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Gaelic revival

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Gaelic Journal, otu akụkụ mbụ nke mmegharị mmalite nke Gaelic

Mbilite Gaelic (Irish: Athbheochan na Gaeilge) bụ ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu mmalite mba nke mmasị na asụsụ Irish (a makwaara dị ka Gaelic)[1] na Omenala Gaelic nke Ireland (gụnyere akụkọ ifo nke Ireland, mythology nke Ireland, egwuregwu, egwu, nka, wdg). Asụsụ Irish adalatala nke ukwuu dịka asụsụ a na-asụ, ọ ka bụ asụsụ a na-asụ kwa ụbọchị naanị n'ime ime obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ, ebe Bekee abụrụla asụsụ a na-asụkarị n'ọtụtụ mba Ireland.

Mmasị dị na omenala Gaelic pụtara ìhè na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu site na mmalite nke Belfast Harp Society na 1808 na Ulster Gaelic Society na 1830, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị n'akwụkwọ mmụta nke Robert Shipboy MacAdam, John O'Donovan na Eugene O'Curry, na ntọala nke Ossianic Society. Nchegbu maka asụsụ Irish e ji asụ mere ka e guzobe Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language na 1876, nakwa Gaelic Union na 1880. Nke ikpeazụ mepụtara Gaelic Journal. Gaelic Athletic Association, nke e hiwere na 1884, kwalitere Egwuregwu ọdịnala Ireland.

Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge) hiwere na 1893 site na Eoin MacNeill na ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị na asụsụ na omenala Gaelic. Onyeisi mbụ ha bụ Douglas Hyde. Ebumnuche nke otu a bụ ịgba ume nke ndị Irish ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị iji lụso anglicization nke mba ahụ ọgụ. O haziri nzukọ kwa izu iji kparịta Omenala Ireland, kwado nzukọ mkparịta ụka, dezie ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ aha ya bụ An Claidheamh Soluis, ma mee mkpọsa nke ọma ka e tinye ndị Irish n'usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Njikọ ahụ toro ngwa ngwa, nwee ihe karịrị alaka iri anọ na asatọ n'ime afọ anọ nke ntọala ya na narị anọ n'ime afọ iri. O nwere mmekọrịta siri ike na mmegharị omenala ndị ọzọ nke oge ahụ, dịka Pan-Celtic movement na Irish Literary Revival.

Ndị edemede dị mkpa nke mmaliteghachi Gaelic gụnyere Peadar Ua Laoghaire, Patrick Pearse (Pádraig Mac Piarais) na Pádraic Ó Conaire.

Mmegharị mbụ

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"Renaissance" nke Belfast

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"Mmaliteghachi egwu Irish Belfast", nke mere ka e mee Ụlọ Nzukọ Belfast Harpers na Julaị 1792,[2] a hụla ya dị ka "ihe na-ebute ụzọ na otu narị afọ nke mmalite Gaelic nke Ireland",[3] nakwa ịbụ "mmalite nke njikọ ogologo oge dị n'etiti ndị Protestant ugwu" na mgba iji chekwaa ma kwalite asụsụ Irish".[4] Na 1795, iji gbochie "nleghara anya zuru oke na ịgbasa ịma mma nke asụsụ ochie a na nke a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu", Northern Star, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke United Irishmen, mepụtara ụtọasụsụ, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Irish, Bolg an tSolair.[5] N'otu afọ ahụ, "Kpakpando" ahụ kpọsara klas n'asụsụ Pádraig Ó Loingsigh (Patrick Lynch) na-enye na Belfast Academy.[6]

Na 1808, otu n'ime ndị nhazi emume harp, dọkịta na polymath, James MacDonnell guzobere Belfast Harp Society. Na mgbakwunye na "ichekwa egwu mba na ngwa egwu mba Ireland", ọ gbalịrị inweta ma kesaa "ozi gbasara asụsụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ochie nke Ireland".[7]

