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Adrenaline

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Adrenaline
type of chemical entity (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na (±)-adrenaline (en) Fassara
Amfani magani
Stylized name (en) Fassara EPINEPHrine
Stereoisomer of (en) Fassara (S)-racepinefrine (en) Fassara
Sinadaran dabara C₉H₁₃NO₃
Canonical SMILES (en) Fassara CNCC(C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O
Isomeric SMILES (en) Fassara CNC[C@@H](C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O
Active ingredient in (en) Fassara Auvi-Q (en) Fassara, Epinephrine autoinjector (en) Fassara, Adrenalin (en) Fassara da Symjepi (en) Fassara
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary name (en) Fassara epinephrine
Pregnancy category (en) Fassara US pregnancy category C (en) Fassara
Subject has role (en) Fassara alpha-adrenergic agonist (en) Fassara, Adrenergic beta-2 Agonists (en) Fassara, adrenergic beta-agonists (en) Fassara, neurotransmitter (en) Fassara da stress hormone (en) Fassara
WordLift URL (en) Fassara http://data.wordlift.io/wl01714/entity/epinephrine.html

Adrenaline, wanda aka fi sani da epinephrine kuma aka rubuta shi da adrenalin, wani hormone ne da magani [1] wanda ke da hannu wajen daidaita ayyukan visceral (misali, numfashi). [2] Yana bayyana a matsayin farin farin microcrystalline granule. Adrenaline yawanci ana samar da shi ta hanyar glandar adrenal da kuma ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi a cikin medulla oblongata . [3] Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin martanin yaƙi ko tashi ta hanyar ƙara yawan kwararar jini zuwa tsokoki, fitar da zuciya ta hanyar yin aiki akan node na SA, [4] amsawar faɗaɗa ɗalibi, da matakin sukari na jini . [5] Yana yin hakan ta hanyar ɗaurewa ga masu karɓar alpha da beta . Ana samunsa a cikin dabbobi da yawa, gami da mutane, da wasu ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya . An kuma ware shi daga shukar Scoparia dulcis da aka samu a Arewacin Vietnam . [6]

Amfani da lafiya

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A matsayin magani, ana amfani da shi don magance cututtuka da dama, ciki har da rashin lafiyar rashin lafiyan, bugun zuciya, da zubar jini a saman jiki. [7] Ana iya amfani da adrenaline da aka shaƙa don inganta alamun croup . [8] Haka kuma ana iya amfani da shi don asma lokacin da wasu magunguna ba su da tasiri. Ana ba shi ta hanyar jijiya, ta hanyar allura a cikin tsoka, ta hanyar shaƙa, ko ta hanyar allura a ƙarƙashin fata . [7] Illolin da aka saba gani sun haɗa da rawar jiki, damuwa, da gumi. Saurin bugun zuciya da hawan jini na iya faruwa. Wani lokaci yana iya haifar da rashin daidaituwar bugun zuciya . Duk da cewa amincin amfani da shi yayin daukar ciki da shayarwa ba a fayyace ba, dole ne a yi la'akari da fa'idodin ga uwa. [7]

An gabatar da wani shari'a game da amfani da jiko na adrenaline maimakon maganin inotropes da aka yarda da shi sosai ga jarirai masu ciki waɗanda ke fama da matsalar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini . Duk da cewa isassun bayanai sun ba da shawarar jiko na adrenaline a matsayin magani mai inganci, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje don tantance cewa waɗannan jiko za su yi nasarar rage rashin lafiya da mace-mace tsakanin jarirai masu ciki da waɗanda ke fama da cutar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. [9]

Ana iya amfani da Epinephrine don magance glaucoma mai buɗe ido, domin yana ƙara fitar da ruwa daga ido, wanda ke rage matsin lamba a cikin ido . [10]

