Grounding Clinical AI Competency in Human Cognition Through the Clinical World Model and Skill-Mix Framework.

Ali Soroush https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6900-5596

Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Elahe Meftah Josh Mohess Pooya Mohammadi Kazaj George CM. Siontis Zahra Atf Peter R. Lewis 0001 Mauricio Reyes 0001 Girish N. Nadkarni Roland Wiest Stephan Windecker Christoph Graeni Ali Soroush Isaac Shiri Grounding Clinical AI Competency in Human Cognition Through the Clinical World Model and Skill-Mix Framework. 2026 April abs/2604.08226 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.08226 db/journals/corr/corr2604.html#abs-2604-08226 streams/journals/corr

Thomas Savage John Wang Robert Gallo Abdessalem Boukil Vishwesh Patel Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Ali Soroush Jonathan H. Chen Large language model uncertainty proxies: discrimination and calibration for medical diagnosis and treatment. 139-149 2025 32 J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae254 db/journals/jamia/jamia32.html#SavageWGBPSSC25 streams/journals/jamia

Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Shuhaib Ali Omer Shahab Zahra Shahhoseini Thomas Savage Sara Rafiee Jamil S. Samaan Reem Al Shabeeb Farah Ladak Jamie O. Yang Juan Echavarria Sumbal Babar Aasma Shaukat Samuel Margolis Nicholas P. Tatonetti Girish N. Nadkarni Bara El Kurdi Ali Soroush Benchmarking proprietary and open-source language and vision-language models for gastroenterology clinical reasoning. 2025 8 npj Digit. Medicine 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02174-0 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm8.html#SafaviNainiASSSRSSLYEBS25 streams/journals/npjdm

Nariman Naderi Zahra Atf Peter R. Lewis 0001 Aref Mahjoubfar Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Ali Soroush Evaluating Prompt Engineering Techniques for Accuracy and Confidence Elicitation in Medical LLMs. 67-84 2025 EXTRAAMAS https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-01399-6_5 conf/extraamas/2025 db/conf/extraamas/extraamas2025.html#NaderiALfSS25 streams/conf/extraamas

Nariman Naderi Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Thomas Savage Zahra Atf Peter R. Lewis 0001 Girish N. Nadkarni Ali Soroush Self-Reported Confidence of Large Language Models in Gastroenterology: Analysis of Commercial, Open-Source, and Quantized Models. 2025 March abs/2503.18562 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.18562 db/journals/corr/corr2503.html#abs-2503-18562 streams/journals/corr

Mohammad Amin Khalafi Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Ameneh Salehi Nariman Naderi Dorsa Alijanzadeh Pardis Ketabi Moghadam Kaveh Kavosi Negar Golestani Shabnam Shahrokh Soltanali Fallah Jamil S. Samaan Nicholas P. Tatonetti Nicholas Hoerter Girish N. Nadkarni Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei Ali Soroush Vision Language Models versus Machine Learning Models Performance on Polyp Detection and Classification in Colonoscopy Images. 2025 March abs/2503.21840 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.21840 db/journals/corr/corr2503.html#abs-2503-21840 streams/journals/corr

Zahra Atf Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Peter R. Lewis 0001 Aref Mahjoubfar Nariman Naderi Thomas Savage Ali Soroush The challenge of uncertainty quantification of large language models in medicine. 2025 April abs/2504.05278 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.05278 db/journals/corr/corr2504.html#abs-2504-05278 streams/journals/corr

Nariman Naderi Zahra Atf Peter R. Lewis 0001 Aref Mahjoubfar Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Ali Soroush Evaluating Prompt Engineering Techniques for Accuracy and Confidence Elicitation in Medical LLMs. 2025 June abs/2506.00072 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.00072 db/journals/corr/corr2506.html#abs-2506-00072 streams/journals/corr

Gongbo Zhang Qiao Jin 0001 Yiliang Zhou Song Wang 0026 Betina Idnay Yiming Luo Elizabeth Park Jordan G. Nestor Matthew E. Spotnitz Ali Soroush Thomas Campion Zhiyong Lu Chunhua Weng Yifan Peng 0002 Closing the gap between open source and commercial large language models for medical evidence summarization. 2024 7 npj Digit. Medicine 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01239-w db/journals/npjdm/npjdm7.html#ZhangJZWILPNSSCLWP24 streams/journals/npjdm

