chao Pang George Hripcsak Soumitra Sengupta Noemie Elhadad Robert A. Green Jason S. Adelman Katherine Schlosser Metitiri Pierre A. Elias Holden Groves Sumit Mohan Karthik Natarajan Adler J. Perotte Development and validation of prediction models for mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and readmission in COVID-19 patients. 1480-1488 2021 28 J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab029 db/journals/jamia/jamia28.html#RodriguezBCPHSE21

Shreyas Bhave Pierre A. Elias Victor Alfonso Rodriguez Timothy Poterucha Simi Mutasa Jay Leb Nir Uriel Adler J. Perotte LVHNet: Detecting Cardiac Structural Abnormalities with Chest X-Rays. 2021 AMIA https://knowledge.amia.org/74229-amia-1.4622266/t004-1.4626008/t004-1.4626009/3577504-1.4626421/3577268-1.4626418 conf/amia/2021 db/conf/amia/amia2021.html#BhaveERPMLUP21 Jason S. Adelman Christine M. Albert Benjamin R. C. Amor Wouter A. C. van Amsterdam Euan A. Ashley Shreyas Bhave Patrick Botting Jonathan H. Chen Ruijun Chen Susan Cheng Young Sang Choi Matthew Christensen Sumeet S. Chugh Brian Claggett Nancy R. Cook Kaivalya Deshpande Ying Ding 0001 Grant Duffy Greg Durrett Joseph Ebinger Ben Ehlert Noémie ElhadadNoemie Elhadad James C. Fackler Madalina Fiterau Robert A. Green Holden Groves Christopher M. Haggerty Bryan He George Hripcsak J. Weston Hughes Betina Ross S. Idnay Vincent Jeanselme Shalmali Joshi Melvin Jujjavarapu Guson Kang Dhamanpreet Kaur Jay Leb Zachary C. Lipton Daniel Malinsky Katherine Schlosser Metitiri Sumit Mohan Simi Mutasa Hongseok Namkoong Sanjiv M. Narayan Karthik Natarajan Madhur Nayan Jordan G. Nestor Michael Nurok Anna Ostropolets David Ouyang Chao Pang Soojin Park Yifan Peng 0002 Marco V. Perez Adler J. Perotte Tim PoteruchaTimothy Poterucha Rajesh Ranganath Victor Alfonso Rodriguez Albert J. Rogers Justin F. Rousseau Roopinder K. Sandhu Mark P. Sendak Soumitra Sengupta Ali Soroush Jessica Torres Soto Nathan R. Stein Zhaoyi Sun Liyan Tang John Theurer James E. Tooley Nir Uriel Iñigo Urteaga Julia E. Vogt Yoav Wald Chunhua Weng Jenna Wiens Ziyang Xu Neal Yuan James Zou 0001James Y. Zou