Tasirin ilimin halittar jiki

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Ciwon adrenal medulla babban abin da ke taimakawa wajen samar da catecholamines masu yawo ( <small id="mwug">L</small> -DOPA yana da yawa a cikin jini ), [11] kodayake yana ba da gudummawa sama da kashi 90% na adrenaline mai yawo. Ana samun ƙaramin adrenaline a cikin wasu kyallen takarda, galibi a cikin ƙwayoyin chromaffin da aka warwatse da kuma a cikin ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi waɗanda ke amfani da adrenaline azaman neurotransmitter . [12] Bayan tiyatar adrenaline, adrenaline yana ɓacewa ƙasa da iyakar ganowa a cikin jini. [13]

Maganin adrenaline yana ƙarfafa α <sub id="mwzg">1</sub>, α <sub id="mw0A">2</sub>, β <sub id="mw0g">1</sub>, β <sub id="mw1A">2</sub>, da β <sub id="mw1g">3</sub> adrenoceptors na tsarin juyayi mai tausayi . Ana rarraba masu karɓar jijiyoyi masu tausayi a matsayin adrenergic, bisa ga amsawarsu ga adrenaline. [14] Sau da yawa ana fassara kalmar "adrenergic" a matsayin cewa babban mai ba da amsa ga neurotransmitter shine noradrenaline, maimakon adrenaline, kamar yadda Ulf von Euler ya gano a 1946. [15] [16] Adrenaline yana da tasirin β 2 adrenoceptor akan metabolism da hanyar iska, ba tare da haɗin kai tsaye na jijiyoyi daga ganglia mai tausayi zuwa hanyar iska ba. [17] [18] [19]

Da farko Walter Bradford Cannon ya gabatar da manufar adrenal medulla da tsarin juyayi mai tausayi suna shiga cikin amsawar tashi, faɗa, da tsoro. [20] Amma adrenal medulla, sabanin adrenal cortex, ba a buƙatar don rayuwa ba. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke da adrenalectomized, amsawar hemodynamic da metabolism ga abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaba kamar hypoglycemia da motsa jiki sun kasance na yau da kullun. [21]

Motsa Jiki

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Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na jiki don fitar da adrenaline shine motsa jiki. An fara nuna wannan ta hanyar auna faɗaɗawar ɗalibin kyanwa (wanda ba a tantance ba) a kan injin motsa jiki, [22] daga baya an tabbatar da shi ta amfani da gwajin fitsari na halitta. [23] An buga hanyoyin biochemical don auna catecholamines a cikin plasma daga 1950 zuwa gaba. [24] Duk da cewa an buga ayyuka masu mahimmanci da yawa ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen fluorimetric don auna jimlar yawan catecholamine, hanyar ba ta da takamaiman aiki kuma ba ta da hankali don tantance ƙananan adadin adrenaline a cikin plasma daidai. Ci gaban hanyoyin cirewa da gwaje-gwajen enzyme-isotope derivate radio-enzymatic (REA) sun canza binciken zuwa yanayin adrenaline na 1 pg. [25] Gwaje-gwajen farko na jini na REA sun nuna cewa adrenaline da jimillar catecholamines suna ƙaruwa a ƙarshen motsa jiki, galibi lokacin da metabolism na anaerobic ya fara. [26] [27] [28]

A lokacin motsa jiki, yawan adrenaline a cikin jini yana ƙaruwa kaɗan daga ƙaruwar fitar da sinadarin adrenal medulla da kuma wani ɓangare daga raguwar metabolism na adrenaline saboda raguwar kwararar jini zuwa hanta. [29] Jiko adrenaline don sake haifuwa motsa jiki yawan adrenaline da ke yawo a cikin mutane a lokacin hutawa ba shi da wani tasiri na hemodynamic banda raguwar β2 a cikin hawan jini na diastolic. [30] [31] Jiko adrenaline da kyau a cikin kewayon ilimin halittar jiki yana hana yawan amsawar iska ta ɗan adam da isasshe don yaƙar tasirin constrictor na histamine da aka shaƙa. [32]