Site na ndenye aha ọzọ sitere na MacDonnell, yana nkwado siri ike nke Mary Ann McCracken (onye a maara na ọ mụrụ ihe site na ụtọasụsụ Irish nke Charles Vallenty),[8][9] na enyi ya Gaeilgeoir, onye na-ede uri Mary Balfour nke Limavady,[10] òtù ahụ haziri ọmụmụ asụsụ Irish. James Cody nyere ha [11] onye jiri Okwu Mmalite nke Asụsụ Irish (1808)[12] compiled by the Presbyterian minister William Neilson (Uilliam Mac Néill).[13]

Site na 1828/30, MacDonnell maliteghachiri ọrụ a dị ka onyeisi oche nke Cuideacht Gaoidhilge Uladh (Ulster Gaelic Society).[14] Ndị otu ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'asụsụ ndị Ireland nke oge a, kama n'asụsụ ochie nke akwụkwọ edemede, mana o megidere ozi ọma okpukperechi nke mere ka ndị Protestant ndị ọzọ nwee mmasị yiri nke ahụ.[15][16] Mụ na Tomás Ó Fiannachta, Robert Shipboy MacAdam, odeakwụkwọ nkwonkwo nke ọha, bipụtara Okwu mmalite maka asụsụ Irish nke e zubere maka klaasị ndị Irish na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Royal Belfast[17] – usoro ụtọasụsụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke e hiwere na ụkpụrụ na-aga n'ihu site n'aka William Drennan na ndị agha ochie ndị ọzọ United Irish.[18][19]

Mgbe Ulster Gaelic Society kwụsịrị ọrụ na 1843, MacAdam were onye na-ede uri bụ Aodh Mac Domhnaill (Hugh McDonnell) n'ọrụ[20] dịka onye edemede oge niile na onye na-anakọta abụ, akụkọ ifo, na akwụkwọ edemede asụsụ Irish. MacAdam n'onwe ya chịkọtara ọtụtụ ihe, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-achọta ihe o dere n'etiti ndị si mba Ireland kwabata na Belfast.[21]

Òtù Dublin

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Ndị mbụ malitere agụmakwụkwọ siri ike karịa na Ireland bụ John O'Donovan (onye ga-abụ prọfesọ nke asụsụ Celtic na Queen's College, Belfast), Eugene O'Curry na George Petrie. O'Donovan na O'Curry chọtara ebe dị mkpa maka ọrụ ha na Irish Archaeological Society, otu n'ime òtù mbụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ edemede nke Ireland, nke e hiwere na 1840.[22] Na 1854, ọ sonyeere otu Celtic Society, wee guzobe otu Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society.[23]

Site na 1853, nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ ndị Ireland, ọkachasị akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo nke Ossian Cycle—e jikọtara ya na Fianna—ndị Ossianic Society bipụtara, ebe Standish Hayes O'Grady nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike.[22] E guzobere Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language n'afọ 1877 site n'aka ndị ọzọ, George Sigerson na Thomas O'Neill Russell.[22] Odeakwụkwọ nke otu ahụ, Fada John Nolan, kewara na ya na 1880 wee guzobe Gaelic Union, nke onyeisi oche ahụ bụ The O'Conor Don, ndị otu ya gụnyere Douglas Hyde na Michael Cusack.[24] Mmasị Cusack nwere n'omenala Gaelic abụghị naanị asụsụ ahụ; o nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'egwuregwu ọdịnala nke Ireland, na 1884, ya na Maurice Davin, ọ chọtara Gaelic Athletic Association iji kwalite egwuregwu nke Gaelic football, hịgharị na handball.[25] Na 1882, Gaelic Union malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa, Gaelic Journal. Onye nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ ya bụ David Comyn; John Fleming, ọkà mmụta a ma ama na Ireland, sochiri ya,[24] wee mechaa Nna Eugene O'Growney.[26]

