Samar da Ruwa

Samar da Ruwa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	supply (en) , Infrastructure da service (en)
Bangare na	water services (en) , public utility (en) da water supply and sanitation (en)

Wata yarinya tana tattara ruwa mai tsabta daga samar da ruwa na gari a Kawempe, Uganda.

Samar da ruwa shine samar da ruwa ta hanyar masu amfani da jama'a, kungiyoyin kasuwanci, kokarin al'umma ko kuma ta mutane, yawanci ta hanyar tsarin famfo da bututu. Tsarin samar da ruwa na jama'a yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin da ke aiki yadda ya kamata. Wadannan tsarin sune abin da ke samar da ruwan sha ga jama'a a duniya. Abubuwan ingancin sabis sun haɗa da ci gaba da wadata, ingancin ruwa da matsin ruwa. Ana shirya alhakin ma'aikata don samar da ruwa daban-daban a kasashe da yankuna daban-daban (birane da yankunan karkara). Yawancin lokaci ya haɗa da batutuwan da ke kewaye da manufofi da ka'idoji, samar da sabis da daidaitawa.

Kudin samar da ruwa ya kunshi, har zuwa babban matsayi, tsayayyen farashi (farashin kuɗi da farashin ma'aikata) kuma kawai zuwa ƙaramin farashi mai canzawa wanda ya dogara da adadin ruwan da aka cinye (musamman makamashi da sunadarai). Kusan dukkanin masu ba da sabis a duniya suna cajin farashi don dawo da wani ɓangare na farashin su.

Samar da ruwa wani batu ne daban daga ban ruwa, aiki da tsarin samar da ruwa a kan sikelin da ya fi girma, don dalilai daban-daban, da farko noma.   

Bayani na fasaha

Gidan injiniya na aikin ruwa na gari a Toledo, Ohio, 1908

Tsarin samar da ruwa yana samun ruwa daga wurare daban-daban bayan magani mai dacewa, gami da ruwan kasa (aquifers), ruwan sama (kogi da koguna), da teku ta hanyar cire ruwan. Matakan Maganin ruwa sun haɗa da, a mafi yawan lokuta, tsarkakewa, disinfection ta hanyar chlorination kuma wani lokacin fluoridation. Ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi ko dai yana gudana ta hanyar nauyi ko kuma ana yin amfani da shi zuwa tafkuna, wanda za'a iya ɗaga shi kamar hasumiyoyin ruwa ko a ƙasa (don alamun da suka shafi ingancin rarraba ruwan sha duba ruwan da ba na shiga ba). Da zarar an yi amfani da ruwa, ana fitar da Ruwa mai guba a cikin tsarin datti kuma ana kula da shi a cikin masana'antar tsabtace datti kafin a fitar da shi cikin kogi, tafki, ko teku ko sake amfani da shi don shimfidar wuri ko ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Amfani da shi

  In the United States, the typical single family home uses about 138 US gallons (520 L) of water per day (2016 estimate) or 58.6 US gallons (222 L) per capita per day. This includes several common residential end use purposes (in decreasing order) like toilet use, showers, tap (faucet) use, washing machine use, leaks, other (unidentified), baths, and dishwasher use. 

Abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar don bukatun ɗan adam (ga kowane mutum)

Ayyuka	Mafi ƙarancin, lita / rana	Yankin / rana
Ruwa mai sha	5	2–5
Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli	20	20–75
Yin wanka	15	5–70
Abincin dafa abinci da dafa abinci	10	10–50

A farkon karni na 21, musamman a yankunan birane da cibiyoyin jama'a, kayan aikin tsakiya na gargajiya ba su iya samar da isasshen ruwa don ci gaba da buƙata mai girma ba. Daga cikin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa da aka sarrafa sune amfani da fasahar cire gishiri, wannan ya fi yawa a yankunan bakin teku da ƙasashe "bisha" kamar Ostiraliya. Rarraba kayan aikin ruwa ya karu sosai a matsayin mafita mai inganci ciki har da Girbi ruwan sama da girbi na ruwan sama inda manufofi ke ci gaba da amfani da hankali da kuma samar da ra'ayoyin shigar da ruwa kamar "Fit for Purpose". [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Ingancin sabis

ingancin sabis na samar da ruwa yana da girma da yawa: ci gaba; ingancin ruwa; matsin lamba; da kuma matakin amsawa na masu ba da sabis ga korafin abokan ciniki. Mutane da yawa a Kasashe masu tasowa suna karɓar ƙarancin sabis.