An nuna alaƙa tsakanin tsarin juyayi mai tausayi da huhu a cikin 1887 lokacin da Grossman ya nuna cewa ƙarfafa jijiyoyin bugun zuciya ya juya matsewar hanyar iska da muscarine ya haifar. [33] A cikin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a kare, inda aka yanke sarkar tausayi a matakin diaphragm, Jackson ya nuna cewa babu wani motsin rai kai tsaye ga huhu, amma an canza matsewar bronchoconstriction ta hanyar sakin adrenaline daga adrenal medulla. [34] Ba a bayar da rahoton karuwar yawan asma ga marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar asma ba; waɗanda ke da sha'awar asma za su sami wasu kariya daga yawan amsawar iska daga maganin maye gurbin corticosteroid. Motsa jiki yana haifar da faɗaɗa hanyar iska a cikin mutane na yau da kullun wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin yi kuma beta-blockade ba ya hana shi. [35] Faɗaɗa hanyar iska mai ci gaba tare da ƙarin motsa jiki yana haifar da raguwar sautin barci mai ci gaba. Hana beta tare da propranolol yana haifar da sake dawowa a cikin juriyar hanyar iska bayan motsa jiki a cikin mutane na yau da kullun a cikin lokaci guda kamar yadda aka gani tare da asma da motsa jiki ya haifar. [36] Rage juriya ga iska yayin motsa jiki yana rage aikin numfashi. [37]

Amsoshin motsin rai

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Kowace amsawar motsin rai tana da wani ɓangare na hali, na kai-tsaye, da kuma na hormone. Bangaren hormone ya haɗa da sakin adrenaline, martanin adrenaline ga damuwa da tsarin juyayi mai tausayi ke sarrafawa. Babban motsin rai da aka yi nazari a kai dangane da adrenaline shine tsoro. A cikin wani gwaji, mutanen da aka yi wa allurar adrenaline sun nuna mummunan yanayi da ƙarancin fuskoki masu kyau ga fina-finan tsoro idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. Waɗannan mutanen kuma sun ba da rahoton tsoro mai tsanani daga fina-finai da matsakaicin ƙarfin tunanin mara kyau fiye da waɗanda aka yi wa magani. [38] Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa akwai alaƙa tsakanin mummunan ji da matakan adrenaline. Gabaɗaya, yawan adrenaline yana da alaƙa mai kyau da yanayin motsin rai mara kyau . Waɗannan binciken na iya zama tasiri a wani ɓangare cewa adrenaline yana haifar da martanin tausayi na jiki, gami da ƙaruwar bugun zuciya da girgiza gwiwa, wanda za a iya danganta shi da jin tsoro ba tare da la'akari da ainihin matakin tsoro da aka samu daga bidiyon ba. Kodayake bincike ya gano alaƙa ta musamman tsakanin adrenaline da tsoro, sauran motsin rai ba su sami irin wannan sakamako ba. A cikin wannan binciken, mutanen da aka yi wa magani ba su nuna wani babban nishaɗi ga fim ɗin nishaɗi ko kuma babban fushi ga fim ɗin fushi ba. [38] An kuma goyi bayan irin wannan binciken a cikin wani bincike da ya shafi mutanen da ke da beraye waɗanda ko dai suna iya ko ba sa iya samar da adrenaline. Binciken ya goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa adrenaline yana da rawar da zai taka wajen sauƙaƙe ɓoye abubuwan da ke tayar da hankali, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin matakan tashin hankali saboda tsoro. [39]

