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Nanxiong Formation

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Nanxiong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
66.7 Ma
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesShanghu Formation
OverliesJurassic granite basement, Changba Formation (Nanxiong Group)
Thickness~300 m (980 ft)
Several kilometers (Nanxiong Group)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, siltstone, mudstone
OtherLimestone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates23°30′N 114°54′E / 23.5°N 114.9°E / 23.5; 114.9
Approximate paleocoordinates23°48′N 110°30′E / 23.8°N 110.5°E / 23.8; 110.5
RegionJiangxi Province, Guangdong Province
CountryChina
ExtentNanxiong Basin
Nanxiong Formation is located in China
Nanxiong Formation
Nanxiong Formation (China)
Nanxiong Formation is located in Guangdong
Nanxiong Formation
Nanxiong Formation (Guangdong)

The Nanxiong Formation (also known as Yuanpu Formation) is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation in Jiangxi and Guangdong Provinces. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

Description

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It consists of continental siliciclastic red beds, with fauna which similar to that of the Nemegt Formation. It has been dated to about 66.7 ± 0.3 million years ago.[1] It is the lowest unit of the Nanxiong Basin, a small graben created during Mesozoic rifting.[2] Buck et al. state that it overlies Jurassic granite basement, and is conformably overlain by the Shanghu Formation.[1] Alternative stratigraphic schemes for the Nanxiong basin have been proposed,[3] one of which refers to the Nanxiong succession as the Nanxiong Group, and dividing it into the Yuanpu, Zhutian and Zhenshui formations, and overlying the Albian to Turonian Changba Formation.[4] The age of the Nanxiong basin as a whole has been constrained to 72 to 62.8 mya.[5] The Kpg boundary is thought to be in the pingling region, at the point of contact between the Zhenshui & Shanghu Formation. [6][7]

Saline lakes in the Nanxiong were temporary

The Depositional environment is made up of alluvial fan facies consisting of sheetflood deposits and ephemeral braided rivers. Adjacent to these are ephemeral saline playa facies recording features such as; root traces, desiccation cracks, and calcareous paleosols. In situ desert varnish and minor paleosol development on alluvial facies due to inactivity are indicative of arid conditions. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes from Dinosaur eggshells were used to estimate a mean annual temperature between 22–27.6 °C (71.6–81.7 °F), with positive isotope perturbations around the K/Pg boundary indicating periods where temperatures may have exceeded 27 °C (81 °F).[8][9][1]

Subsequent research has reinterpreted many of the vertebrate fossils from the Nanxiong Formation as instead coming from the Hekou Formation, with the "Nanxiong Formation" instead equivalent to the Guifeng Group.[10]

Paleobiota of the Nanxiong Formation

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Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Crocodilians

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Crocodilians
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Jiangxisuchus[11] J. nankangensis Nearly complete skull and mandible A orientalosuchine alligatoroid

Lizards

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Lizards
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Chianghsia[12] C. nankangensis A partial skull and lower jaws A monstersaurian lizard
Tianyusaurus[13] T. zhengi A skull, mandible, first eight cervical vertebrae and nearly complete pectoral girdles A polyglyphanodontian lizard, also known from the Qiupa Formation

Turtles

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Turtles
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Jiangxichelys[14] J. ganzhouensis A complete shell A nanhsiungchelyid turtle
Nanhsiungchelys[15] N. wuchingensis A partial skeleton A nanhsiungchelyid turtle[16]
Oolithes[17][16] O. elongatus, O. nanhsiungensis, O. rugustus and O. spheroides. Egg and egg clutches. Some of these were probably laid by Nanhsiungchelys.[17][16] Turtle and/or theropod eggs

Dinosaurs

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Ornithischians

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Ornithischians of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Microhadrosaurus[17] M. nanshiungensis Partial lower jaw from a juvenile that was about 2.6 m long A nomen dubium hadrosaur taxon.[4]
Hadrosauropodus isp.[4] Indeterminate Three-toed footprints[4] A hadrosaur
Nodosauridae indet.[18] Indeterminate Osteoderms A possible nodosaurid ankylosaur

