Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Dalai Khagan of the Great Mongol State; (Supreme Khan of the Mongols); King of Kings; Khagan of Khamag Mongol; Lord of the Four Colors and Five Tongues; Son of Khan Tengri; Emperor of All Men
Reign	Spring 1206 – August 25, 1227; (more than 21 years)
Coronation	Spring 1206 in khurultai at the Onon River, Mongolia
Full name	Genghis Khan ; Mongol: Чингис Хаан ; Chingis Khaan; Mongol script (right): ; Chinggis Khagan; Birth name: ; Temujin /təˈmuːdʒɪn/; ; Temujin ;
Titles	Khan, Khagan; Temple name: ; Posthumous name: Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu; (法天啟運聖武皇帝)
Born	probably 1162
Birthplace	Khentii Mountains, Mongolia
Died	August 1227 (Aged 65)
Successor	Ögedei Khan
Consort	Borte Ujin; Khulan; Yesugen; Yesui; others
Offspring	Jochi; Chagatai; Ögedei; Tolui; Others
Royal House	Borjigin
Father	Yesügei
Mother	Oulen

Genghis Khan (c. 1162 - 18 August 1227) ek bahut jaana maana military leader rahaa jon ki Mongol tribes ke ek kar ke Mongol Empire banais rahaa. Uske baad waala khan logan, Mogolia ke dunia ke sab se barraa empire banain rahaa.

Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan ke aaja rahaa, jon ki China ke Yuan Dynasty ke pahila raja rahaa.

Naam aur title

Dunia me koi rakam ke system nai hae jisme Mongolian bhasa ke Roman script me likha jaae sake hae. Ii kaaran se jon rakam se Mongolian naam ke likha jaawe hae, original pronunciation se kaafi ifferent hae. ^[3] Padwi ke naam, jiske jaada kar ke "Genghis" likha jaawe hae, Mongolian ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ se aais hae, jiske Činggis Romanise karaa jaawe sake hae. Iske Chinese bhasa me adopt karaa gais rahaa Chéngjísī ke ruup me, aur Persian bhasa me چنگیز Čəngīz ke ruup me. Kaaheki Arbii bhasa me [tʃ] ke rakam awaaj nai hae, iske Mongolian aur Persian romanisations me angbr likha gais hae, lekhak transcribed kare rahin ii naam as J̌ingiz, jab ki Syriac lekhak Šīngīz.^[4] ke kaam me laaw rahin.

"Genghis" ke saathe, jiske English bhasa me 18th century me pahila dafe kaam me laawa gais rahaa, Persian sources ke galti se parrhe ke kaaran, aaj-kal ke English spellings hae "Chinggis", "Chingis", "Jinghis", aur "Jengiz". Uske janam ke naam "Temüjin" (ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ; Tiěmùzhēn) ke kabhi-kabhi "Temuchin" English me likha jaawe hae.^[5]

Genghis ke potaa Kublai Khan Yuan dynasty ke 1271 me suruu karis rahaa, tab uu temple naam Taizu ( jiske matlab 'Supreme Progenitor' hae) aur mare ke baad ke naam Shengwu Huangdi ( jiske matlab 'Holy-Martial Emperor hae') aapn aaja ke. Kublai ke par-potaa Külüg Khan baad me iske expand kar ke Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Huangdi ( karis rahaa, jiske matlab 'Interpreter of the Heavenly Law, Initiator of the Good Fortune, Holy-Martial Emperor hae').