Ƙwaƙwalwa

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An gano cewa hormones na adrenergic, kamar adrenaline, na iya haifar da haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci a cikin mutane. Sakin adrenaline saboda abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa a cikin motsin rai, wanda shine adrenaline na ciki, na iya daidaita haɗakar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na abubuwan da suka faru, yana tabbatar da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ya yi daidai da mahimmancin ƙwaƙwalwa. Ayyukan adrenaline bayan koyo kuma yana hulɗa da matakin tashin hankali da ke da alaƙa da lambar farko. [40] Akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa adrenaline yana da rawa a cikin daidaitawar damuwa na dogon lokaci da kuma ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar motsin rai musamman. Adrenaline kuma na iya taka rawa wajen haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar motsa jiki da tsoro a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi na cututtuka, gami da matsalar damuwa bayan rauni . [39] Gabaɗaya, "Shaida mai yawa ta nuna cewa epinephrine (EPI) yana daidaita haɗakar ƙwaƙwalwa don ayyukan da ke tayar da hankali a cikin dabbobi da mutane." [41] Nazarin ya kuma gano cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ganewa da ta ƙunshi adrenaline ta dogara ne akan wata hanyar da ta dogara da β adrenoceptors. [41] Adrenaline ba ya ketare shingen jini da kwakwalwa cikin sauƙi, don haka tasirinsa akan haɗakar ƙwaƙwalwa aƙalla wani ɓangare ne ke farawa daga β adrenoceptors a gefen. Bincike ya gano cewa sotalol, wani β adrenoceptor antagonist wanda kuma baya shiga kwakwalwa cikin sauƙi, yana toshe tasirin inganta adrenaline da aka ba shi ta gefe akan ƙwaƙwalwa. [42] Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa β adrenoceptors suna da mahimmanci don adrenaline ya yi tasiri ga haɗakar ƙwaƙwalwa. [43] [44]

Cututtuka

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Ana ganin ƙaruwar fitar da adrenaline a cikin pheochromocytoma, hypoglycemia, bugun zuciya, da kuma ƙaramin mataki, a cikin rawar jiki mai mahimmanci (wanda kuma aka sani da girgizar iyali, ko idiopathic). Ƙara yawan ayyukan jijiyoyi masu tausayi yawanci yana tare da ƙaruwar fitar da adrenaline, amma akwai zaɓi yayin hypoxia da hypoglycemia, lokacin da rabon adrenaline zuwa noradrenaline ya ƙaru sosai. [45] [46] [47] Saboda haka, dole ne a sami ɗan ikon cin gashin kai na adrenal medulla daga sauran tsarin tausayi.

Ciwon zuciya yana da alaƙa da yawan adrenaline da noradrenaline da ke yawo a jiki, musamman a cikin girgizar zuciya. [48] [49]

Girgizar iyali mai kyau (mahimman girgiza) (BFT) tana amsawa ga masu toshe β adrenergic na gefe, kuma an san cewa motsa β 2 yana haifar da girgiza. An gano cewa marasa lafiya da ke fama da BFT suna da ƙarin adrenaline a cikin jini amma ba noradrenaline ba. [50] [51]

Ana iya ganin ƙarancin ko rashin isasshen adadin adrenaline a cikin jijiyoyi masu aiki ko bayan an cire adrenaline. Rashin aikin adrenal cortex, kamar yadda yake da cutar Addison, na iya hana fitar adrenaline yayin da aikin enzyme mai haɗawa, phenylethanolamine- <i id="mwAaA">N</i> -methyltransferase, ya dogara da yawan cortisol da ke kwarara daga cortex zuwa medulla. [52] [53] [54]

Kalmomi

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A shekara ta 1901, Jōkichi Takamine ya yi lasisin wani tsantsar sinadari daga glandar adrenal, wanda Parke, Davis & Co suka yi masa alamar kasuwanci a Amurka. [1] Sunan da Birtaniya ta amince da shi da kuma kalmar European Pharmacopoeia don wannan magani shine adrenaline (daga Latin ad, "on", da rēnālis, "na koda", daga ren, "koda"). [2]

Duk da haka, masanin magunguna John Abel ya riga ya shirya wani abu daga glandar adrenal tun daga shekarar 1897, kuma ya ƙirƙiro sunan epinephrine don bayyana shi (daga Girkanci na dā ἐπῐ́ ( epí ), "upon", da νεφρός ( nephrós ), "koda"). [55] Ganin cewa kalmar Adrenaline alamar kasuwanci ce mai rijista a Amurka, [55] kuma a cikin imanin cewa cirewar Abel iri ɗaya ce da ta Takamine (wani imani tun lokacin da aka yi jayayya a kai), epinephrine ya zama sunan da aka saba amfani da shi a Amurka [55] kuma ya kasance sunan da aka amince da shi a Amurka da kuma sunan da ba na mallakar ƙasa ba na kamfanonin magunguna (kodayake ana yawan amfani da sunan adrenaline [56] ).

