中醫
中醫係一種源自中國傳統醫學嘅替代醫學。佢套理論入面有唔少觀點俾人質疑缺乏科學根據,甚至俾人歸類為偽科學。時至今日,絕大部分中醫藥療法仲係未有充足且具公信力嘅臨床療效證據,亦難以用現代科學邏輯去解釋佢嘅藥理機制。[1][2]此外,部分中藥材已被證實含有毒素,若果長期間食或者處理得唔好,可以引發嚴重疾病,包括致癌。[3][4]
中國傳統醫療歷嚟涵蓋多種有時自相矛盾嘅醫療做法同健康觀念,包括民間信仰、士大夫醫學理論、道教同儒家哲學、中藥、食療、飲食調養、導引運動,以及唔同醫學專科同思想流派。[5] 現代所理解嘅中醫體系,實際上主要係二十世紀嘅產物,而非自古以嚟一脈相承。[6]20 世紀初,中國班有識之士同改革派睇得出傳統嗰套「醫術」就係落後、迷信、完全冇科學根據,所以當時係極力主張要踢走呢啲舊嘢。點知有班醫者唔心死,夾硬喺堆古老哲學入面東拼西湊,將啲玄學嘢執靚佢,重新包裝成所謂嘅「中醫」[7]。到咗 50 年代,中國政府為咗搞政治宣傳,翻生咗呢啲本身應該淘汰嘅野,仲將佢合法化,推行中西醫結合[8][9]。去到 60 年代文革嗰陣,政府為咗慳錢同埋應付落後地區嘅醫療壓力,就攞中醫嚟做廉價替代品。[10]佢哋推廣中醫,講到尾單純係因為中醫成本低、易普及,甚至係因為當時根本冇足夠嘅正規西醫。
一般人因為,中醫制度化同推廣嘅嘅主要搞手係毛澤東;不過,據《毛澤東私人生活》所講,佢自己並唔相信中醫有實質療效。[11] 1972 年中美關係解凍後,西方社會對中醫嘅醫療體系產生咗明顯興趣。[12]
中醫建基於《黃帝內經》、《本草綱目》等經典,[13]涵蓋多種療法,包括中藥、針灸、拔罐、刮痧、推拿、跌打、氣功同飲食調養。中醫喺漢字文化圈內都有人用,喺唔同地方有唔同叫法,例如日本叫漢方醫學,而喺朝鮮半島就叫東醫學(今日南韓叫韓醫學,北韓叫高麗醫學)。
中醫其中一個核心理念,係認為人體內嘅「氣」會沿住稱為經絡嘅通道運行,並連接各個器官同生理功能。[14]然而,至今並無科學證據顯示經絡或生命能量實際存在。中醫對人體同疾病嘅理解,反映其古代起源,重視動態過程多過物質結構,同古希臘醫學同古羅馬醫學嘅體液學說相近。[15]
中國境內對傳統藥材嘅需求,係走私野生動物嘅一大原因,呢種需求同瀕危動物被獵殺同非法販運有關聯。[16]近年中國當局亦展開多項行動,打擊涉及中醫藥材嘅非法野生動物交易。[17][18]
評價
[編輯]有批評指出,中醫理論同實踐,根本唔係建基於現代科學。而且中醫從業員之間對於同一個病人應該點樣診斷同治療,往往都未能達成一致 [14]。2007年,《自然》期刊一篇社論批評,中醫「研究根基薄弱,缺乏實證,好多方法都解釋唔到點解有效」[2][19],篇文章仲直頭形容中醫「大把位都係偽科學嚟」。
2008 年一項文獻回顧指出,按循證醫學嘅標準,科學界依然搵唔到任何證據可以支持中醫傳統概念,例如「氣」、經絡同針灸穴位嘅等。[20] 份研究又認為,針灸嘅傳統理論基礎本身存在嚴重缺陷。[21] 文中繼續指出,「針灸穴位同經絡並唔係真實存在」,而只係「源自古代中國哲學嘅產物」。[22]
2012 年一項關於中醫成本效益嘅研究回顧發現,相關研究嘅證據等級普遍偏低,未能顯示實質治療效益。[23]
至於藥物研發方面,由傳統中藥配方成功轉化為新藥嘅案例亦相當有限。[2] 撐中醫嘅人則認為,現有研究未能捕捉中醫嘅關鍵特性,例如多種成分之間嘅未知交互作用,以及複雜嘅生物系統互動。[2]
2019 年 6 月,世衛將中醫納入全球疾病分類系統,不過個組織發言人強調,呢個舉動「並唔代表世衞認可任何傳統醫學療法嘅科學有效性,亦唔係對其療效背書」。[24][25][26]
中醫喺中國境內長期存在爭議。2006 年,中國哲學家張功耀發表《告別中醫》一文,質疑中醫嘅科學基礎,認為其理論同方法未能符合現代科學同醫學研究標準,並引發社會各界廣泛討論。其後,政府重申中醫屬國家醫療體系一部分,並繼續以政策層面支持其發展方向。[27]

另外,中醫亦涉及多種有毒嘅植物、動物部位同礦物成分,[28]相關安全風險一直備受關注, 亦有助長疾病傳播嘅風險。用喺中醫藥嘅走私或人工飼養動物,被證實係多種致命人畜共通病嘅來源。[29]
哲學
[編輯]中醫學以中國哲學中嘅陰陽五行作為理論基礎,通過望、聞、問、切,四診合參嘅方法,探求病因、病性、病位、分析病機及人體內五臟六腑、經絡關節、氣血津液嘅變化、判斷邪正消長,進而得出病名,歸納出證型,以辨證論治原則,制定「汗、吐、下、和、溫、清、補、消」等治法,用中藥、針灸、推拿、按摩、拔罐、刮痧、氣功、食療、音療等多種治療手段,令人體達到陰陽調和而康復。
治療
