Tetanus
Tetanus (daga Tsohon Girkanci τέτανος 'tsananin', 'tsananne', 'tsayayyen'), wanda aka fi sani da lockjaw, kamuwa ne na ƙwayoyin cuta wanda Clostridium tetani ya haifar kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar spasms na tsoka. A cikin nau'in da aka fi sani, spasms suna farawa a cikin jaw sannan su ci gaba zuwa sauran jiki. Kowane spasm yawanci yana da 'yan mintoci kaɗan. Spasms yana faruwa akai-akai na makonni uku zuwa hudu.[1][2] Wasu spasms na iya zama masu tsanani don karye ƙasusuwa.[3] Sauran alamun tetanus na iya haɗawa da zazzabi, gumi, ciwon kai, matsala ta haɗiyewa, hawan jini mai yawa, da saurin bugun zuciya. Farawar alamun yawanci kwanaki 3 zuwa 21 bayan kamuwa da cuta. Warkewa na iya ɗaukar watanni; kusan 10% na shari'o'in sun zama Mai kisa.[1]
Ana samun C. tetani a cikin ƙasa, hawaye, ƙura, da tururi. Kwayoyin cuta gabaɗaya suna shiga ta hanyar raguwa a cikin fata, kamar yankewa ko rauni wanda wani abu mai gurbata ya haifar.[1] Suna samar da guba wanda ke tsoma baki tare da raguwar tsoka na yau da kullun.[2] Binciken ya dogara ne akan alamun nunawa da alamomi. Cutar ba ta yadu tsakanin mutane.[3]
Ana iya hana Tetanus ta hanyar rigakafi tare da Allurar rigakafin tetanus. A cikin waɗanda ke da mummunan rauni kuma waɗanda ke da ƙasa da allurai uku na allurar rigakafi, ana ba da shawarar allurar rigakawa da globulin na rigakafin tetanus. Ya kamata a tsabtace raunin, kuma a cire duk wani abu da ya mutu. A cikin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar, ana amfani da globulin na rigakafin tetanus, ko, idan ba a samuwa ba, ana amfani dashi da immunoglobulin na intravenous (IVIG). Ana iya amfani da kayan kwantar da hankali na tsoka don sarrafa spasms. Ana iya buƙatar iska ta inji idan numfashi na mutum ya shafi.[2]
Tetanus yana faruwa a duk sassan duniya amma ya fi yawa a yanayin zafi da rigar inda ƙasa ke da babban abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta. A cikin shekara ta 2015, akwai kimanin mutane 209,000 da suka kamu da cuta kuma kimanin mutane 59,000 suka mutu a duniya.[4][5] Wannan ya sauka daga mutuwar 356,000 a cikin 1990.[6] A Amurka, tun daga shekara ta 2010, an samu karancin mutane 40 da aka ruwaito a kowace shekara, kusan dukansu suna cikin mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba.[7] Hippocrates ne ya fara bayyana cutar a karni na 5 BC. Antonio Carle da Giorgio Rattone a Jami'ar Turin ne suka tantance dalilin cutar a 1884, kuma an kirkiro allurar rigakafi a 1924.[3]
Alamomi da alamomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tetanus sau da yawa yana farawa tare da spasms mai sauƙi a cikin tsokoki na jaw - wanda aka fi sani da lockjaw. Irin wannan spasms na iya zama fasalin trismus.[8] Har ila yau, spasms na iya shafar tsokoki na fuska, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar da ake kira risus sardonicus. Zuciya, wuyan, baya, tsokoki na ciki, da ƙafar hannu na iya shafar. Rashin tsoka na baya sau da yawa yana haifar da arching, wanda ake kira opisthotonus. Wani lokaci, spasms yana shafar tsokoki da aka yi amfani da su yayin numfashi da numfashi, wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin numfashi.[9]
Ayyukan tsoka masu tsawo suna haifar da raguwa na kwatsam, mai ƙarfi, da raɗaɗi na ƙungiyoyin tsoka, wanda ake kira tetany. Wadannan abubuwan na iya haifar da karyewa da hawaye. Sauran alamun sun haɗa da zazzabi, ciwon kai, rashin kwanciyar hankali, fushi, matsalolin ciyarwa, Matsalolin numfashi, jin ƙonewa yayin fitsari, riƙe fitsari, da asarar sarrafa turare.