Sauropods

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Sauropods of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Gannansaurus[19] G. sinensis A single, nearly complete dorsal vertebra and a mid-caudal vertebra A sauropod closely related to Euhelopus
Jiangxititan[20] J. ganzhouensis The three posteriormost cervical vertebrae with two cervical ribs, articulated with the first four dorsal vertebrae with three dorsal ribs A somphospondylan of controversial affinities; originally described as a derived lognkosaurian titanosaur, later analyses recovered a more basal, non-titanosaurian position more likely.[21]

Theropods

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Oviraptorosaurs
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Oviraptorosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Banji[22] B. long Nearly complete skull and lower jaw An oviraptorid
Corythoraptor[23] C. jacobsi Nearly complete skeleton including the skull and lower jaw An oviraptorid with a distinct cassowary-like crest
Elongatoolithidae indet. Indeterminate Three eggs with embryonic remains.[24] Oviraptorid eggs
Ganzhousaurus[25] G. nankangensis Lower jaw, leg bone, hip bone and caudal vertebrae A transitional oviraptorid with both basal and derived traits
Huanansaurus[26] H. ganzhouensis Nearly complete skull, lower jaws, neck vertebrae, a humerus, arm fragments, lower part of the right thighbone, the upper part of the right shinbone, and parts of the right foot An oviraptorid
Jiangxisaurus[27] J. ganzhouensis Incomplete skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, nearly complete pectoral girdle, the left forelimb, ribs, and a partially preserved pelvic girdle An oviraptorid
Macroolithus Indeterminate Five egg clutches containing over 60 eggs.[28] Oviraptorid eggs
Indeterminate Three eggs with embryonic remains.[29] Oviraptorid eggs
M. yaotunensis Two eggs with embryonic remains.[30] Oviraptorid eggs. Skeletal proportions resemble Heyuannia huangi
M. yaotunensis A nest of 24 eggs associated with an adult oviraptorid.[31] Oviraptorid eggs
Nankangia[32] N. jiangxiensis A partial lower jaw, vertebrae, both scapulocoracoids, a nearly complete right humerus, pubic bones, and some dorsal ribs An oviraptorid

Oviraptoridae indet.

 Indeterminate A female individual preserving the pelvic girdle, some caudals and two eggs inside the abdominal cavity.[33] A pregnant oviraptorid
Indeterminate A nesting adult over a nest of eggs, preserving cervical vertebrae, arms and the pelvic region.[31] An oviraptorid that represents the fifth nesting taxon
Indeterminate A female individual preserving a partial pelvic girdle, hindlimbs and some caudals with two eggs associated near the pelvic region.[34] A pregnant oviraptorid
Shixinggia[35] S. oblita Sparse postcranial remains lacking the skull An oviraptorid
Tongtianlong[36] T. limosus Almost complete skeleton, portions of the arms, right leg, and tail were destroyed by TNT blasts An oviraptorid, the pose indicates that it may have died trying to free itself from mud
Therizinosaurs
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Therizinosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Nanshiungosaurus N. brevispinus Eleven cervical vertebrae, ten dorsal vertebrae, six sacral vertebrae and the pelvis.[17][37] A therizinosaurid
Tyrannosaurs
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Tyrannosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Asiatyrannus[38] A. xui A skull, partial legs, and fragmentary caudal vertebrae A small-bodied tyrannosaurine
Qianzhousaurus[39] Q. sinensis A skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, both scapulocoracoids, a left femur and a left tibia A tyrannosaurid, could represent a third species of Alioramus[40]

Tyrannosauridae indet.

 Indeterminate Two isolated teeth.[17] A tyrannosaurid
Indeterminate Large and well-preserved tooth.[41] A tyrannosaurid
Other Theropods
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GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages

Theropoda indet.