Akhil Vaid Joshua Lampert Juhee Lee Ashwin Sawant Donald Apakama Ankit Sakhuja Ali Soroush Denise Lee Isotta Landi Nicole Bussola Ismail Nabeel Robbie Freeman Patricia H. Kovatch Brendan G. Carr Benjamin S. Glicksberg Edgar Argulian Stamatios Lerakis Monica Kraft Alexander Charney Girish N. Nadkarni Generative Large Language Models are autonomous practitioners of evidence-based medicine. 2024 abs/2401.02851 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.02851 db/journals/corr/corr2401.html#abs-2401-02851

Gongbo Zhang Qiao Jin 0001 Yiliang Zhou Song Wang 0026 Betina Ross S. Idnay Yiming Luo Elizabeth Park Jordan G. Nestor Matthew E. Spotnitz Ali Soroush Thomas Campion Zhiyong Lu Chunhua Weng Yifan Peng 0002 Closing the gap between open-source and commercial large language models for medical evidence summarization. 2024 abs/2408.00588 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.00588 db/journals/corr/corr2408.html#abs-2408-00588 streams/journals/corr

Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Shuhaib Ali Omer Shahab Zahra Shahhoseini Thomas Savage Sara Rafiee Jamil S. Samaan Reem Al Shabeeb Farah Ladak Jamie O. Yang Juan Echavarria Sumbal Babar Aasma Shaukat Samuel Margolis Nicholas P. Tatonetti Girish N. Nadkarni Bara El Kurdi Ali Soroush Vision-Language and Large Language Model Performance in Gastroenterology: GPT, Claude, Llama, Phi, Mistral, Gemma, and Quantized Models. 2024 abs/2409.00084 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.00084 db/journals/corr/corr2409.html#abs-2409-00084 streams/journals/corr

Mohammadreza Ghaffarzadeh-Esfahani Mahdi Ghaffarzadeh-Esfahani Arian Salahi-Niri Hossein Toreyhi Zahra Atf Amirali Mohsenzadeh-Kermani Mahshad Sarikhani Zohreh Tajabadi Fatemeh Shojaeian Mohammad Hassan Bagheri Aydin Feyzi Mohammadamin Tarighatpayma Narges Gazmeh Fateme Heydari Hossein Afshar Amirreza Allahgholipour Farid Alimardani Ameneh Salehi Naghmeh Asadimanesh Mohammad Amin Khalafi Hadis Shabanipour Ali Moradi Sajjad Hossein Zadeh Omid Yazdani Romina Esbati Moozhan Maleki Danial Samiei Nasr Amirali Soheili Hossein Majlesi Saba Shahsavan Alireza Soheilipour Nooshin Goudarzi Erfan Taherifard Hamidreza Hatamabadi Jamil S. Samaan Thomas Savage Ankit Sakhuja Ali Soroush Girish N. Nadkarni Ilad Alavi Darazam Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Large Language Models versus Classical Machine Learning: Performance in COVID-19 Mortality Prediction Using High-Dimensional Tabular Data. 2024 abs/2409.02136 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.02136 db/journals/corr/corr2409.html#abs-2409-02136 streams/journals/corr

Liyan Tang Zhaoyi Sun Betina Ross S. Idnay Jordan G. Nestor Ali Soroush Pierre A. Elias Ziyang Xu Ying Ding 0001 Greg Durrett Justin F. Rousseau Chunhua Weng Yifan Peng 0002 Evaluating large language models on medical evidence summarization. 2023 6 npj Digit. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00896-7 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm6.html#TangSINSEXDDRWP23

Jenna Kefeli Ali Soroush Courtney J. Diamond Haley M. Zylberberg Benjamin L. May Julian A. Abrams Chunhua Weng Nicholas P. Tatonetti Large Language Models for Granularized Barrett's Esophagus Diagnosis Classification. 2023 abs/2308.08660 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.08660 db/journals/corr/corr2308.html#abs-2308-08660