Kalmomin yanzu suna ɗaya daga cikin 'yan bambance-bambance kaɗan tsakanin tsarin sunaye na INN da BAN. [1] Duk da cewa ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya da masana kimiyya na Turai sun fi son amfani da kalmar adrenaline, amma wannan magana gaskiya ce a tsakanin ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya da masana kimiyya na Amurka. Duk da haka, har ma a tsakanin na ƙarshe, ana kiran masu karɓar wannan abu masu karɓar adrenergic ko adrenoceptors, kuma magunguna waɗanda ke kwaikwayon tasirinsa galibi ana kiransu adrenergics . Rao ya sake duba tarihin adrenaline da epinephrine. [2]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Adrenaline". 21 August 2015.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Chan_2013".
  3. ↑ "Adrenaline: physiology and pharmacology | DermNet". dermnetnz.org. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  4. ↑ Brown HF, DiFrancesco D, Noble SJ (July 1979). "How does adrenaline accelerate the heart?". Nature. 280 (5719): 235–236. Bibcode:1979Natur.280..235B. doi:10.1038/280235a0. PMID 450140. S2CID 4350616.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Khurana_2008".
  6. ↑ Phan MG, Phan TS, Matsunami K, Otsuka H (April 2006). "Chemical and biological evaluation on scopadulane-type diterpenoids from Scoparia dulcis of Vietnamese origin". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 54 (4): 546–549. doi:10.1248/cpb.54.546. PMID 16595962.
  7. 1 2 3 "Epinephrine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  8. ↑ Everard ML (February 2009). "Acute bronchiolitis and croup". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 56 (1): 119–133, x–xi. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007. PMID 19135584.
  9. ↑ Paradisis M, Osborn DA (2004). "Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003958.pub2. PMC 12159978 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 14974048.
  10. ↑ Erickson-Lamy KA, Nathanson JA (August 1992). "Epinephrine increases facility of outflow and cyclic AMP content in the human eye in vitro". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 33 (9): 2672–2678. PMID 1353486.
  11. ↑ Rizzo V, Memmi M, Moratti R, Melzi d'Eril G, Perucca E (June 1996). "Concentrations of L-dopa in plasma and plasma ultrafiltrates". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 14 (8–10): 1043–1046. doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01753-0. PMID 8818013.
  12. ↑ Fuller RW (April 1982). "Pharmacology of brain epinephrine neurons". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 22 (1): 31–55. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.22.040182.000335. PMID 6805416.
  13. ↑ Cryer PE (August 1980). "Physiology and pathophysiology of the human sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine system". The New England Journal of Medicine. 303 (8): 436–444. doi:10.1056/nejm198008213030806. PMID 6248784.
  14. ↑ Barger G, Dale HH (October 1910). "Chemical structure and sympathomimetic action of amines". The Journal of Physiology. 41 (1–2): 19–59. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001392. PMC 1513032. PMID 16993040.
  15. ↑ Von Euler US (1946). "A specific sympathomimetic ergone in adrenergic nerve fibres (sympathin) and its relations to adrenaline and nor adrenaline". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 12: 73–97. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00368.x.
  16. ↑ Von Euler US, Hillarp NA (January 1956). "Evidence for the presence of noradrenaline in submicroscopic structures of adrenergic axons". Nature. 177 (4497): 44–45. Bibcode:1956Natur.177...44E. doi:10.1038/177044b0. PMID 13288591. S2CID 4214745.
  17. ↑ Warren J (January 1986). "The adrenal medulla and the airway". British Journal of Diseases of the Chest. 80 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/0007-0971(86)90002-1. PMID 3004549.
  18. ↑ Twentyman OP, Disley A, Gribbin HR, Alberti KG, Tattersfield AE (October 1981). "Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on respiratory and metabolic responses to exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology. 51 (4): 788–793. doi:10.1152/jappl.1981.51.4.788. PMID 6795164.