 Indeterminate A maxillary tooth that differs from tyrannosaurid and carcharodontosaurid dentition.[41] A notably large theropod
Indeterminate Isolated dorsal vertebra.[17] A theropod

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 3 Buck, B. J.; Hanson, A. D.; Hengst, R. A.; Shu-sheng, H. (2004). ""Tertiary Dinosaurs" in the Nanxiong Basin, Southern China, Are Reworked from the Cretaceous". The Journal of Geology. 112 (1): 111–118. Bibcode:2004JG....112..111B. doi:10.1086/379695. S2CID 12866840.
  2. ↑ Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, John W. (1998). "Vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Cretaceous of China". Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems: Bulletin 14. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. p. 14.
  3. ↑ Yan, Yi; Xia, Bin; Lin, Ge; Cui, Xuejun; Hu, Xiaoqiong; Yan, Pin; Zhang, Faqiang (April 2007). "Geochemistry of the sedimentary rocks from the Nanxiong Basin, South China and implications for provenance, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate at the K/T boundary". Sedimentary Geology. 197 (1–2): 127–140. Bibcode:2007SedG..197..127Y. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.09.004. ISSN 0037-0738.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Xing, L.; Lockley, M. G.; Li, D.; Klein, H.; Ye, Y.; Scott Persons IV, W.; Ran, H. (2017). "Late Cretaceous ornithopod-dominated, theropod, and pterosaur track assemblages from the Nanxiong Basin, China: New discoveries, ichnotaxonomy, and paleoecology" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 466: 303−313. Bibcode:2017PPP...466..303X. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.035.
  5. ↑ Mingming, Ma; Xiuming Liu; Wenyan, Wang (2018). "Palaeoclimate evolution across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary in the Nanxiong Basin (SE China) recorded by red strata and its correlation with marine records". Climate of the Past. 14 (3): 287–302. doi:10.5194/cp-14-287-2018.
  6. ↑ Ma, Mingming; Wang, Mengdi; Huang, Huixin; Liu, Xiuming (2024-05-10). "Terrestrial records of two hyperthermal events in the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary suggest different control mechanisms". Communications Earth & Environment. 5 (1): 248. doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01425-4. ISSN 2662-4435.
  7. ↑ Clyde, William C.; Ting, Suyin; Snell, Kathryn E.; Bowen, Gabriel J.; Tong, Yongsheng; Koch, Paul L.; Li, Qian; Wang, Yuanqing (March 2010). "New Paleomagnetic and Stable-Isotope Results from the Nanxiong Basin, China: Implications for the K/T Boundary and the Timing of Paleocene Mammalian Turnover". The Journal of Geology. 118 (2): 131–143. doi:10.1086/649893. ISSN 0022-1376.
  8. ↑ Zhao, Zikui; Yan, Zheng (2000-02-01). "Stable isotopic studies of dinosaur eggshells from the Nanxiong Basin, South China". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 43 (1): 84–92. Bibcode:2000ScChD..43...84Z. doi:10.1007/BF02877833. ISSN 1862-2801.
  9. ↑ Liu, Yun; Wang, Zongzhe (1990). "Uppermost Cretaceous and Lowest Tertiary Strata in the Nanxiong Basin of Guangdong with Reference to Their Petrographic Characters and Sedimentary Environment". In Lu, Yanhao (ed.). Palaeontologia Cathayana. Vol. 5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 295–309. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-12662-2_13. ISBN 978-3-662-12662-2.
  10. ↑ Jin, Xingsheng; Mao, Fangyuan; Du, Tianming; Yang, Yihan; Meng, Jin (March 2023). "A new multituberculate from the latest Cretaceous of central China and its implications for multituberculate tooth homologies and occlusion". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09636-2. ISSN 1064-7554.
  11. ↑ Chun Li; Xiao-chun Wu; Scott Rufolo (2018). "A new crocodyloid (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from the Upper Cretaceous of China". Cretaceous Research. 94: 25–39. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.09.015. S2CID 133661294.
  12. ↑ Mo, J. Y.; Xu, X.; Evans, S. E. (2012). "A large predatory lizard (Platynota, Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of South China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 333. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..333M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.588254. S2CID 85682211.
  13. ↑ Jun-chang Lü; Shu-an Ji; Zhi-ming Dong; Xiao-chun Wu (2008). "An Upper Cretaceous lizard with a lower temporal arcade". Naturwissenschaften. 95 (7): 663–669. Bibcode:2008NW.....95..663L. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0364-1. PMID 18338150. S2CID 22544904.