James R. Rogers Jovana Pavisic Casey N. Ta Cong Liu 0020 Ali Soroush Ying Kuen Cheung George Hripcsak Chunhua Weng Leveraging electronic health record data for clinical trial planning by assessing eligibility criteria's impact on patient count and safety. 104032 2022 127 J. Biomed. Informatics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104032 db/journals/jbi/jbi127.html#RogersPTLSCHW22

Ali Soroush Courtney J. Diamond Haley Zylberberg Julian Abrams Chunhua Weng A Clinical Data Summarization Pipeline for Patients at Risk for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Undergoing Endoscopic Surveillance. 2022 AMIA https://knowledge.amia.org/76677-amia-1.4637602/f007-1.4641746/f007-1.4641747/446-1.4641829/404-1.4641826 conf/amia/2022 db/conf/amia/amia2022.html#SoroushDZAW22 Julian AbramsJulian A. Abrams Hossein Afshar Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei Shuhaib Ali Dorsa Alijanzadeh Farid Alimardani Amirreza Allahgholipour Donald Apakama Edgar Argulian Naghmeh Asadimanesh Zahra Atf Sumbal Babar Mohammad Hassan Bagheri Abdessalem Boukil Nicole Bussola Thomas Campion Brendan G. Carr Alexander Charney Jonathan H. Chen Ying Kuen Cheung Ilad Alavi Darazam Courtney J. Diamond Ying Ding 0001 Greg Durrett Juan Echavarria Pierre A. Elias Romina Esbati Soltanali Fallah Aydin Feyzi Robbie Freeman Robert Gallo Narges Gazmeh Mahdi Ghaffarzadeh-Esfahani Mohammadreza Ghaffarzadeh-Esfahani Benjamin S. Glicksberg Negar Golestani Nooshin Goudarzi Christoph Graeni Hamidreza Hatamabadi Fateme Heydari Nicholas Hoerter George Hripcsak Betina Ross S. IdnayBetina Idnay Qiao Jin 0001 Kaveh Kavosi Pooya Mohammadi Kazaj Jenna Kefeli Mohammad Amin Khalafi Patricia H. Kovatch Monica Kraft Bara El Kurdi Farah Ladak Joshua Lampert Isotta Landi Denise Lee Juhee Lee Stamatios Lerakis Peter R. Lewis 0001 Cong Liu 0020 Zhiyong Lu Yiming Luo Aref Mahjoubfar Hossein Majlesi Moozhan Maleki Samuel Margolis Benjamin L. May Elahe Meftah Pardis Ketabi Moghadam Josh Mohess Amirali Mohsenzadeh-Kermani Ali Moradi Ismail Nabeel Nariman Naderi Girish N. Nadkarni Danial Samiei Nasr Jordan G. Nestor Elizabeth Park Vishwesh Patel Jovana Pavisic Yifan Peng 0002 Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi Sara Rafiee Mauricio Reyes 0001 James R. Rogers Justin F. Rousseau Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini Ankit Sakhuja Arian Salahi-Niri Ameneh Salehi Jamil S. Samaan Mahshad Sarikhani Thomas Savage Ashwin Sawant Hadis Shabanipour Reem Al Shabeeb Omer Shahab Zahra Shahhoseini Shabnam Shahrokh Saba Shahsavan Aasma Shaukat Isaac Shiri Fatemeh Shojaeian George CM. Siontis Amirali Soheili Alireza Soheilipour Matthew E. Spotnitz Zhaoyi Sun Casey N. Ta Erfan Taherifard Zohreh Tajabadi Liyan Tang Mohammadamin Tarighatpayma Nicholas P. Tatonetti Hossein Toreyhi Akhil Vaid John Wang Song Wang 0026 Chunhua Weng Roland Wiest Stephan Windecker Ziyang Xu Jamie O. Yang Omid Yazdani Sajjad Hossein Zadeh Gongbo Zhang Yiliang Zhou Haley ZylberbergHaley M. Zylberberg