Ci gaba da samarwa

Ci gaba da samar da ruwa ana ɗaukarsa a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashe masu tasowa amma matsala ce mai tsanani a ƙasashe masu ci gaba da yawa, inda wani lokacin ana ba da ruwa ne kawai na 'yan sa'o'i a kowace rana ko 'yan kwanaki a mako; wato, yana da tsinkaye. Wannan yana da matsala musamman ga ƙauyuka na al'ada, waɗanda galibi ba su da alaƙa da hanyar samar da ruwa kuma ba su da hanyar samun madadin hanyoyin kamar masu zaman kansu. An kiyasta cewa kusan rabin yawan mutanen kasashe masu tasowa suna karɓar ruwa a kan lokaci-lokaci.

Ingancin ruwa

ingancin ruwa sha yana da ƙananan halittu da kuma yanayin jiki. Akwai dubban sigogi na ingancin ruwa. A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na jama'a ya kamata a kashe ruwa, aƙalla - galibi ta hanyar amfani da chlorination ko amfani da hasken ultraviolet - ko kuma yana iya buƙatar samun magani, musamman ma a yanayin Ruwa na sama. Ingancin ruwa kuma ya dogara da inganci da matakin gurɓataccen tushen ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Matsin ruwa

Misali na 1880s na injin famfo, a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Herne BayGidan kayan gargajiya na Herne Bay

Matsi na ruwa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban na tsarin rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa a ƙasa da titin na iya aiki a matsin lamba mafi girma, tare da mai rage matsin lamba a kowane matsayi inda ruwa ya shiga gini ko gida. A cikin tsarin da ba a sarrafa shi sosai ba, matsin ruwa na iya zama ƙasa sosai don haifar da ruwa mai yawa ko kuma yana haifar da lalacewar kayan aikin famfo da sharar ruwa. Matsin lamba a cikin tsarin ruwa na birane yawanci ana kiyaye shi ko dai ta hanyar tankin ruwa mai matsin lamba wanda ke aiki a cikin birni, ta hanyar tura ruwa zuwa cikin hasumiyar ruwa da dogaro da nauyi don kula da matsin lamba a cikin tsari ko kuma kawai ta hanyar famfo a tashar kula da ruwa da tashoshin famfo mai maimaitawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Typical UK pressures are 4–5 bar (60–70 PSI) for an urban supply. However, some people can get over eight bars or below one bar. A single iron main pipe may cross a deep valley, it will have the same nominal pressure, however each consumer will get a bit more or less because of the hydrostatic pressure (about 1 bar/10 m height). So people at the bottom of a 100 feet (30 m) hill will get about 3 bars more than those at the top.

