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Baraaji Inga

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Baraaji Inga
hydroelectric complex
LesdiKonngo (Ndenndaandi Demokaraasiyankeeri Konngo) Taƴto
Located in or next to body of waterCongo Taƴto
Jonde kwa'odineto5°31′0″S 13°37′15″E Taƴto
Service entry1972 Taƴto
Map
 

Baraasuuji Inga (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter.

Tariya

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Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.[1] Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.[2]

Janngude ko yaawi

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Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.[3] Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.[4]

Feere Belsik

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Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.[5] Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.[6] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum.

Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo

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Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.

Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba

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Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.[17][18]

E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21]

Baraaji jooni ɗii

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Inga dam projects, as of 2006.

Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.[22] Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba.

Reentaade

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RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.[23] E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,[24] hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.[25] E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.[26] Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji.

Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[27] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[28] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[29] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[30] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[31]

E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[32]

Peeje yaajnude

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Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.

Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik.

Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[33] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[34] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34.

Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38]

RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium.

E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[39][39] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[40] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[41] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[42]

Inga mawɗo

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Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[43]

Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[44][45] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[46] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo).

Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[47][48] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[49][50] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[51] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52]

Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53]

Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik

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Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini.

Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo)

Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo)

Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo)

Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[54][55] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi).

E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[56][57]

Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[58]

Tuugnorgal

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  1. ↑ Ameye, Louis (4 June 1959). "Economic Problems of the Congo". Royal African Society. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  2. ↑ Sanyanga, Rudo. "Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?". International Policy Digest. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  3. ↑ Showers, Kate B. (2009). "Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact". Water History. 1 (1): 31–58. doi:10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8. S2CID 161089543.
  4. ↑ Lehmann, Philipp Nicolas (2016-02-01). "Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project". The American Historical Review (in Engeleere). 121 (1): 70–100. doi:10.1093/ahr/121.1.70. ISSN 0002-8762.
  5. ↑ Leonard, Jonathan N. (30 May 1954). "New Sources of Power". The New York Times Book Review. p. 14.
  6. ↑ "Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo". The New York Times. 28 September 1957. p. 27. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  7. 1 2 3 Holz, Peter (March 1958). "More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"". Popular Mechanics. 109 (3): 232.
  8. ↑ "Congo Plan Approved". The New York Times. 14 November 1957. p. 18. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  9. ↑ Waggoner, Walter H. (26 April 1958). "Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo". The New York Times. p. 24. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  10. ↑ Bracker, Milton (11 February 1959). "U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo". The New York Times. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  11. ↑ "Belgian Congo Plant Delayed". The New York Times. 7 April 1959. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ↑ Gilroy, Harry (17 February 1960). "Congo Cautioned on Its Economy". The New York Times. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ↑ Tanner, Henry (23 July 1960). "Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources". The New York Times. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  14. ↑ "CONGO: Where's the War?". Time. 8 August 1960. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
  15. ↑ Young, Crawford; Turner, Thomas (1985). The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 298–301. ISBN 9780299101138.
  16. ↑ "Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
  17. ↑ Randa, Jonathan C. (28 April 1977). "Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare". The Washington Post. p. A26. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Ross, Jay (25 April 1982). "A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser". The Washington Post. p. C5. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  19. ↑ Dash, Leon (1 January 1980). "Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future". The Washington Post. p. A1. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  20. ↑ Mufson, Steven (16 December 1999). "Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa". The Washington Post. p. A37. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  21. ↑ Winternitz, Helen (1987). East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780871131621.
  22. ↑ "Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  23. ↑ "Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
  24. ↑ "Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.
  25. ↑ "Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.
  26. ↑ Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.
  27. ↑ "MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.
  28. ↑ "MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.
  29. ↑ "MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
  30. ↑ "Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.
  31. ↑ "Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
  32. ↑ Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  33. ↑ Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  34. ↑ Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  35. ↑ "Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.
  36. ↑ Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.
  37. ↑ Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  38. ↑ "Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.
  39. 1 2 "GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  40. ↑ "Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  41. ↑ Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020
  42. ↑ "DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  43. ↑ Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.
  44. ↑ "IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  45. ↑ "businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  46. ↑ "DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.
  47. ↑ The Grand Inga Dam
  48. ↑ Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 May 2016). "DR Congo moves to build $100 billion Grand Inga dam, to pick phase-1 contractor by August". mgafrica.com. Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  49. ↑ John, Vidal (28 May 2016). "Construction of world's largest dam in DR Congo could begin within months". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  50. ↑ Tim, Cashion (23 June 2016). "A grand plan to electrify Congo and Africa". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  51. ↑ "GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  52. ↑ "World Bank suspends funding for DR Congo's Inga 3 power project". africanews.com. Africanews. 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  53. ↑ Tom, Nevin (13 May 2016). "Congo's Grand Inga plan faces a watershed". bdlive.co.za. Times Media. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016
  54. ↑ Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.
  55. ↑ Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.
  56. ↑ Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  57. ↑ Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015
  58. ↑ "World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
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