  19. ↑ Richter EA, Galbo H, Christensen NJ (January 1981). "Control of exercise-induced muscular glycogenolysis by adrenal medullary hormones in rats". Journal of Applied Physiology. American Physiological Society. 50 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1152/jappl.1981.50.1.21. PMID 7009527.
  20. ↑ Cannon WB (1931). "Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine organs xxvii. Evidence that medulliadrenal secretion is not continuous". The American Journal of Physiology. 98: 447–453. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1931.98.3.447.
  21. ↑ Cryer PE, Tse TF, Clutter WE, Shah SD (August 1984). "Roles of glucagon and epinephrine in hypoglycemic and nonhypoglycemic glucose counterregulation in humans". The American Journal of Physiology. 247 (2 Pt 1): E198–E205. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.2.E198. PMID 6147094.
  22. ↑ Hartman FA, Waite RH, McCordock HA (1922). "The liberation of epinephrine during muscular exercise". The American Journal of Physiology. 62 (2): 225–241. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1922.62.2.225.
  23. ↑ Von Euler US, Hellner S (September 1952). "Excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline in muscular work". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 26 (2–3): 183–191. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1952.tb00900.x. PMID 12985406.
  24. ↑ Lund A (1950). "Simultaneous fluorimetric determinations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in blood". Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. 6 (2): 137–146. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1950.tb03460.x. PMID 24537959.
  25. ↑ Johnson GA, Kupiecki RM, Baker CA (November 1980). "Single isotope derivative (radioenzymatic) methods in the measurement of catecholamines". Metabolism. 29 (11 Suppl 1): 1106–1113. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(80)90018-9. PMID 7001177.
  26. ↑ Galbo H, Holst JJ, Christensen NJ (January 1975). "Glucagon and plasma catecholamine responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man". Journal of Applied Physiology. 38 (1): 70–76. doi:10.1152/jappl.1975.38.1.70. PMID 1110246.
  27. ↑ Winder WW, Hagberg JM, Hickson RC, Ehsani AA, McLane JA (September 1978). "Time course of sympathoadrenal adaptation to endurance exercise training in man". Journal of Applied Physiology. 45 (3): 370–374. doi:10.1152/jappl.1978.45.3.370. PMID 701121.
  28. ↑ Kindermann W, Schnabel A, Schmitt WM, Biro G, Hippchen M (May 1982). "[Catecholamines, GH, cortisol, glucagon, insulin, and sex hormones in exercise and beta 1-blockade (author's transl)]". Klinische Wochenschrift. 60 (10): 505–512. doi:10.1007/bf01756096. PMID 6124653. S2CID 30270788.
  29. ↑ Warren JB, Dalton N, Turner C, Clark TJ, Toseland PA (January 1984). "Adrenaline secretion during exercise". Clinical Science. 66 (1): 87–90. doi:10.1042/cs0660087. PMID 6690194.
  30. ↑ Fitzgerald GA, Barnes P, Hamilton CA, Dollery CT (October 1980). "Circulating adrenaline and blood pressure: the metabolic effects and kinetics of infused adrenaline in man". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 10 (5): 401–406. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1980.tb00052.x. PMID 6777175. S2CID 38894042.
  31. ↑ Warren JB, Dalton N (May 1983). "A comparison of the bronchodilator and vasopressor effects of exercise levels of adrenaline in man". Clinical Science. 64 (5): 475–479. doi:10.1042/cs0640475. PMID 6831836.
  32. ↑ Warren JB, Dalton N, Turner C, Clark TJ (November 1984). "Protective effect of circulating epinephrine within the physiologic range on the airway response to inhaled histamine in nonasthmatic subjects". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 74 (5): 683–686. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(84)90230-6. PMID 6389647.
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