Matsin matsin lamba kuma ya bambanta saboda asarar matsin lamba saboda juriya ta samarwa, har ma da matsin lamba iri ɗaya. Mai amfani da birni na iya samun mita 5 na bututun 15-mm da ke gudana daga babban ƙarfe, don haka kwararar bututun kicin ba za ta kasance mai iyaka ba. Abokin ciniki na karkara na iya samun kilomita na bututun ƙarfe mai tsatsa da tsatsa mai tsatsa 22mm, don haka kwararar bututun kicin su zai zama karami. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Saboda wannan dalili, tsarin ruwa na cikin gida na Burtaniya ya yi amfani da tsarin "abinci na cisterna", inda aka haɗa wadata mai shigowa da sink na kicin da kuma tankin mai kai / ajiya a cikin Attic. Ruwa na iya shiga cikin wannan tanki ta hanyar bututu na 12 mm, tare da bawul ɗin ball, sannan kuma samar da gidan a kan bututu na 22 ko 28 mm. Ruwa mai nauyi yana da karamin matsin lamba (a ce bar a cikin gidan wanka) don haka yana buƙatar bututu mai faɗi don ba da izini ga mafi girma. Wannan yana da kyau ga wanka da bayan gida amma sau da yawa bai isa ga ruwan sama ba. Ana shigar da famfo mai haɓaka ko hydrophore don ƙarawa da kiyaye matsin lamba. Saboda wannan dalili gidajen birane suna ƙara amfani da bututun matsin lamba ("combies") wanda ke ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don cika wanka amma ya dace da matsin lamba na baya na wanka.   

Hakki na ma'aikata da shugabanci

Cibiyoyi iri-iri suna da alhakin samar da ruwa. Bambanci na asali shine tsakanin cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin manufofi da ka'idoji a gefe guda; da cibiyoyin ke da alƙawarin samar da ayyuka a gefe guda. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Manufofin da ka'idoji

Gargaɗin Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town, Yuli 2018

Water supply policies and regulation are usually defined by one or several Ministries, in consultation with the legislative branch. In the United States the United States Environmental Protection Agency, whose administrator reports directly to the President, is responsible for water and sanitation policy and standard setting within the executive branch. In other countries responsibility for sector policy is entrusted to a Ministry of Environment (such as in Mexico and Colombia), to a Ministry of Health (such as in Panama, Honduras and Uruguay), a Ministry of Public Works (such as in Ecuador and Haiti), a Ministry of Economy (such as in German states) or a Ministry of Energy (such as in Iran). A few countries, such as Jordan and Bolivia, even have a Ministry of Water. Often several Ministries share responsibilities for water supply.

In the European Union, important policy functions have been entrusted to the supranational level. Policy and regulatory functions include the setting of tariff rules and the approval of tariff increases; setting, monitoring and enforcing norms for quality of service and environmental protection; benchmarking the performance of service providers; and reforms in the structure of institutions responsible for service provision. The distinction between policy functions and regulatory functions is not always clear-cut. In some countries they are both entrusted to Ministries, but in others regulatory functions are entrusted to agencies that are separate from Ministries.

Hukumomin sarrafawa

Kasashe da yawa a duniya sun kafa hukumomin tsarawa don ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, gami da sau da yawa samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa, don kare masu amfani da inganta inganci. Ana iya ba da hukumomin sarrafawa da ayyuka iri-iri, gami da amincewa da karuwar farashi da gudanar da tsarin bayanai na bangarori, gami na tsarin ma'auni. Wani lokaci kuma suna da izini don warware korafe-korafe daga masu amfani waɗanda ba a bi da su da gamsarwa ba. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi na musamman ana sa ran su kasance masu ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa wajen tsara masu ba da sabis fiye da sassan ma'aikatun gwamnati. Hukumomin da ke da iko ya kamata su kasance masu cin gashin kansu daga reshen zartarwa na gwamnati, amma a kasashe da yawa sau da yawa ba su iya yin amfani da babban ikon cin gashin kai ba.

A cikin Amurka hukumomin da ke kula da kayan aiki sun wanzu kusan kusan ƙarni guda a matakin jihohi, kuma a Kanada a matakin larduna. A cikin ƙasashe biyu suna rufe bangarori da yawa na ababen more rayuwa. A jihohin Amurka da yawa ana kiransu Kwamitin Amfani da Jama'a. Ga Ingila da Wales, an kirkiro hukumar kula da ruwa (OFWAT) a matsayin wani ɓangare na mallakar Masana'antar ruwa a shekarar 1989. A kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, an kirkiro hukumomin kula da ruwa a cikin shekarun 1990 tare da kokarin kara yawan masu zaman kansu. (don ƙarin bayani game da hukumomin sarrafawa a Latin Amurka, alal misali, don Allah duba Ruwa da tsabta a Latin Amurka da ƙungiyar yanki na hukumomin sarrafa ruwa ADERASA . )