Njikọ Gaelic

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Na Nọvemba 1892, Douglas Hyde kwuru okwu ihu ọha nye National Literary Society nke isiokwu ya bụ "Mkpa Maka Ịkwụsị Ịsụpụ Anglịkan na Ireland."[27] O kwuru na ndị Ireland aghọọla ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ anglicised kpamkpam, na a pụrụ ịgbanwe nke a naanị site n'iwulite asụsụ ahụ.[28] Eoin MacNeill Soro nke a site n'isiokwu dị na Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Gaelic, "Arịrịọ na Atụmatụ maka Mgbasa nke Mmegharị ahụ iji Chekwaa ma Gbasaa Asụsụ Gaelic na Ireland", ma malite ịmepụta otu nzukọ iji nyere aka mee ka nke a kwe omume, ya na Eugene O'Growney na J. H. Lloyd (Seosamh Laoide).[29] Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge) tọrọ ntọala na 31 Julaị 1893. A họpụtara Hyde ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche, odeakwụkwọ MacNeill, na onye na-ahụ maka ego Lloyd, Thomas O'Neill Russell sokwa ná ndị a họpụtara ka ha bịa n'ọgbakọ ahụ.[30]

Njikọ Gaelic na-enwe nzukọ kwa izu nke jikọtara klaasị na mkparịta ụka.[31] Nlebara anya ya n'ụdị asụsụ obodo na akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ mere ka ọ dị iche na Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language, Òtù Celtic na Njikọ Gaelic. N'ime ọnwa ole na ole, o nwere alaka na Cork na Galway. Mgbe afọ anọ gachara, o nwere alaka iri anọ na atọ, mgbe afọ iri gachara, ihe karịrị narị anọ.[32] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite asụsụ ahụ n'ụlọ karịa ịkụziri ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, o nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'itinye asụsụ Irish n'usoro ọmụmụ ihe; ọnụọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-akụzi ya rịrị elu site na ihe dị ka iri na abụọ n'afọ 1880 ruo 1,300 na 1903.[33] Njikọ ahụ weghaara Gaelic Journal na 1894, mgbe O'Growney lara ezumike nká dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, MacNeill nọchiri ya.[32] Na Jenụwarị 1898, ọ malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu, Fáinne an Lae.[34] Na Maachị nke afọ sochirinụ, mgbe esemokwu dị n'etiti ya na onye nwe ya gasịrị, e jiri An Claidheamh Soluis dochie nke a, MacNeill wee bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ọzọ.[35] In 1901 Eoghan Ó Neachtain nọchiri MacNeill dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye Patrick Pearse nọchiri ya n'afọ 1903.[36] Njikọ ahụ metụtakwara onwe ya na egwu ọdịnala nke Ireland, ọ sokwa na mmegharị ahụ nke dugara n'ịhazi Feis Ceoil (Mmemme Egwu) nke Annie Patterson mere na 1897.[37]

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti otu ahụ na mmegharị omenala nke oge a adịghị mma, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-akpasu iwe, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ndị isi otu ahụ nwere mmekọrịta enyi na enyi na mmegharị ndị ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị otu lere Pan-Celticism anya n'ihi na ndị isi ya na Ireland, karịsịa Lord Castletown, nwere njikọ chiri anya na Ụlọ ọrụ Irish.[38] Mgbe a kpọrọ Douglas Hyde òkù ka ọ bịa na Nzukọ Pan-Celtic nke afọ 1900—nke a ga-eme na Dublin—dịka onye nnọchiteanya nke League ahụ, Coiste Gnótha (kọmiti ndị isi) jụrụ izipu onye nnọchite anya ọ bụla, mana Hyde nwere ike ịbịa dịka onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụrụ na ọ chọrọ. Hyde jụrụ ịga.[39] A katọrọ Mbilite Akwụkwọ Irish n'ihi na e dere akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ Bekee, ọ bụghị n'asụsụ Irish, ya mere o ji bụrụ ihe gbasara asụsụ Bekee. Eoin MacNeill dere, sị, "Ka ha dee maka 'ụwa ndị na-asụ Bekee' ma ọ bụ 'agbụrụ ndị na-asụ Bekee' ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-eme ya. Ma ka ha ghara ime ihe ga-ewute anyị site n'ịkpọ ihe odide ha Irish na nke mba.[40] Patrick Pearse kwuru maka Irish Literary Theatre, nke W. B. Yeats na Lady Gregory hiwere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na e kwesịrị "ịnyagbu ya mgbe a mụrụ ya".[40]