  14. ↑ Haiyan Tong; Jinyou Mo (2010). "Jiangxichelys, a new nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China". Geological Magazine. 147 (6): 981–986. Bibcode:2010GeoM..147..981T. doi:10.1017/S0016756810000671. S2CID 131484464. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
  15. ↑ Yeh, H.-k. (1966). "A new Cretaceous turtle of Nanhsiung, northern Kwangtung". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 10 (2): 191–200.
  16. 1 2 3 Tong, H.; Li, L. (2019). "A revision of the holotype of Nanhsiungchelys wuchingensis, Ye, 1966 (Testudines: Cryptodira: Trionychoidae: Nanhsiungchelyidae)". Cretaceous Research. 95: 151−163. Bibcode:2019CrRes..95..151T. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.003. hdl:311034/9424. S2CID 133937906.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dong, Z. (1979). "Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in southern China" [Cretaceous dinosaurs of the Huanan (south China)]. In Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology; Nanjing Institute of Paleontology (eds.). Mesozoic and Cenozoic Redbeds in Southern China (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. pp. 342–350. Translated paper (Archived from original)
  18. ↑ Xing, Lida; Lockley, Martin G.; Li, Daliang; Klein, Hendrik; Ye, Yong; Scott Persons, W.; Ran, Hao (2017). "Late Cretaceous ornithopod-dominated, theropod, and pterosaur track assemblages from the Nanxiong Basin, China: New discoveries, ichnotaxonomy, and paleoecology". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 466: 303–313. Bibcode:2017PPP...466..303X. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.035.
  19. ↑ Junchang Lü; Laiping Yi; Hui Zhong; Xuefang Wei (2013). "A New Somphospondylan Sauropod (Dinosauria, Titanosauriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province of Southern China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 87 (3): 678–685. Bibcode:2013AcGlS..87..678L. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12079. S2CID 140623061.
  20. ↑ Mo, Jin-You; Fu, Qiong-Yao; Yu, Yi-Lun; Xu, Xing (2023-09-21). "A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China". Historical Biology. 36 (11): 2443–2457. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2259413. ISSN 0891-2963.
  21. ↑ Han, Fenglu; Yang, Ling; Lou, Fasheng; Sullivan, Corwin; Xu, Xing; Qiu, Wenjiang; Liu, Hanfeng; Yu, Juan; Wu, Rui; Ke, Yuzheng; Xu, Mengyuan; Hu, Jinfeng (2024-01-17). "A new titanosaurian sauropod, Gandititan cavocaudatus gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of southern China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 22 (1) 2293038. Bibcode:2024JSPal..2293038H. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038.
  22. ↑ Xu, X.; Han, F.-L. (2010). "A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 48 (1): 11–18.
  23. ↑ Lü, J.; Li, G; Kundrát, M.; Lee, Y.; Zhenyuan, S.; Yoshitsugu, K.; Caizhi, S.; Fangfang, T.; Hanfeng, L (2017). "High diversity of the Ganzhou Oviraptorid Fauna increased by a new "cassowary-like" crested species". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 6393. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.6393L. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05016-6. PMC 5532250. PMID 28751667.
  24. ↑ Wang, S.; Zhang, S.; Sullivan, C.; Xu, X. (2016). "Elongatoolithid eggs containing oviraptorid (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria) embryos from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern China". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (67): 67. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...67W. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0633-0. PMC 4807547. PMID 27012653.
  25. ↑ Wang, S.; Sun, C.; Sullivan, C.; Xu, X. (2013). "A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China". Zootaxa. 3640 (2): 242–57. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3640.2.7. PMID 26000415. S2CID 28527553.
  26. ↑ Lü, Junchang; Pu, Hanyong; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Xu, Li; Chang, Huali; Shang, Yuhua; Liu, Di; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Kundrát, Martin; Shen, Caizhi (2015). "A New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleobiogeographical Implications". Scientific Reports. 5 (11490) 11490. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511490L. doi:10.1038/srep11490. PMC 4489096. PMID 26133245.