[編輯]方劑係中醫體系核心,本質上即係過往醫者嘅累積落嚟嘅個人經驗。雖然支持者將佢視為數千年嚟嘅人體實驗,但呢種缺乏現代科學隨機對照試驗驗證嘅經驗結晶,喺安全性同有效性上往往冇嚴謹嘅數據支持。[1][2]所謂嘅「辨證論治」,喺實踐嘅時候成日顯得太過主觀,單憑觀察病徵、調整藥方加減,有時反而演變成缺乏統一標準嘅隨機投藥,難保治療嘅精確性[14],呢個係中醫精髓辨證論治嘅本來面目。
中醫治療嘅積極面在於希望。中醫成日用「恢復陰陽平衡」或「自我調控機轉」呢啲玄奧詞彙解釋治療目標,但係呢啲概念喺生理學上好難去量化同定義。當病情惡化時,中醫宣稱可以「兼顧生命品質」往往係缺乏積極治療手段嗰陣嘅退守同講法。呢種自我模糊雖然俾中醫喺現代醫療體系入面保有一席之地,但都成日因冇明確實證指標而受到專業質疑。[27]
中醫喺治療疾病嗰陣,以「身心合一」嘅角度考量。一般嚟講,完整嘅中醫處方,至少包括四項以上:情治(情緒控制)方面嘅指導;戒口(飲食應注意嘅事項);運動嘅建議(游水、跑步、導引、氣功等);中藥嘅利用,或針刺、艾灸、推拿等。
相對於傳統嘅中醫,現代中醫嘅革新發明,值得加以關注嘅包括:小針刀,傳統藥物注射製劑,科學中藥等。
- 香港涼茶鋪。啲人通常有乜頭暈身慶就擺低十几蚊揀杯嚟飲,因為法例完善,所以都冇人會擔心咩健康風險,不過就唔會長時間日日飲。
引經
[編輯]- 1 2 Eigenschink, Michael; Dearing, Lukas; Dablander, Tom E.; Maier, Julian; Sitte, Harald H. (May 2020). "A critical examination of the main premises of Traditional Chinese Medicine". Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 132 (9–10): 260–273. doi:10.1007/s00508-020-01625-w. PMC 7253514. PMID 32198544.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Hard to swallow". Nature. 448 (7150): 105–6. July 2007. Bibcode:2007Natur.448S.105.. doi:10.1038/448106a. PMID 17625521.
Constructive approaches to divining the potential usefulness of traditional therapies are to be welcomed. But it seems problematic to apply a brand new technique, largely untested in the clinic, to test the veracity of traditional Chinese medicine, when the field is so fraught with pseudoscience. In the meantime, claims made on behalf of an uncharted body of knowledge should be treated with the customary scepticism that is the bedrock of both science and medicine.
- ↑ Kupferschmidt, Kai (12 April 2012). "Dangers of Chinese Medicine Brought to Light by DNA Studies". Science. 喺3 June 2025搵到.
- ↑ "Common Herbal Supplement Linked to Cancer". Science. 喺3 June 2025搵到.
- ↑ Andrews, Bridie (2014). The Making of Modern Chinese Medicine, 1850–1960. UBC Press. pp. 10–17.
- ↑ "No, Traditional Chinese Medicine Has Not Been Vindicated by Science". Office for Science and Society. 喺28 June 2024搵到.
- ↑ Lei, Sean Hsiang-lin (2014). Neither Donkey nor Horse: Medicine in the Struggle over China’s Modernity. University of Chicago Press. pp. 97–120.
