{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:14:48Z","timestamp":1777706088350,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A cubic fuzzy graph is a fuzzy graph that simultaneously supports fuzzy membership and interval-valued fuzzy membership. This simultaneity leads to a better flexibility in modeling problems regarding uncertain variables. The cubic fuzzy graph structure, as a combination of cubic fuzzy graphs and graph structures, shows better capabilities in solving complex problems, especially where there are multiple relationships. Since many problems are a combination of different relationships, as well, applying some operations on them creates new problems; therefore, in this article, some of the most important product operations on cubic fuzzy graph structure have been investigated and some of their properties have been described. Studies have shown that the product of two strong cubic fuzzy graph structures is not always strong and sometimes special conditions are needed to be met. By calculating the vertex degree in each of the products, a clear image of the comparison between the vertex degrees in the products has been obtained. Also, the relationships between the products have been examined and the investigations have shown that the combination of some product operations with each other leads to other products. At the end, the cubic fuzzy graph structure application in the diagnosis of brain lesions is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-222984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T12:14:49Z","timestamp":1683288889000},"page":"3513-3538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A survey on cubic fuzzy graph structure with an application in the diagnosis of brain lesions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Kangrui","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiqin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science and Technology, Guangzhou university, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hossein","family":"Sadati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Asghar","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Information and control"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref2","unstructured":"Kauffman A. , Introduction a la Theorie des Sous-Emsembles Flous, Masson: Issy-les-Moulineaux, French, 1 (1973)."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenfeld A. , Fuzzy Graphs, Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications, Academic Press, NewYork, NY, USA, (1975), 77\u201395.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-775260-0.50008-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1007\/s40314-018-0587-5","article-title":"Cayley fuzzy graphs on the fuzzy group","volume":"37","author":"Talebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computational and Applied Mathematics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-015-0475-x","article-title":"New concepts of vague graphs","volume":"8","author":"Borzooei","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Ceybernetics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.3233\/IFS-162114","article-title":"Regularity of vague graphs","volume":"30","author":"Borzooei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(86)80034-3","article-title":"Intuitionistic fuzzy sets","volume":"20","author":"Atanassov","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets and Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2010.11.004","article-title":"Interval-valued fuzzy graphs","volume":"61","author":"Akram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computers & Mathematics with Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref9","first-page":"808","article-title":"New concepts on m-polar interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy graph","volume":"10","author":"Talebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"TWMS J Appl Eng Math"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref10","first-page":"335","article-title":"Interval-valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Competition Graph","volume":"34","author":"Talebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Multiple-Valued Logic & Soft Computing"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12101582","article-title":"Vague graph structure with application in medical diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Kosari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3390\/math8101647","article-title":"Certain properties of vague graphs with a novel application","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4800499"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111885","article-title":"A study on domination in vague incidence graph and its application in medical sciences","volume":"12","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.635642"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.680634","article-title":"Certain Properties of Domination in Product Vague Graphs With Novel Application in Medicine","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/math8081241","article-title":"New concepts in intuitionistic fuzzy graph with application in water supplier systems","volume":"8","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5373\/jarpm.1971.021614","article-title":"Ring sum in product intuitionistic fuzzy graphs","volume":"7","author":"Borzooei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Research in Pure Mathematics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref19","first-page":"65","article-title":"Generalized graph structures","volume":"3","author":"Sampathkumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull Kerala Math Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref20","unstructured":"Dinesh T. , A study on graph structures, incidence algebras and their fuzzy analogues, Ph.D. Thesis, Kannur University, Kannur (2011), India."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref21","first-page":"173","article-title":"On generalised fuzzy graph structures","volume":"5","author":"Dinesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref22","first-page":"209","article-title":"m\u2013polar fuzzy graph structures, In: m-polar fuzzy graphs, Studies in fuzziness and soft computing, Springer","volume":"371","author":"Akram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Springer, Cham"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5937\/KgJMath1702219A","article-title":"Intuitionistic fuzzy graph structures","volume":"41","author":"Akram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fiae.2017.01.001","article-title":"Operations on intuitionistic fuzzy graph structures","volume":"8","author":"Akram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuzzy Information and Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12190-019-01237-2","article-title":"Certain fuzzy graph structures","volume":"61","author":"Akram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/math7010063","article-title":"Fuzzy graph structures with application","volume":"7","author":"Sitara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref28","first-page":"365","article-title":"Residue product of fuzzy graph structures","volume":"34","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Multiple-Valued Logic and Soft Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s12190-017-1084-5","article-title":"Novel applications of single-valued neutrosophic graph structures indecision-making","volume":"56","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref32","first-page":"21","article-title":"Fuzzy incidence graph structures","volume":"15","author":"Dinesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Fuzzy Mathematics (AFM)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-021-00281-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40314-021-01714-0","article-title":"Selection of best inter-country airline service using q-rung picture fuzzy graph structures","volume":"41","author":"Sitara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computational and Applied Mathematics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref35","first-page":"83","article-title":"Cubic sets","volume":"4","author":"Jun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Fuzzy Math Inform"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793005717500041","article-title":"Neutrosophic cubic sets","volume":"13","author":"Jun","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Mathematics and Natural Computation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms7010007","article-title":"Cubic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets and their application in BCK\/BCI-algebras","volume":"7","author":"Jun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Axioms"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2011.08.042","article-title":"Cubic structures applied to ideals of BCI-algebras","volume":"62","author":"Jun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computers & Mathematics with Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3233\/IFS-141377","article-title":"The generalized version of Jun\u2019s cubic sets in semigroups","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref40","first-page":"393","article-title":"Generalized cubic soft sets and their applications to algebraic structures","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2478\/auom-2019-0028","article-title":"Cubic intuitionistic structures applied to ideals of BCI-algebras","volume":"27","author":"Senapati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii Ovidius Constanta-Seria Matematica"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref42","first-page":"802","article-title":"Stable cubic sets","volume":"23","author":"Muhiuddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comput Anal Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref44","first-page":"733","article-title":"Cubic graphs with application","volume":"16","author":"Rashid","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Analysis and Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2991\/ijcis.d.200730.002","article-title":"Cubic graphs and their application to a traffic flow problem","volume":"13","author":"Muhiuddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-182929","article-title":"A study on cubic graphs with novel application","volume":"40","author":"Rashmanlou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3390\/math10030307","article-title":"New Concepts of Vertex Covering in Cubic Graphs with Its Applications","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14122623","article-title":"Some Properties of Cubic Fuzzy Graphs with an Application","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94757","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925040","article-title":"Novel neutrosophic cubic graphs structures with application in decision making problems","volume":"7","author":"Gulistan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-222984_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-023-00193-x","article-title":"The Maximal Product in Cubic Fuzzy Graph Structures with an Application","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JIFS-222984","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:45:58Z","timestamp":1777455958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JIFS-222984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-222984","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}}}