Mycoplasma
| Mycoplasma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom | Bacillati (mul)  |
| Phylum | Mycoplasmatota (mul) |
| Class | Mollicutes (mul) |
| Order | Mycoplasmatales (mul) |
| Dangi | Mycoplasmataceae (mul)
|
genus (en)  | Mycoplasma Nowak (mul), 1929
|
| General information | |
| Gram stain |
gram-negative bacteria (en) |
Mycoplasma wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta ne wanda, kamar sauran membobin ajin Mollicutes, ba su da bango na tantanin halitta (peptidoglycan) a kusa da membrane na tantanin su.[1] Rashin peptidoglycan ya sa su kasance masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafi kamar maganin rigakafin beta-lactam wanda ke da niyyar haɗin bangon tantanin halitta. Suna iya zama parasitic ko saprotrophic.[2]
A cikin magana ta yau da kullun, sunan "Mycoplasma" (multiple 'Mycoplasma' ko mycoplasms) gabaɗaya yana nufin duk membobin ajin Mollicutes. A cikin rarrabawar kimiyya ta al'ada, sunan Mycoplasma yana nufin kawai ga jinsin, memba na Mycoplasmataceae, iyali ɗaya kawai a cikin tsari na Mycopasmatales (duba "rarrabawar kimiyya"). A cikin 2018, Mycoplasma ya rabu tare da nau'o'in da suka dace da asibiti da yawa da suka koma wasu nau'o-nau'i a cikin Mollicutes; duba shafin Mollicutes don bayyani.
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar "mycoplasma", daga Girkanci μύκης, mykes (fungus) da交易, plasma (wanda aka kafa), Albert Bernhard Frank ne ya fara amfani da shi a cikin 1889 don bayyana yanayin canjin cytoplasm na kwayar halitta wanda ya haifar da infiltration ta microorganisms.[3][4] Julian Nowak daga baya ya ba da shawarar sunan mycoplasma ga wasu microorganisms masu filament da aka yi tunanin suna da matakai na sel da acellular a cikin rayuwarsu, wanda zai iya bayyana yadda suke bayyane tare da microscope, amma ya wuce ta hanyar filters impermeable ga wasu kwayoyin.[5]
Halaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fiye da nau'o'in 100 an haɗa su a cikin jinsin 'Mycoplasma', memba na ajin Mollicutes. Su ne parasites ko commensals na mutane, dabbobi, da tsire-tsire. Halitta na Mycoplasma yana amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyan cuta.[6] An nuna wadatar nitrogen na abinci don canza bambancin codon da juyin halitta a cikin Mycoplasma da kwayar cuta Phytoplasma.[7]
Nau'in Mycoplasma suna daga cikin ƙananan kwayoyin da ke rayuwa kyauta (kimanin 0.2-0.3 μm a diamita).[8][9] An samo su a cikin ramukan pleural na shanu da ke fama da pleuropneumonia. Wadannan kwayoyin galibi ana kiransu MLO (mycoplasma-like organisms) ko, a baya, PPLO (pleuropneumonia-like organisments). [10]
Muhimman halaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ganuwar tantanin halitta ba ta nan kuma membrane na plasma ya zama iyakar waje na tantanin halitta.
- Saboda rashin ganuwar tantanin halitta wadannan kwayoyin zasu iya canza siffar su wanda ke haifar da pleomorphism.
- Rashin nucleus da sauran organelles da ke ɗaure da membrane.
- Abubuwan kwayar halitta guda ɗaya ne na DNA duplex kuma tsirara ne.
- Ribosomes sune nau'in 70S.
- Samun faifai mai maimaitawa a ƙarshen ɗaya wanda ke taimakawa tsarin maimaitawa da kuma rabuwa da kayan kwayar halitta.
- Abinci mai gina jiki. Wasu suna rayuwa a matsayin Saprophytes amma mafi yawansu parasites ne na shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Yanayin kwayar cuta ya faru ne saboda rashin iyawar kwayoyin cuta na mycoplasmal don hada abubuwan da ake buƙata.
