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. 2015;30(2):140-4.
doi: 10.1264/jsme2.ME14145. Epub 2015 Apr 3.

Survival of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses on Inanimate Surfaces

Swan Firquet  1 , Sophie Beaujard, Pierre-Emmanuel Lobert, Famara Sané, Delphine Caloone, Daniel Izard, Didier Hober
Affiliations

Survival of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses on Inanimate Surfaces

Swan Firquet et al. Microbes Environ. 2015.

Abstract

In the present study, we evaluated the viability of non-enveloped viruses, minute virus of mice (MVM) and coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), and enveloped-viruses, influenza A virus (H1N1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), on surfaces. We also investigated the impact of the initial concentration of proteins and sodium chloride on the persistence of infectious CVB4 on surfaces. Viral suspensions (>10(4.5) TCID50) were applied to petri dish lids and dried under the air flow of a biosafety cabinet. The recovered viral preparations were titered on appropriate cell lines. Enveloped viruses persisted for less than 5 days while CVB4 and MVM persisted for weeks. However, repetitive cycles of drying and resuspension had a stronger virucidal effect on CVB4 than on H1N1 and HSV-1. These repetitive cycles had no effect on the infectious titer of MVM. When exposed to drying, the initial concentrations of bovine serum albumin (from 0 to 90 mg mL(-1)), fetal calf serum (from 0 to 100%), and sodium chloride (from 0 to 300 mg mL(-1)) affected the viability of CVB4. CVB4 was more likely to be inactivated by drying in a protein-rich medium, whereas the impact of drying was reduced in the presence of sodium chloride. The results of the present study demonstrated that the resistance of viruses to drying, as suggested by iterative drying, was not due to the heterogeneity of viral subpopulations, but was influenced by media compositions and component concentrations, as illustrated in the model of CVB4.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Virucidal effect of drying on viruses applied to Petri dish lids. Fifty microliters of each culture supernatant fluid containing H1N1, CVB4, HSV-1, or MVM was applied to Petri dish lids in quadruplicate. They were dried under the air flow of a biosafety cabinet at room temperature from 2 h to 6 weeks. Thereafter, dried inocula were recovered using 1 mL of titer media and the infectious titers were determined and expressed as log10. The results are the mean ± SD of four independent experiments. The dashed line represents the detection limit of the test.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Quantification of CVB4 RNA and level of infectious particles. Fifty microliters of the culture supernatant fluid containing CVB4 was applied to petri dish lids in quadruplicate. Inocula on lids were dried for 2 h at room temperature, and, thereafter, recovered with 1 mL of culture media. The infectious titers were determined and expressed as log10 TCID50 50 μL−1 (■). RNA was extracted and the levels of viral RNA were measured by quantitative RT-PCR and expressed as Ct (□). The results are the mean + SD of four independent experiments.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Virucidal effect of drying on H1N1, HSV-1, CVB4, and MVM in supernatant fluids applied to Petri dish lids. Ten microliters of each supernatant fluid was applied to Petri dish lids in quadruplicate. They were dried under the air flow of a biosafety cabinet at room temperature. Ten microliters of sterile distilled water was added to the dried spot before starting a new cycle. Thereafter, dried inocula were recovered using 1 mL of media and the infectious titers were determined and expressed as log10. The results are the mean + SD of four independent experiments. The dashed line represents the detection limit of the test. *: P value <0.05.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Virucidal effect of drying on CVB4 suspensions at various concentrations of FCS, BSA, and NaCl. Fifty microliters of a viral suspension was applied to Petri dishes in quadruplicate. They were dried under the air flow of a biosafety cabinet at room temperature. Thereafter, dried inocula were recovered using 1 mL of medium and the infectious titers were determined and expressed as log10. The results are the mean ± SD of four independent experiments. The dashed line represents the detection limit.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Recovery efficiency of CVB4 spiked in protein-rich medium. Culture supernatant fluid containing CVB4 was spiked (1% v/v) in medium containing BSA (50 mg mL−1) (A) and in FBS (100%) (B), and 50 μL of these suspensions were applied to petri dish lids in quadruplicate. Inocula on lids were dried for 2 h at room temperature, and, thereafter, recovered with 1 mL of culture media. The infectious titers were determined and expressed as log10 TCID50 50 μL−1 (■). RNA was extracted and the levels of viral RNA were measured by quantitative RT-PCR and expressed as Ct (□). The results are the mean + SD of four independent experiments. The dashed line represents the detection limit.
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