Blue Nile
| Blue Nile | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
Height above mean sea level (en)  | 1,786 m |
| Tsawo | 1,783 km |
| Labarin ƙasa | |
 | |
| Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | 11°37′N 37°25′E / 11.62°N 37.41°E |
| Kasa | Habasha da Sudan |
| Hydrography (en) | |
| Tributary (en) | |
| Watershed area (en) | 325,000 km² |
| Ruwan ruwa | Nile Basin |
| Tabkuna | Tafkin Tana |
| River source (en) | Tafkin Tana |
| River mouth (en) | Nil |
Blue Nile wani kogi ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga Tafkin Tana a Habasha. Yana tafiya kusan kilomita 1,450 kilometres (900 mi) (900 ta hanyar Habasha da Sudan. Tare da White Nile, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan magudanan kogin Nilu kuma yana ba da kusan 85.6% na ruwa zuwa Kogin Nilu a Lokacin ruwan sama.
Hanyar da ake ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bayar da rahotanni daban-daban game da nisan kogin daga tushensa zuwa mahaɗarsa tsakanin 1,460 and 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi) . Wannan rashin tabbas na iya faruwa ne sakamakon gaskiyar cewa kogin yana gudana ta cikin jerin kwaruruka masu wuyar shiga da aka yanke a tsaunukan Habasha zuwa zurfin kimanin 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) . A cewar kayan da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya, wata hukumar gwamnatin Habasha ta buga, Blue Nile tana da jimillar tsawon 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), wanda 800 kilometres (500 mi) suna cikin Habasha.[1]
A Habasha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Blue Nile ya samo asali ne a Gish Abay a Sekela a Habasha (inda ake kira Kogin Abay). Kogin yana gudana gabaɗaya a kudu kafin ya shiga wani kwari mai tsawon 400 kilometres (250 mi) (250 , kimanin kilomita 30 kilometres (19 mi) (19 mi) daga Tafkin Tana, wanda shine babbar matsala ga tafiya da sadarwa tsakanin arewa da kudancin Habasha. An fara kiran canyon a matsayin "Grand Canyon" a cikin 1968 ta ƙungiyar Burtaniya wacce ta kammala saukowar farko ta kogi daga Tafkin Tana zuwa ƙarshen canyon; ƙungiyoyin rafting na kogi na gaba sun kira shi "Grandanyon na Nilu".[2] Blue Nile Falls (Amharic: Tis Abay, a zahiri "babban hayaki"), ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido na Habasha, yana a farkon canyon.
Kogin ya kewaya a arewa maso yammacin Habasha kafin a ciyar da shi ta hanyar masu yawa tsakanin Tafkin Tana da iyakar Habasha da Sudan. Wadanda ke gefen hagu, a cikin tsari, sun haɗa da Kogin Wanqa, Kogin Bashilo, Kogin Walaqa, Kogin Wanchet, Kogin Jamma, Kogin Muger, Kogin Guder, Koginsa Agwel, Kogin Nedi, Kogin Didessa da Kogin Dabus. Wadanda ke gefen dama, kuma a cikin tsari na ƙasa, sun haɗa da Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, Muga, Gulla, Temcha, Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter da Beles.[3]
A Sudan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Blue Nile sa'an nan kuma ya tafi arewa maso yamma zuwa Sudan. Yana tafiya kusan kilomita 650 kilometres (400 mi) (400 , yana gudana bayan Er Roseires kuma yana karɓar Kogin Dinder a gefen dama a Dinder. A Khartoum, Blue Nile ya haɗu da White Nile kuma, a matsayin Nilu, yana gudana ta Masar zuwa Bahar Rum a Alexandria.