Kwayoyin halitta da yanayin mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Saboda rashin ganuwar tantanin halitta, nau'in Mycoplasma (kamar duk Mollicutes) na iya karkatarwa cikin siffofi masu yawa, daga zagaye zuwa oblong. Su pleomorphic ne sabili da haka ba za a iya gano su a matsayin sanduna, cocci ko spirochetes ba.
Ƙungiyoyin suna nuna bayyanar "ƙwai" na yau da kullun (kimanin 0.5 mm a diamita). [9]
Haihuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekara ta 1954, ta amfani da microscopy na bambancin lokaci, ci gaba da lura da kwayoyin halitta masu rai sun nuna cewa nau'in Mycoplasma ("mycoplasmas", wanda ake kira pleuropneumonia-like organisms, PPLO, yanzu an rarraba shi a matsayin Mollicutes) da L-form bacteria (wanda ake kira L-phase bacteria) ba sa yaduwa ta hanyar fission binary, amma ta hanyar haɗin kai ko multi-polar budding mechanism. Microphotograph jerin girma microcultures na daban-daban iri na PPLOs, L-form bacteria kuma, a matsayin iko, an gabatar da wani Micrococcus nau'in (raba ta binary fission). [1] Bugu da ƙari, an yi nazarin microscopic na lantarki.[2]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ (CG ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Larsen, Bryan; Hwang, Joseph (2010). "Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Fresh Look". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2010/521921. ISSN 1064-7449. PMC 2913664. PMID 20706675.
- ↑ Frank, B. (1889). "Ueber der Pilzsymbiose der Leguminosen" [On fungal symbioses of legumes]. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft (in German). 7: 332–346.
From p. 335: "Die durch die Infection entstandene veränderte Art des Plasmas in den Rindenzellen will ich, da sie offenbar durch die Vermischmung mit einem pilzartigen Wesen entstanden ist, als Mycoplasma bezeichnen." [I want to designate as "mycoplasma" the altered type of plasma in the cortex cells which arose by infection, since it [i.e., the altered type of plasma] obviously arose by mixing with a fungal organism.]
CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Krass CJ, Gardner MW (January 1973). "Etymology of the Term Mycoplasma". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 23 (1): 62–64. doi:10.1099/00207713-23-1-62.
- ↑ (C. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Maggi, Ricardo G.; Compton, Sarah M.; Trull, Chelsea L.; Mascarelli, Patricia E.; Mozayeni, B. Robert; Breitschwerdt, Edward B. (1 October 2013). "Infection with Hemotropic Mycoplasma Species in Patients with or without Extensive Arthropod or Animal Contact". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 51 (10): 3237–3241. doi:10.1128/JCM.01125-13. PMC 3811635. PMID 23863574. – discusses two species, both of which are more adequately put in Eperythrozoon post-2018.
- ↑ Seward, Emily; Kelly, Steve (2016). "Dietary nitrogen alters codon bias and genome composition in parasitic microorganisms". Genome Biology. 17 (226): 3–15. doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1087-9. PMC 5109750. PMID 27842572.
- ↑ "Mycoplasma". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- 1 2 Kandler, Gertraud; Kandler, Otto (1954). (Article in English available). "Untersuchungen über die Morphologie und die Vermehrung der pleuropneumonie-ähnlichen Organismen und der L-Phase der Bakterien. I. Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen" [Studies on morphology and multiplication of pleuropneumonia-like organisms and on bacterial L-phase, I. Light microscopy (now mycoplasmas and L-form bacteria)] (PDF). Archiv für Mikrobiologie (in German). 21 (2): 178–201. Bibcode:1954ArMic..21..178K. doi:10.1007/BF01816378. PMID 14350641. S2CID 21257985.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ Edward DG, Freundt EA (February 1956). "The classification and nomenclature of organisms of the pleuropneumonia group" (PDF). J. Gen. Microbiol. 14 (1): 197–207. doi:10.1099/00221287-14-1-197. PMID 13306904.