Kasashe da yawa ba su da hukumomin sarrafa ruwa. A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe masu ba da sabis suna sarrafawa kai tsaye ta karamar hukuma, ko gwamnatin ƙasa. Wannan shi ne, alal misali, lamarin a cikin ƙasashen nahiyar Turai, a China da Indiya. [dubious - tattauna] 

Masu ba da sabis na samar da ruwa, waɗanda galibi kayan aiki ne, sun bambanta da juna dangane da iyakokin yankin su dangane da iyakokinsu na gudanarwa; iyakokin bangarorin su; tsarin mallakar su; da shirye-shiryen shugabancin su.

Har zuwa zamanin Haskakawa, an sami ci gaba kaɗan a cikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace jiki kuma an yi watsi da ƙwarewar injiniya na Romawa a duk faɗin Turai. Ya kasance a cikin karni na 18 cewa yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri ya haifar da haɓaka a cikin kafa hanyoyin samar da ruwa masu zaman kansu a Landan. Kayan aikin samar da ruwa na London sun bunkasa a cikin ƙarni da yawa daga farkon hanyoyin zamani, ta hanyar manyan ayyukan magani na ƙarni na 19 da aka gina don mayar da martani ga barazanar kwalara, zuwa manyan tafkuna na zamani. An ba da izini na farko a cikin 1845 ta hanyar Guest da Chrimes, wani ma'aikatar tagulla a Rotherham.

Karfin latsawar ruwa

Karfin latsawar ruwa yana bambanta a wurare daban-daban na tsarin rarraba ruwa. manyan bututun ruwa na karkashin titi suna iya aiki a kan babban karfin latsawa, tare da na'urar rage karfin latsawa da ke kowane bangare da ruwa ke shiga cikin gini ko gida. A cikin tsarin da ba a sarrafa shi da kyau ba, karfin latsawar ruwa na iya yin kasa sosai wanda hakan zai sa ruwan ya rika diga kawai ko kuma ya yi yawa sosai wanda hakan zai kai ga lalacewar kayayyakin famfo da bata ruwa. Yawancin lokaci ana kula da karfin latsawa a cikin tsarin ruwa na birni ta hanyar babban tankin ruwa mai matsin lamba da ke hidima ga yankin birni, ta hanyar tura ruwan sama zuwa hasumiya ta ruwa da dogaro ga karfin nauyi don kula da daidaiton karfin latsawa a cikin tsarin ko kuma kawai ta hanyar famfo a masana'antar tace ruwa da kuma tashoshin famfo na nesa.

Karfin latsawa na yau da kullum a Burtaniya (UK) shine bar 4 zuwa 5 don samar da ruwa a birni. Duk da haka, wasu mutane na iya samun sama da bar 8 ko kasa da bar 1. Bututun karfe guda daya na iya tsallake wani kwari mai zurfi, zai kasance yana da matsin lamba iri daya na suna, sai dai kowane mai amfani zai sami kadan fiye ko kasa saboda karfin latsawa na ruwa (kusan bar 1 a kowane tsayi na m 10). Don haka mutane a kasan tsaunin da ke da tsayin kafa 100 za su sami kusan bar 3 fiye da wadanda ke saman tsaunin.

Ingantaccen karfin latsawar kuma yana bambanta saboda asarar matsin lamba sakamakon juriya na samar da ruwa, koda ga matsin lamba na tsit iri daya. Mai amfani na birni yana iya samun bututun milimita 15 mai tsayin mita 5 da ke gudana daga babban bututun karfe, don hivyo kwararar famfo na dakin girki ba zai sami cikas sosai ba. Mai amfani na karkara kuma yana iya samun kilomita guda na bututun karfe mai tsatsa da farar kasa na milimita 22, don haka kwararar famfo na dakin girkinsu zai kasance kadan.