Gudun ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ruwan Blue Nile ya kai matsakaicin girma a lokacin ruwan sama daga Yuni zuwa Satumba, lokacin da yake samar da 80-86% na ruwan Nilu daidai. Kogin ya kasance babban tushen ambaliyar Nilu a Misira wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga amfanin Nilu da kuma tasowa na Tsohon Misira da tatsuniyoyin Masar. Tare da kammala madatsar ruwan Aswan a shekarar 1970, wadannan ambaliyar ruwa sun daina faruwa a ƙananan Masar. A lokacin bazara, ambaliyar Blue Nile ta lalata ƙasa mai yawa mai kyau daga tsaunukan Habasha kuma ta kai shi ƙasa a matsayin laka, ta juya ruwan ruwan duhu ko kusan baki.[4]
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Habasha ta fara gina Babban madatsar ruwan Renaissance na Habasha, madatsar ruwa mai karfin 6000-megawatt a kan kogi.[5] Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan za ta zama ci gaba ga tattalin arzikin Habasha. Sudan da Masar, duk da haka, sun nuna damuwarsu game da yiwuwar rage ruwan da ake samu.[6] An fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Fabrairun 2022.[7]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsoron Masar cewa Habasha na iya toshe Blue Nile shine babban abu a cikin dangantakar Habasha da Masar mai tsawo da rikitarwa. Yayinda Masar ta dogara da Habasha don ruwanta, Habasha ta dogara da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Coptic ta Alexandria don ikon shugabanci da kuma nadin babban birni. Wannan dogaro da juna ya tsara abubuwan da suka faru tun daga karni na 11. Shekaru da yawa, barazanar toshe Blue Nile wata dabara ce mai tasiri wajen tabbatar da nadin manyan biranen Masar. Koyaya, a aikace, ba a taɓa ƙoƙarin karkatar da ruwa ko amfani da ruwan kogin ba.[8]
Wani rikici na farko ya fito ne a lokacin mulkin Zagwe Sarki Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, wanda Masarawa suka zargi da ƙoƙarin karkatar da kogin, duk da cewa mulkinsa bai taɓa kaiwa ga Blue Nile ba. Sarkin sarakuna Amda Seyon I na farko da ya mamaye kwandon Blue Nile kuma ya fara yada Kiristanci a can.[9]
Sarakuna na daular Solomonic, musamman Dawit II, Yeshaq I, da Zara Yaqob, sun ci gaba da tabbatar da ikon Habasha a kan kogi a matsayin kayan aikin diflomasiyya. Sun kuma karfafa wannan ra'ayi a cikin sharuddan addini, gano Blue Nile tare da Gihon na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da kuma daidaita Tammera Maryam don halatta ikonsu a kan ruwa. Labaran Turai na zamani game da Ikilisiyar Kirista mai iko da ke taimakawa wajen lalata Islama ya kara da muhimmanci ga Blue Nile a dangantakar Ethio-Masar.[10]
Mutumin Turai na farko da aka sani ya ga Blue Nile a Habasha da kuma asalin kogin shine Pedro Páez,[11] wani Jesuit na Mutanen Espanya wanda ya isa asalin kogin a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1618. Koyaya, Portuguese João Bermudes, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "Patriarch of Ethiopia", ya ba da bayanin farko na Kogin Tis Abay a cikin bayanan da aka buga a 1565, kuma duk wani adadin Turawa da suka zauna a Habasha a ƙarshen karni na 15 kamar Pêro da Covilhã na iya ganin kogin tun kafin Páez, amma bai kai ga asalinsa ba. An kuma kai ga asalin Nilu a cikin 1629 ta hanyar mishan na Jesuit na Portugal Jerónimo Lobo kuma a cikin 1770 ta hanyar mai binciken Scotland James Bruce.[12]
Kodayake masu binciken Turai sun yi la'akari da bin diddigin Kogin Nilu daga haɗuwar Blue Nile da White Nile zuwa Tafkin Tana, Blue Nile Canyon ya hana duk ƙoƙarin tun lokacin da Frédéric Cailliaud ya yi a 1821.[13] Wani babban yunkuri na farko da wani wanda ba na yankin ba ya bincika wannan iyakar kogin ya yi shi ne ta hanyar Amurkawa W.W. Macmillan a cikin 1902, tare da taimakon mai binciken Norwegian B.H. Jenssen; Jenssen ya ci gaba da hawa daga Khartoum yayin da Macmillan ya tashi daga tafkin Tana. Koyaya, jiragen ruwa na Jenssen sun toshe su ta hanyar hanzari a Famaka kusa da iyakar Sudan-Ethiopia, kuma jiragen ruwa na Macmillan sun rushe jim kadan bayan an kaddamar da su. Macmillan ya ƙarfafa Jenssen ya sake gwadawa daga Khartoum a cikin 1905, amma an tilasta masa ya dakatar da kilomita 300 miles (480 km) (300 kusa da Tafkin Tana. Robert Cheesman, wanda ya rubuta mamakinsa lokacin da ya isa Habasha da gano cewa ruwan sama na "ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun koguna na duniya, kuma wanda sunansa sananne ne ga tsofaffi" ya kasance a rayuwarsa "wanda aka yi alama a taswirar ta hanyar layi", ya sami damar tsara taswirar saman Blue Nile tsakanin 1925 da 1933. Ya yi haka ba ta hanyar bin kogin tare da bakin kogin da kuma ta hanyar canyon din da ba za a iya wucewa ba amma ta hanyar bin shi daga tsaunuka da ke sama, yana tafiya kimanin kilomita 5,000 miles (8,000 km) (5,000 ta jaki a kasar da ke kusa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)" Archived 13 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)
- ↑ Engelking, Marina; McPherson-Ramirez, Gloria (15 April 2008). Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542738-7 – via Google Books.
- ↑ These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704 (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34
- ↑ "Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge". Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
- ↑ Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa ElsanabaryElsanabary, Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa (2012), Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Canada: University of Alberta, doi:10.7939/R3377641M, hdl:10402/era.28151
- ↑ Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point, Africa: Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2012, archived from the original on 14 July 2015, retrieved 9 July 2015
- ↑ "Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam". BBC News. 20 February 2022.
- ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. p. 27.
- ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. p. 27.
- ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. p. 27.
- ↑ R. E. Cheesman, Geographical Journal, 71 (1928), p. 361
- ↑ Cheesman, pp. 358–374.
- ↑ Alan Moorehead, The Blue Nile, revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp. 319f