Jawaani ke din

Janam aur bachpan

Ispe sahmati nai hae ki Temüjin kon saal me paida bhais rahaa, lekin historians : 1155, 1162, aur 1167 ke favour kare hae. Kuchh sanskriti ke anusaar, uske janam Year of the Pig, jon 1155 nai to 1167 me hae, me uske janam bhais rahaa.^[6] Jab 1155 ke duuno Zhao Hong aur Rashid al-Din ke lekh samarthan kare hae, duusra khaas sources jaise History of Yuan aur Shengwu 1162 ke favour kare hae.^[7] 1167 ke taarik, jiske sinologist Paul Pelliot fanour kare hae, Yuan artist Yang Weizhen ke lekh se aais hae—aur ii Genghis Khan se kaada compatible hae, 1155 ke jagha, jiske matlab hae ki uspe lage koi larrkan nai rahaa 30 saal ke umar ke baad aur actively campaign karte rahaa aapan 70s talak.Script error: The function "sfnm" does not exist. 1162 ke taarik ke jaada historians support kare hae;Script error: The function "sfnm" does not exist. the historian Paul Ratchnevsky note karis hae ki Temüjin apne sachchaai ke nai jaanat rahaa.^[8] Temüjin ke janam sthaan, Secret History record kare hae as Delüün Boldog Onon River pe, iske yahii rakan se debate raraa gais hae: ii saait Dadal, Khentii Province me, nai to southern Agin-Buryat Okrug, Russia ne hae.^[9]

A dark river flowing between bushes and open ground, curving to avoid a high ridge — Onon Naddi, jon uu jagha ke nagiich hae jahaan pe Temüjin paida bhais rahaa, ke nagiich hae jiske chhaapa hian pe Khentii Province me hae, Mongolia

Temüjin Borjigin clan of the Mongol tribe me paida bhais rahaa, aur uske pitaji ek Yesügei rahaa, ek chieftain jon legendary warlord Bodonchar Munkhag se descent claim karis rahaa, aur uske maiyaa pitaji ke khaas aurat rahii jiske naam Hö'elün rahaa, jon originally Olkhonud clan ke rahii, jahaan se Yesügei uske apharan kar liis rahaa uske Merkit bridegroom Chiledu se. Uske maiyaa ke paidais waala naam ke contest karaa jaawe hae: sab se puraana itihaas ii batae hae ki jab uske pitaji Tatars se larr ke lautat rahaa, captive jiske naam Temüchin-uge rahaa, tab uu aapan nawaa paidaa bhais ke wahii naam diis rahaa, jab ki baad ke itihaas root temür (jiske matlab 'iron' hae) ke emphasise kare hae aur ii theories kare hae ki "Temüjin" ke matlab 'blacksmith' hae.Script error: The function "sfnm" does not exist.

Temüjin ke janam ke baare me dher legend hae. Isme se sab se jaada hae ki uu paida bhais rahaa ek blood clot ke aapan haanth me pakarr ke, jiske matlab Asian folklore me hae ki larrkaa ek warrior banii.Script error: The function "sfnm" does not exist. Duusra jane ii claim kare hae ki Hö'elün ek impregnated by a ray of light rahaa jon larrkaa ke destiny ke announce karis rahaa, ek legend jon mythical Borjigin ancestor Alan Gua ke rakam rahaa.^[10] Yesügei aur Hö'elün ke Temüjin ke baad tiin aur xhhotaa larrka rahin : Qasar, Hachiun, aur Temüge, aur ek larrki, Temülün. Temüjin ke dui half-brothers, Behter aur Belgutei rahaa, Yesügei ke duusra aurat Sochigel se, jiske identity ke baare me bahut nai jaana jaawe hae. Ii larrkan Yesugei ke khaas camp Onon ke kinaare barraa bhae rahin, jahaan pe uu logan ghorraa daurrae aur dhanus chalae sikhe rahin. ^[11]

Jab Temüjin aath saal ke rahaa, tab uske pitaji uske saadi ke right kar diis rahaa. Yesügei aapan heir ke pastures of Hö'elün's prestigious Onggirat tribe lae gais rahaa, jon Mongols ke saathe pahile dher dafe saadi kare rahin. Huan pe uu Temüjin aur Börte, Onggirat chieftain jiske naam Dei Sechen rahaa ke larrki se saadi karis raha. Saadi ke kaaran Yesügei ek taagatwar ally milaa, kaaheki Börte jaada dahej rahaa, Dei Sechen ke stronger negotiating position rahaa, aur deman karis ki Temüjin uske ghar me rahe aapan aage ke kharchaa ke bhare ke khaatir