A saboda wannan dalili, tsarin ruwan gida na Burtaniya a al'adance (kafin 1989) yana amfani da tsarin "akwatin ajiyar ruwa", inda ake hada ruwan da ke shigowa da mazaunin wanke kwanuka na dakin girki da kuma tankin ajiya a cikin babban daki na saman gida. Ruwa na iya diga zuwa cikin wannan tanki ta hanyar bututun milimita 12, tare da bawul mai gora, sannan ya samar wa gidan ruwa a kan bututun milimita 22 ko 28. Ruwa na karfin nauyi yana da karamin matsin lamba (kusan bar 0.25 a dakin wanka) don haka yana bukatar faffadan bututu don ba da damar kwarara mafi girma. Wannan yana da kyau ga bahon wanka da bandaki amma masana yawanci bai isa ba ga shawa. Ana shigar da famfo mai kara karfi ko hydrofole don karantawa da kula da karfin latsawa. A saboda wannan dalili, gidajen birni suna kara amfani da tukunyar jirgi na matsin lamba ("combies") wadanda ke daukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin su cika bahon wanka amma sun dace da babban matsin lamba na shawa.

Nauyin cibiyoyi da shugabanci

Cibiyoyi daban-daban suna da nauyi a kan samar da ruwa. Bambanci na asali shine tsakanin cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin manufofi da tsari a gefe guda; da kuma cibiyoyin da ke kula da samar da ayyuka a daya gefen.

Manufofi da tsari

Manufofin samar da ruwa da tsari yawanci ma'aikatun gwamnati guda daya ko da yawa ne ke bayyana su, tare da shawarwari daga bangaren kafa doka. A Amurka Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, wacce babban jami'inta ke ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Shugaban Kasa, ita ke da alhakin manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da kafa ka'idoji a cikin bangaren zartarwa. A wasu kasashen kuma ana danka alhakin manufofin bangaren ga Ma'aikatar Muhalli (kamar a Meziko da Kolombiya), ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya (kamar a Panama, Honduras da Uruguay), Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (kamar a Ekwador da Haiti), Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki (kamar a jihohin Jamus) ko Ma'aikatar Makamashi (kamar a Iran). Wasu tsirarun kasashe, kamar Jordan da Bolibiya, har ma suna da Ma'aikatar Ruwa. Sau da yawa ma'aikatun gwamnati da dama suna raba nauyi don samar da ruwa.

A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an danka muhimman ayyukan manufofi ga matakin kungiyar kasashen. Ayyukan manufofi da na tsari sun hada da kafa ka'idojin haraji da amincewa da kararin haraji; kafa, sanya idanu da tilasta aiwatar da ka'idoji don ingancin sabis da kariya ga muhalli; auna kwatancen ayyukan masu samar da sabis; da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Bambanci tsakanin ayyukan manufofi da ayyukan tsari ba koyaushe yake a bayyane ba. A wasu kasashen duka biyun ana danka su ga ma'aikatun gwamnati, amma a wasu ayyukan tsari ana danka su ga hukumomin da ke daban da ma'aikatun gwamnati.

Hukumomin tsari

Samfuri:More citations needed Dozen-dozen na kasashe a fadin duniya sun kafa hukumomin tsari don ayyukan more rayuwa, gami da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli akai-akai, domin kare masu amfani da kyau da kuma inganta dacewa. Ana iya danka wa hukumomin tsari ayyuka daban-daban, gami da amincewa da kararin haraji da gudanar da tsarin bayanan bangaren, gami da tsarin auna kwatance. Wani lokaci suna da izini don daidaita koke-koken masu amfani wadanda masu samar da sabis ba su magance su yadda ya kamata ba. Wadannan keɓaɓɓun hukumomi ana sa ran za su kasance mafi kwarewa da adalci wajen tsara masu samar da sabis fiye da sassan Ma'aikatun gwamnati. Hukumomin tsari ya kamata su kasance masu cin gashin kansu daga bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati, amma a kasashe da yawa galibi ba su iya yin amfani da babban matakin cin gashin kai ba.