- ↑ "The World Health Organization Has a Pseudoscience Problem". Office for Science and Society. 喺28 June 2024搵到.
- ↑ Taylor, Kim (2005). Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945–1963. Routledge. pp. 30–36.
- ↑ 〈中醫的發明和國族認同有關係?文化大革命對「傳統中醫學」的影響〉。《故事 StoryStudio》。7 April 2019。喺30 April 2024搵到。
- ↑ Levinovitz, Alan (2013). The Gluten Lie. Regan Arts.
- ↑ Taylor, Kim (2005). Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945–1963. Routledge. pp. 138–141.
- ↑ Huangdi Neijing: A Synopsis with Commentaries. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. 2010. ISBN 978-962-996-927-1.
- 1 2 3 Barrett S (12 January 2011). "Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and 'Chinese Medicine'". 原先內容歸檔喺2 June 2018. 喺11 December 2013搵到.
- ↑ Novella S (25 January 2012). "What Is Traditional Chinese Medicine?". Science-based Medicine. 原先內容歸檔喺15 April 2014. 喺14 April 2014搵到.
- ↑ "As China pushes traditional medicine globally, illegal wildlife trade flourishes". Reuters. 28 March 2019.
- ↑ Wang, Xiaoyu (10 February 2023). "Campaign cracks down on illegal wildlife trade". China Daily.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ "Chinese authorities cracked down on nearly 12,000 wildlife crime cases in three months". Traffic. 10 August 2022.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ Shang A, Huwiler K, Nartey L, Jüni P, Egger M (October 2007). "Placebo-controlled trials of Chinese herbal medicine and conventional medicine comparative study" (PDF). International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (5): 1086–92. doi:10.1093/ije/dym119. PMID 17602184.
- ↑ Singh & Ernst 2008, p. 72
- ↑ Singh & Ernst 2008, p. 107
- ↑ Singh & Ernst 2008, p. 387
- ↑ Zhang F, Kong LL, Zhang YY, Li SC (December 2012). "Evaluation of impact on health-related quality of life and cost effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 18 (12): 1108–20. doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0315. PMID 22924383.
- ↑ "The World Health Organization's decision about traditional Chinese medicine could backfire". Nature. 570 (7759): 5. 5 June 2019. Bibcode:2019Natur.570Q...5.. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01726-1. PMID 31165792. S2CID 174809790.
- ↑ "The World Health Organization Gives the Nod to Traditional Chinese Medicine. Bad Idea – Scientific American". Scientific American. April 2019. 喺9 January 2022搵到.
- ↑ Hunt, Katie (26 May 2019). "Chinese medicine gains WHO acceptance but it has many critics". CNN.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - 1 2 Qiu J (April 2007). "China plans to modernize traditional medicine". Nature. 446 (7136): 590–1. doi:10.1038/446590a. PMID 17410143.
- ↑ Shaw D (December 2010). "Toxicological risks of Chinese herbs". Planta Medica. 76 (17): 2012–8. Bibcode:2010PlMed..76.2012S. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1250533. PMID 21077025.
- ↑ Liu Q, Cao L, Zhu XQ (August 2014). "Major emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in China". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 25: 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.003. PMC 7110807. PMID 24858904.
- ↑ "Traditional Chinese Medicine and Endangered Animals". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 October 2007.
- ↑ Katan, Martijn (2008). Wat is nu gezond?. p. 146.
- ↑ "Public Notification: Tibet Babao contains hidden drug ingredient". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 27 February 2015.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ "Products found to contain undeclared medicines". drugoffice.gov.hk. 2 March 2015.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ "Tibet Babao tablets". Therapeutic Goods Administration. 21 June 2022.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ "Herbal weight loss pill overdose: sibutramine hidden in pepper pill". Case Reports in Emergency Medicine. 2015.
- ↑ "List of illegal sibutramine-containing weight-loss products". Danish Medicines Agency. 10 April 2025.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ "HSA Alerts Public to Two Illegal Products Containing Potent Undeclared Ingredients". HSA. 7 November 2014.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ "The devil from the Chinese laboratory". Vreme. 4 October 2017.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
出面網頁
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[編輯]- 藥用植物圖像數據庫 Medicinal Plant Images Database 香港浸會大學中醫藥學院(中文)(英文)
- 中藥標本數據庫 Chinese Medicine Specimen Database 香港浸會大學中醫藥學院(中文)(英文)
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- 中藥方劑圖像數據庫 Chinese Medicine Formulae Images Database 香港浸會大學中醫藥學院(中文)(英文)
- 中醫藥趣味練習 Chinese Medicine Game-based Exercise 香港浸會大學中醫藥學院(中文)(英文)