Ii sarat ke maan ke, Yesügei ek band of Tatars se khaana ke request karis, jisse uu mila rahaa jab uu akele ghar lautat rahaa. Tatar log aapan puraana dusman ke cheenh liin aur uske khaana me jahar daal diin. Yesügei dhire-dhire bemaar hoe lagaa lekin aapan ghar pahunch gais ; jab uu mare waala rhaa tab uu ek trusted retainer ke Temüjin se balae ke batais. Iske kuchh din baad uu mar gais rahaa.

Jawaani ke din

Yesügei ke maut se uske janata log me vibhajan hoe gais, jisme Borjigin, Tayichiud, aur duusra clans rahaa. Jab Temüjin abhi das saal se chhotaa rahaa aur Behter dui saal barraa rahaa, duuno ke raaj kare ke kaabil nai maana jaawat rahaa. Tayichiud faction Hö'elün ke ancestor worship ceremonies se alag kar diin, jon ek neta ke ke mare ke baad karaa jaawat rahaa aur camp ke chhorr se rahin. Secret History ii batae hae ki puura Borjigin clan folow karis, chaahe jetna Hö'elün's kosis karis uu logan ke sarmawae ke , rahe jaawe ke.. Lekin Rashid al-Din aur Shengwu imply karin hae ki Yesügei ke bhaiyaa logan widow ke saath de rahin. Ii hoe sake hae ki Hö'elün may have refused to join in levirate marriage with one, resulting in later tensions, or that the author of the Secret History dramatised the situation. Sab sources isme sahmat hae ki dher Yesügei ke log palwaar ke renounce kar ke Tayichiuds ke join kar le rahin aur Hö'elün ke palwaar were reduced to a much harsher life. Taking up a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, they collected roots and nuts, hunted for small animals, and caught fish.^[12]

References

↑ Central Asiatic Journal (O. Harrassowitz) 5: 239. 1959. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjjjAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
↑ Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. p. 142. ISBN 0-631-16785-4. "It is possible, however, to say with certainty that Genghis Khan died in August 1227; only in specifying the actual day of his death do our sources disagree."
↑ Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. x–xi.
↑ Pelliot 1959, p. 281.
↑ Bawden 2022, § "Introduction".
↑ Morgan 1986, p. 55.
↑ Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. 17–18.
↑ Ratc hnevsky 1991, p. 19.
↑ Atwood 2004, p. 97.
↑ Ratchnevsky 1991, p. 17.
↑ Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. 15–19.
↑ May 2018, p. 25.

Ii koi jan article ek chhota panna hae. Aap iske lamba karke Wikipedia ke madat kare saktaa hae.

[1] Central Asiatic Journal (O. Harrassowitz) 5: 239. 1959. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjjjAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved July 29, 2011.

[2] Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. p. 142. ISBN 0-631-16785-4. "It is possible, however, to say with certainty that Genghis Khan died in August 1227; only in specifying the actual day of his death do our sources disagree."

[FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991x–xi-3] Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. x–xi.

[FOOTNOTEPelliot1959281-4] Pelliot 1959, p. 281.

[FOOTNOTEBawden2022§_"Introduction"-5] Bawden 2022, § "Introduction".

[FOOTNOTEMorgan198655-6] Morgan 1986, p. 55.

[FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199117–18-7] Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. 17–18.

[FOOTNOTERatc_hnevsky199119-8] Ratc hnevsky 1991, p. 19.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood200497-9] Atwood 2004, p. 97.

[FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199117-10] Ratchnevsky 1991, p. 17.

[FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199115–19-11] Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. 15–19.

[FOOTNOTEMay201825-12] May 2018, p. 25.

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