A Amurka hukumomin tsari na kayan more rayuwa sun wanzu kusan karni guda a matakin jihohi, kuma a Kanada a matakin larduna. A duka kasashen biyu suna rufe sassan more rayuwa da yawa. A cikin jihohin Amurka da yawa ana kiran su Hukumar Kayan Amfani na Jama'a. Ga Ingila da Wales, an kafa hukumar tsari na ruwa (OFWAT) a matsayin wani bangare na mayar da masana'antar ruwa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a shekarar 1989. A yawancin kasashe masu tasowa, an kafa hukumomin tsara ruwa a lokacin shekarun 1990 daidai da kokarin kara shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. (don kararin cikakkun bayanai kan hukumomin tsari a Latin Amurka, alal misali, da fatan a duba kungiyar yanki na hukumomin tsara ruwa ADERASA.)

Kasashe da yawa ba su da hukumomin tsara ruwa. A wadannan kasashen gwamnatin gida, ko gwamnatin kasa ce ke tsara masu samar da sabis kai tsaye. Wannan shine, alal misali, lamarin a kasashen yankin Turai, a China da Indiya.Samfuri:Dubious

Samar da sabis

Masu samar da sabis na samar da ruwa, wadanda galibi kamfanonin amfanin jama'a ne, sun bambanta da juna ta fuskar tsarin yanayin kasa dangane da iyakokin gudanarwa; tsarin bangarentu; tsarin mallakarsu; da tsare-tsaren shugabancinsu.

Tsarin yanayin kasa

Kamfanonin ruwa da yawa suna samar da ayyuka ne a cikin birni guda, gari ko karamar hukuma. Duk da haka, a kasashe da yawa kananan hukumomi sun hadu a cikin yankuna ko tsakanin kananan hukumomi ko kamfanoni masu iko da yawa don amfana daga tattalin arziki na siki. A Amurka wadannan na iya daukar nauyin gundumomi na musamman wadanda ke da ikon sanya haraji mai zaman kansa. Misali na kamfanin ruwa mai iko da yawa a Amurka shine WASA, kamfani ne da ke hidima ga Washington, DC da sassa daban-daban a jihar Maryland. Kamfanonin da ke da iko da yawa kuma sun zama ruwan dare a Jamus, inda aka san su da "Zweckverbaende", a Faransa da kuma Italiya.

A wasu kasashen tarayya, akwai masu samar da sabis na ruwa wadanda ke rufe yawancin ko duka birane da garuruwa a cikin jihar gaba daya, kamar a duka jihohin Brazil da wasu jihohi a Meziko. A Ingila da Wales, ana samar da ruwa da kwashe kazanta kusan gaba daya ta hanyar kamfanonin yanki guda goma. Wasu kananan kasashe, musamman kasashe masu tasowa, sun kafa masu samar da sabis wadanda ke rufe daukacin kasar ko akalla yawancin biranenta da manyan garuruwanta. Irin wadannan masu samar da sabis na kasa sun fi yawa a Afirka ta Yamma da Amurka ta Tsakiya, amma kuma sun wanzu, alal misali, a Tunisiya, Jordan da Uruguay. A yankunan karkara, inda kusan rabin al'ummar duniya ke rayuwa, ayyukan ruwa galibi ba kamfanoni ke samar da su ba, sai dai kungiyoyin al'umma wadanda yawanci ke rufe gari guda ko wani lokacin garuruwa da yawa.