Ndị edemede

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An tAthair Peadar Ua Laoghaire (Fada Peter O'Leary), onye onye ụkọchukwu parish si Castlelyons na County Cork, malitere itinye aka na Gaelic Journal na 1894, na Nọvemba nke afọ ahụ o bipụtara nkeji mbụ nke Séadna, nke ga-abụ ọrụ ya akacha mara amara. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kọwara ya dị ka "ihe atụ nke Munster Irish, otu n'ime ihe atụ kacha mma nke Gaelic ndị a ma ama nke ndịda nke ebipụtara, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị nke kacha mma."[41] Séadna bụ ọrụ mbụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Irish.[42] Ua Laoghaire haziri usoro Táin Bó Cúailnge na Cork Weekly Examiner na 1900–1901, wee soro ya na usoro nke akụkọ oge a nke Irish oge ochie dịka Bricriu, Eisirt, An Cleasaidhe na An Craos-Deamhan, ihe niile a jụrụ agụmakwụkwọ iji kwado okwu na ntụrụndụ nke ndị Irish.[43] Ka e mechara Séadna, ọrụ ya akacha mara amara bụ akụkọ ndụ ya, Mo Séal Féin. E dere ọrụ ya niile n'asụsụ a kpọrọ caint na ndaoine (asụsụ ndị mmadụ).[42]

Patrick Pearse (Pádraig Mac Piarais), onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke An Claidheamh Soluis—ma mechaa bụrụ onye ndu mgbanwe n'oge Easter Rising—dere uri, akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na egwuregwu. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye mbụ dere Ọdịnihu n'asụsụ Irish.[44] Pearse jụrụ ihe ọ kpọrọ "ụdị asụsụ na akwụkwọ nwụrụ anwụ n'asụsụ dị ndụ", mana n'otu oge ahụ jụrụ echiche ahụ na ọ bụ naanị ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo dịka Ua Laoghaire nwere ike imepụta "Irish Irish".[45] O wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ, Iosagán agus Séalta Eile (1907) na An Mháthair agus Scéalta Eile (1916).[44] Nchịkọta uri ya, Suantraithe agus Goltraithe (1914) nwere uri ya kacha ama ama, "Mise Éire" ("Abụ m onye Ireland").[46]

Pádraic Ó Conaire a na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye edemede kacha mma n'oge ahụ.[44] O dere ihe karịrị akụkọ dị mkpirikpi narị anọ n'agbata afọ 1901 na ọnwụ ya na 1928. Akụkọ ya gbara ọchịchịrị karịa nke ndị ọgbọ ya. Dịka ihe o dere n'akwụkwọ ya bụ 'Dictionary of Irish Biography' si kwuo, ha na-emeso "nnọpụiche, esemokwu dị n'etiti ezi ihe na ihe ọjọọ, ọdachi nke ndụ, ịkpọasị, ikpu ìsì, enweghị olileanya, na ara."[47] O dere otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, Deoraíocht (Nchụpụ), John T. Koch kọwara ya dị ka "ihe ijuanya na echiche akụkọ uche, nke mbụ n'ụdị ahụ na Irish", gbasara otu nwoke Connemara bi na London.[44] Ọrụ Ó Conaire bụ ndị na-arụrịta ụka, na-ekwu maka isiokwu dịka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na ịkwa iko, nke Ua Laoghaire ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime mmegharị ahụ hụrụ na ha bụ ihe a na-anaghị anabata.[47]