Ko da tare da magani, kusan 10% na mutanen da suka kamu da cutar tetanus sun mutu. Yawan mace-mace ya fi girma a cikin mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba, da kuma mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 60.[3]
Lokacin shayarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin shayarwa na tetanus na iya zama har zuwa watanni da yawa, amma yawanci kusan kwanaki goma ne.[10][11] Gabaɗaya, mafi nisa wurin raunin ya kasance daga tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, tsawon lokacin incubation. Ƙananan lokutan shayarwa za su sami alamun bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani.[12] A cikin trismus nascentium (watau, neonatal tetanus), alamun yawanci suna bayyana daga kwanaki 4 zuwa 14 bayan haihuwa, matsakaicin kimanin kwanaki 7. Dangane da binciken asibiti, an bayyana nau'ikan tetanus daban-daban guda huɗu.
Tetanus na gaba ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Generalized tetanus shine mafi yawan nau'in, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 80% na shari'o'in. Tsarin gabaɗaya yawanci yana gabatar da tsari mai saukowa. Alamar farko ita ce trismus ko lockjaw, sannan spasms na fuska (wanda ake kira risus sardonicus), sannan ta biyo bayan tsananin wuyan, wahalar haɗiyewa, da tsananin tsokoki na kirji da na maraƙin. Sauran alamun sun hada da zafin jiki mai girma, gumi, Hawan jini mai girma, da saurin bugun zuciya. Spasms na iya faruwa akai-akai kuma ya kasance na mintuna da yawa, tare da jiki ya zama siffar da ake kira opisthotonos. Spasms yana ci gaba har zuwa makonni huɗu, kuma cikakkiyar warkewa na iya ɗaukar watanni.
Tetanus na jarirai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tetanus na cikin gida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tetanus na cikin gida wani nau'i ne mai ban mamaki na cutar, wanda mutane ke da ci gaba da raguwar tsoka a cikin wannan yanki na jikin mutum kamar raunin. Rashin raguwa na iya ci gaba na makonni da yawa kafin ya ragu a hankali. Tetanus na cikin gida yana da sauƙi; kusan kashi 1% ne kawai na shari'o'in suna da haɗari, amma yana iya riga ya farawar tetanus na gaba ɗaya.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Tetanus Causes and Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- 1 2 "Tetanus For Clinicians". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "CDC2012Pink". - ↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". The Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
- ↑ "Tetanus Surveillance and Trends". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 21 May 2026.
- ↑ "Trismus – The Oral Cancer Foundation". 19 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- ↑ "Tetanus - Epidemiology of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-05-10. Archived from the original on 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
Laryngospasm (spasm of the vocal cords) and/or spasm of the muscles of respiration leads to interference with breathing.
- ↑ Vandelaer J, Birmingham M, Gasse F, Kurian M, Shaw C, Garnier S (July 2003). "Tetanus in developing countries: an update on the Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination Initiative". Vaccine. 21 (24): 3442–5. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00347-5. PMID 12850356.
- ↑ Brauner JS, Vieira SR, Bleck TP (July 2002). "Changes in severe accidental tetanus mortality in the ICU during two decades in Brazil". Intensive Care Medicine. 28 (7): 930–5. doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1332-4. PMID 12122532. S2CID 21772357.
- ↑ Farrar JJ, Yen LM, Cook T, Fairweather N, Binh N, Parry J, Parry CM (September 2000). "Tetanus". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 69 (3): 292–301. doi:10.1136/jnnp.69.3.292. PMC 1737078. PMID 10945801.