Tsarin bangare

Wasu kamfanonin ruwa suna samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa ne kawai, yayin da kwashe kazanta ke karkashin nauyin wata hukuma daban. Wannan shine lamarin alal misali a Tunisiya. Duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta kamfanonin ruwa suna samar da ayyukan kwashe kazanta da tace ruwan kazanta. A wasu birane ko kasashe kamfanonin kuma suna rarraba wutar lantarki. A wasu 'yan lokuta irin wadannan kamfanoni masu ayyuka da yawa suna tara daddatun shara da samar da ayyukan tarho na gida. Misali na irin wannan hadadden kamfani ana iya samunsa a birnin Medellín na Kolombiya. Kamfanonin da ke samar da ruwa, tsaftace muhalli da wutar lantarki ana iya samunsu a Frankfurt, Jamus (Mainova), a Casablanca, Maroko da kuma Gabon a Afirka ta Yamma. Kamfanoni masu ayyuka da yawa suna ba da wasu shawarwari kamar lissafin kudi na bai daya da zabin tallafawa ayyukan ruwa tare da kudaden shiga daga tallace-tallacen wutar lantarki, idan doka ta ba da dama.

Mallaka da tsare-tsaren shugabanci

Masu samar da samar da ruwa suna iya kasancewa na gwamnati, masu zaman kansu, hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ko na kungiyar hadin kai. Yawancin ayyukan samar da ruwa na birni a fadin duniya kungiyoyin gwamnati ne ke samar da su. Kamar yadda Willem-Alexander, Yariman Orange (2002) ya bayyana, "Rikicin ruwa da ke shafar mutane da yawa shine mafi yawancin rikicin shugabanci — ba na karancin ruwa ba." Gabatar da haraji mai nuna farashin gaske tare da tallafi na ketare tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta masu amfani shine muhimmin gyaran shugabanci domin rage yawan matakan ruwan da ba a lissafa shi ba (UAW) da kuma samar da kudaden da ake bukata don fadada hanyar sadarwa ga wadancan gidaje mafi fama da talauci wadanda har yanzu ba su da lamba. Tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwa tsakanin bangaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa domin cimma wannan buri.

Shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu

Kimanin kashi 10 cikin dari na samar da ruwa a birni kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ke samar da shi, yawanci karkashin yarjejeniyar mika mulki, hayar ko kwangilar gudanarwa. Karkashin wadannan tsare-tsaren kwangilar sabis na ruwa, hukumar gwamnati wacce ke da alhakin samar da sabis a shari'ance tana wakilta wasu ko daukacin bangarorin samar da sabis ga mai samar da sabis mai zaman kansa na tsawon lokaci yawanci daga shekaru 4 zuwa 30. Hukumar gwamnati tana ci gaba da mallakar kadarorin. Wadannan tsare-tsaren sun zama ruwan dare a Faransa da kuma Spain. A wasu kalilan na sassan duniya ne kawai aka sayar da tsarin samar da ruwa gaba daya ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (mayar da kadarori ga masu zaman kansu), kamar a Ingila da Wales da kuma Chile. Mafi manyan kamfanonin ruwa masu zaman kansu a duniya sune Suez da Veolia Environnement daga Faransa; Aguas de Barcelona daga Spain; da kuma Thames Water daga UK, wadanda duka suna gudanar da ayyuka a matakin kasa da kasa. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, birane da dama sun koma ga bangaren gwamnati a cikin tsarin da ake kira "dawo da kamfanoni ga kananan hukumomi".

Samar da sabis na ruwa na gwamnati

Kashi 90 cikin dari na samar da ruwa a birni da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli a halin yanzu suna cikin bangaren gwamnati. Jiha ko hukumomin gida, ko kuma kungiyoyin hadin kai ne suka mallake su. Suna aiki ne ba tare da nufin samun riba ba amma sun ginu ne a kan manufar samar da moriyar juna da ake daukarta a matsayin maslahar jama'a. A yawancin kasashe masu matsakaici da mazauna masu karamin karfi, wadannan masu samar da ruwa na gwamnati da ake gudanarwa suna iya zama marasa inganci sakamakon katsalandan na siyasa, wanda ke kai ga yawan ma'aikata da karancin aikin ma'aikata.