Hukwa

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ (1994) Current Issues in Second Language Acquisition and Development. University Press of America. ISBN 0819191825. 
  2. ↑ Sara C. Lanier, «"It is new-strung and shan't be heard": nationalism and memory in the Irish harp tradition». in: British Journal of Ethnomusicology; Vol. 8, 1999
  3. ↑ (1960) The Life and Times of Mary Ann McCracken, 1770–1866: A Belfast Panorama. Dublin: Allen Figgis, 84. ISBN 9781788550840. 
  4. ↑ Bardon, Jonathan (1992). A History of Ulster. Belfast: The Balckstaff Press, 221. ISBN 0856404764. 
  5. ↑ Quinn, James (2002). Soul on Fire: a Life of Thomas Russell. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 129. ISBN 9780716527329. 
  6. ↑ Oidhreacht Feirste: An Ghaeilge i mBéal Feirste. Belfast Heritage: Irish in Belfast.
  7. ↑ Magee, John (1992). The Heritage of the Harp: the Linen Hall Library and the Preservation of Irish Music. Belfast: Linen Hall Library, 20. ISBN 0950898554. 
  8. ↑ Vallancey, Charles (1782). A Grammar of the Iberno-Celtic, or Irish language. (in en). Dublin: R. Marchbank. 
  9. ↑ Gray, John (2020). Mary Ann McCracken. Belfast: Reclaim the Enlightenment, 22. 
  10. ↑ Courtney, Roger (2013). Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition, 53. ISBN 9781909556065. 
  11. ↑ Salmon, John (1895). "Belfast's first Irish Harp Society,1808". Ulster Journal of Archaeology 1 (2): 151. 
  12. ↑ Neilson, William (1990). An introduction to the Irish language (1808) (in en). Ultach Trust. ISBN 978-0-9516466-0-1. 
  13. ↑ Murphy, David (2009). Neilson, William (Mac Néill, Uilliam) | Dictionary of Irish Biography (en).
  14. ↑ Blaney, Roger (1996). Presbyterians and the Irish Language (in en). Ulster Historical Foundation. ISBN 978-0-901905-72-7. 
  15. ↑ McCoy, Gordon (2012). A History of Protestant Irish Speakers, pp. 33-34.
  16. ↑ Mac Póilin (2018), p. 177
  17. ↑ Morley, Vincent (2009). MacAdam, Robert Shipboy | Dictionary of Irish Biography (en).
  18. ↑ Bardon, Jonathan (1982). Belfast: An Illustrated History. Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 80. ISBN 0856402729. 
  19. ↑ (1913) Royal Belfast Academical Institution. Centenary Volume 1810-1910. Belfast: M'Caw, Stevenson & Orr, 204–205. 
  20. ↑ Morley, Vincent (2009). Mac Domhnaill, Aodh (McDonnell, Hugh) | Dictionary of Irish Biography (en).
  21. ↑ Mac Póilin (2018), p. 176.
  22. 1 2 3 Tierney (1980), p. 16
  23. ↑ Somerville-Woodward, Robert (1999). "The Ossianic Society 1853-1863". PaGes 6. 
  24. 1 2 Tierney (1980), p. 17
  25. ↑ Michael Cusack, Maurice Davin and the Gaelic Athletic Association. The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives. National Library of Ireland (2006). Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved on 20 March 2026.
  26. ↑ Ryan, John (Dec 1945). "Eoin Mac Neill 1867–1945". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 34 (136). 
  27. ↑ Duffy, Charles Gavan (1894). The Revival of Irish Literature. London: T. F. Unwin. 
  28. ↑ Tierney (1980), p. 20
  29. ↑ Tierney (1980), pp. 21–2
  30. ↑ Tierney (1980), p. 24
  31. ↑ Tierney (1980), p. 26
  32. 1 2 Tierney (1980), p. 28
  33. ↑ Tierney (1980), p. 42
  34. ↑ Tierney (1980), p. 44
  35. ↑ Tierney (1980), p. 48
  36. ↑ Tierney (1980), p. 73
  37. ↑ Tierney (1980), pp. 29–30
  38. ↑ Edwards (1977), pp. 31–32
  39. ↑ Dunleavy, Janet Egleson (1991). Douglas Hyde: A Maker of Modern Ireland. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-90932-1. 
  40. 1 2 Tierney (1980), p. 66
  41. ↑ Tierney (1980), p. 35
  42. 1 2 Murphy, John A. (2009). Ó Laoghaire, Peadar. Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press.
  43. ↑ O'Leary, Philip (2005). The Prose Literature of the Gaelic Revival, 1881–1921: Ideology and Innovation. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271025964. 
  44. 1 2 3 4 Koch, John (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851094407. 
  45. ↑ Edwards (1977), p. 97
  46. ↑ Pierce, David (2000). Irish Writing in the Twentieth Century: A Reader. Cork: Cork University Press. ISBN 1859182089. 
  47. 1 2 Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa (2009). Ó Conaire, Pádraic. Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press.

Edensibia

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Njikọ mpụga

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