  27. ↑ Wei Xuefang; Pu Hanyong; Xu Li; Liu Di; Lü Junchang (2013). "A New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 87 (4): 899–904. Bibcode:2013AcGlS..87..899W. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12098. S2CID 129797420.
  28. ↑ Yang, T.-R.; Wiemann, J.; Xu, L.; Cheng, Y.-N.; Wu, X.-C.; Sander, P. M. (2019). "Reconstruction of oviraptorid clutches illuminates their unique nesting biology". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 466: 581−596. doi:10.4202/app.00497.2018.
  29. ↑ Yang, T.-R.; Engler, T.; Lallensack, J. N.; Samathi, A.; Makowska, M.; Schillinger, B. (2019). "Hatching Asynchrony in Oviraptorid Dinosaurs Sheds Light on Their Unique Nesting Biology". Integrative Organismal Biology. 1 (1) obz030. doi:10.1093/iob/obz030. PMC 7671163. PMID 33791544.
  30. ↑ Cheng, Y.-N.; Ji, Q.; Wu, X.-C.; Shan, H.-Y. (2008). "Oviraptorosaurian Eggs (Dinosauria) with Embryonic Skeletons Discovered for the First Time in China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 82 (6): 1089–1094. Bibcode:2008AcGlS..82.1089Y. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2008.tb00708.x. S2CID 140202077.
  31. 1 2 Bi, S.; Amiot, R.; Peyre de Fabrègues, C.; Pittman, M.; Lamanna, M. C.; Yu, Y.; Yu, C.; Yang, T.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, Q.; Xu, X. (2020). "An oviraptorid preserved atop an embryo-bearing egg clutch sheds light on the reproductive biology of non-avialan theropod dinosaurs". Science Bulletin. 66 (9): 947–954. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.018. PMID 36654242.
  32. ↑ Lü, J.; Yi, L.; Zhong, H.; Wei, X. (2013). Dodson, Peter (ed.). "A New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleoecological Implications". PLOS ONE. 8 (11) e80557. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880557L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080557. PMC 3842309. PMID 24312233.
  33. ↑ Sato, T.; Cheng, Y.-N.; Wu, X.-C.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Hsiao, Y.-F. (2005). "A Pair of Shelled Eggs Inside A Female Dinosaur" (PDF). Science. 308 (5720): 375. doi:10.1126/science.1110578. PMID 15831749. S2CID 19470371.
  34. ↑ Jin, X.; Varricchio, D. J.; Poust, A. W.; He, T. (2020). "An oviraptorosaur adult-egg association from the Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, China". Science. 39 (6) e1739060. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1739060. S2CID 219447073.
  35. ↑ Lü, J. C.; Zhang, B. K. (2005). "A new oviraptorid (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nanxiong Basin, Guangdong Province of southern China". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 44: 412−422.
  36. ↑ Lü, J.; Chen, R.; Brusatte, S.L.; Zhu, Y.; Shen, C. (2016). "A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture". Scientific Reports. 6 35780. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635780L. doi:10.1038/srep35780. PMC 5103654. PMID 27831542.
  37. ↑ Zanno, L. E. (2010). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (4): 503–543. Bibcode:2010JSPal...8..503Z. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. S2CID 53405097.
  38. ↑ Zheng, Wenjie; Jin, Xingsheng; Xie, Junfang; Du, Tianming (2024-07-25). "The first deep-snouted tyrannosaur from Upper Cretaceous Ganzhou City of southeastern China. Considered synonymous to Tarbosaurus". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 16276. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1416276Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66278-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11272791. PMID 39054316.
  39. ↑ Lü, Junchang; Yi, Laiping; Brusatte, Stephen L.; Yang, Ling; Li, Hua; Chen, Liu (2014). "A new clade of Asian Late Cretaceous long-snouted tyrannosaurids". Nature Communications. 5 3788. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3788L. doi:10.1038/ncomms4788. PMID 24807588.
  40. ↑ Carr, Thomas D.; Varricchio, David J.; Sedlmayr, Jayc C.; Roberts, Eric M.; Moore, Jason R. (2017). "A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system". Scientific Reports. 7 44942. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744942C. doi:10.1038/srep44942. PMC 5372470. PMID 28358353.
  41. 1 2 Mo, J.-Y.; Xu, X. (2015). "Large theropod teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi, southern China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 53 (1): 63−72.
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