Abin mamaki shine, babban wanda ke yin asara daga wannan tsari na cibiyoyi sune matalautan birni a wadannan kasashen. Saboda ba su da alaka da hanyar sadarwar samar da ruwa, suna kawo karshen biyan kudi mai yawa a kowace lita ta ruwa fiye da gidaje masu dukiya wadanda ke da alaka da hanyar sadarwa wadanda ke amfana daga tallafin da suke samu daga kamfanonin da ke tafka asara.

Kasancewar har yanzu muna da nisa sosai daga cimma damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na kowa da kowa yana nuna cewa hukumomin ruwa na gwamnati, a halin da suke ciki, ba sa aiki da kyau sosai. Duk da haka wasu suna samun nasara sosai kuma suna nuna mafi kyawun nau'ikan gudanarwar gwamnati. Kamar yadda Ryutaro Hashimoto, tsohon Firayim Ministan Japan, ya bayyana: "Ayyukan ruwa na gwamnati a halin yanzu suna samar da sama da kashi 90 cikin dari na samar da ruwa a duniya. Kadan ingantawa a cikin masu gudanar da ruwa na gwamnati zai sami babban tasiri a kan samar da ayyuka na duniya."

Tsare-tsaren shugabanci

Tsare-tsaren shugabanci ga duka kamfanonin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu na iya daukar nau'ika da yawa. Tsare-tsaren shugabanci suna bayyana alaka tsakanin mai samar da sabis, masu mallakarsa, abokan cinikinsa da hukumomin tsari. Suna kaddara ikon cin gashin kansa na kudi na mai samar da sabis da kuma ikonsa na kula da kadarorinsa, fadada ayyuka, janyo hankali da rike ma'aikata kwararru, kuma a karshe don samar da ayyuka masu inganci. Muhimman sassa na tsare-tsaren shugabanci sune gwargwadon yadda hukumar da ke da alhakin samar da ayyuka ta kasance mai kariya daga katsalandan na siyasa na son rai; da kuma ko akwai bayyanannen izini da nufin siyasa don ba da damar mai samar da sabis ya dawo da duka ko akalla mafi yawan kudaden da ya kashe ta hanyar haraji da rike wadannan kudaden shiga. Idan samar da ruwa nauyi ne na sashi wanda aka hada shi a cikin gudanarwar birni, gari ko karamar hukuma, akwai hadarin cewa kudaden shiga na haraji za a karkatar da su don wasu dalilai. A wasu lokuta, akwai kuma hadarin cewa ana nada ma'aikata mafi yawancin lokuta a kan dalilai na siyasa maimakon a kan cancantar kwarewarsu.

Daidaitawa

Ka'idojin kasa da kasa don tsarin samar da ruwa suna karkashin Rarraba Ka'idojin Kasa da Kasa (ICS) 91.140.60.

Kwatanta ayyukan masu samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli

Kwatanta ayyukan masu samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli (kamfanoni) ana bukatar sa, saboda bangaren yana ba da takaitaccen fili don gasa ta kai tsaye (ikon mallakar dabi'a). Kamfanonin da ke aiki a kasuwanni masu gasa suna karkashin matsin lamba akai-akai don yin fice fiye da juna. Kamfanonin ruwa galibi suna da kariya daga wannan matsin lamba, kuma hakan yana bayyana akai-akai: wasu kamfanonin suna kan hanyar ingantawa mai dorewa, amma wasu da yawa suna ci gaba da fadowa baya ga mafi kyawun dabarun aiki. Auna kwatancen ayyukan kamfanoni yana ba da damar zaburar da gasa, kafa manufofi na gaske don ingantawa da samar da matsin lamba don cin ma mafi kyawun kamfanoni. Bayani kan ma'aunai na kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana samar da shi ta hanyar Hanyar Sadarwar Auna Kwatancen Kasa da Kasa na Kamfanonin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.