{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:29:25Z","timestamp":1778617765751,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]],"date-time":"2016-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS 0843665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS 0843665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1146380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1146380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1342872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1342872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Aeronautic and Space Agency","award":["Dimensions of Biodiversity"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dimensions of Biodiversity"]}]},{"name":"HyspIRI program","award":["NNX12AQ28G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX12AQ28G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Species and phylogenetic lineages have evolved to differ in the way that they acquire and deploy resources, with consequences for their physiological, chemical and structural attributes, many of which can be detected using spectral reflectance form leaves. Recent technological advances for assessing optical properties of plants offer opportunities to detect functional traits of organisms and differentiate levels of biological organization across the tree of life. Here, we connect leaf-level full range spectral data (400\u20132400 nm) of leaves to the hierarchical organization of plant diversity within the oak genus (Quercus) using field and greenhouse experiments in which environmental factors and plant age are controlled. We show that spectral data significantly differentiate populations within a species and that spectral similarity is significantly associated with phylogenetic similarity among species. We further show that hyperspectral information allows more accurate classification of taxa than spectrally-derived traits, which by definition are of lower dimensionality. Finally, model accuracy increases at higher levels in the hierarchical organization of plant diversity, such that we are able to better distinguish clades than species or populations. This pattern supports an evolutionary explanation for the degree of optical differentiation among plants and demonstrates potential for remote detection of genetic and phylogenetic diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]],"date-time":"2016-03-09T10:38:02Z","timestamp":1457519882000},"page":"221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Associations of Leaf Spectra with Genetic and Phylogenetic Variation in Oaks: Prospects for Remote Detection of Biodiversity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jeannine","family":"Cavender-Bares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Meireles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Couture","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8181-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Kaproth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clayton","family":"Kingdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4136-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Serbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Environmental &amp; Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyson","family":"Center","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Saint Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esau","family":"Zuniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenieria en Ambiente y Desarrollo, University of Zamorano, Zamorano, Honduras"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenieria en Ambiente y Desarrollo, University of Zamorano, Zamorano, Honduras"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Levin, S.E. 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