I

See also: ꟾ and Appendix:Variations of "i"

I U+0049, I LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I ← H [U+0048] Basic Latin J → [U+004A]

Character variations

Ⅰ U+2160, Ⅰ ROMAN NUMERAL ONE ← ⅟ [U+215F] Number Forms Ⅱ → [U+2161]

Ｉ U+FF29, Ｉ FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I ← Ｈ [U+FF28] Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Ｊ → [U+FF2A]

𜳞 U+1CCDE, 𜳞 OUTLINED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I ← 𜳝 [U+1CCDD] Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement 𜳟 → [U+1CCDF]

Languages (58)

Translingual • English

---

Afar • Afrikaans • Angami • Azerbaijani • Basque • Cameroon Pidgin • Catalan • Central Franconian • Central Mazahua • Chinese • Chipewyan • Danish • Dutch • Esperanto • Estonian • Finnish • French • German • Hungarian • Icelandic • Ido • Indonesian • Irish • Italian • Japanese • Kankanaey • Kashubian • Khiamniungan Naga • Latin • Latvian • Malay • Maltese • Middle English • Navajo • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Nupe • Polish • Portuguese • Romani • Romanian • Saanich • Scots • Scottish Gaelic • Silesian • Skolt Sami • Slovene • Somali • Spanish • Swedish • Tagalog • Turkish • Vietnamese • Welsh • Yoruba • Zulu

---

Page categories

Translingual

Etymology 1

From the Etruscan letter 𐌉 (i), from the Ancient Greek letter Ι (I, iota), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤉 (y, yod), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂝.

Letter

I (lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.

Letter

I (lower case ı)

1. The upper case of the dotless i (“ı”), used in the alphabets of several Turkic languages written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin script):  Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  Ee  Ff  Gg  Hh  Ii  Jj  Kk  Ll  Mm  Nn  Oo  Pp  Qq  Rr  Sſs  Tt  Uu  Vv  Ww  Xx  Yy  Zz
• (Variations of letter I):  Íí  Ìì  Ĭĭ  Îî  Ǐǐ  Ïï  Ḯḯ  Ĩĩ  Įį  Īī  Ỉỉ  Ȉȉ  Ȋȋ  Ịị  Ḭḭ  Ɨɨɨ̆  ᵻ  ᶖ   İi   Iı  Ɪɪ  Ｉｉ  fi  ffi  IJij  IJij
• (Letters with dot):  Ȧȧ  Ạạ  Ặặ  Ậậ  Ǡǡ  Ḃḃ  Ḅḅ  Ċċ  Ḋḋ  Ḍḍ  Ėė  Ẹẹ  Ḟḟ  Ġġ  Ḣḣ  Ḥḥ  Ii  İi  Iı  Ịị  Ḳḳ  Ḷḷ  Ṁṁ  Ṃṃ  Ṅṅ  Ṇṇ  Ȯȯ  Ọọ  Ợợ  Ṗṗ  Ṙṙ  Ṛṛ  Ṡṡ  Ṣṣ  ẛ  Ṫṫ  Ṭṭ  Ụụ  Ựự  Ṿṿ  Ẇẇ  Ẉẉ  Ẋẋ  Ẏẏ  Ỵỵ  Żż  Ẓẓ

Symbol

I

1. (chemistry) Chemical symbol for iodine.
2. (physics) Isotopic spin.
3. (license plate codes) Italy
4. (physics, electronics) Electrical current.
5. (physics, kinematics) moment of inertia.
7. January.

   Comeronyms: II, ii, 2; III, iii, 3; IV, iv, 4; V, v, 5; VI, vi, 6; VII, vii, 7; VIII, viii, 8; IX, ix, 9; X, x, 10; XI, xi, 11; XII, xii, 12

8. (biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for isoleucine
9. (mathematics, linear algebra) identity matrix
10. (mathematical analysis, topology) the (closed) unit interval; [0, 1]
11. (inorganic chemistry) Specifying an oxidation state of 1
12. (music) major tonic triad
13. (linguistics) A wildcard for a front vowel or a high vowel

    synonyms: E for a front vowel, Ɨ for a high vowel

14. (actuarial notation) arithmetically increasing payments
15. (clothing) Bra cup size.
16. The symbol in bases higher than eighteen for the number expressed as 18 in decimal.

Etymology 2

Numeral

I (upper case Roman numeral, lower case i)

2. cardinal number one.

   Alternative forms: I, i, ⅰ

   • 2021 June 28, Homero De la Fuente, “NCAA takes big step toward allowing athletes to profit from name, image or likeness”, in CNN‎^[1] (in English):

     In a major step, the NCAA Division I Council voted Monday to support an interim policy that would allow college athletes to profit off their name, image and likeness (NIL) without violating NCAA rules until federal legislation or new NCAA rules are adopted.

4. (especially in the names of aristocracy) the first.

   Alternative form: I.

   • 2020 July 9, Carlos E. Cué, Miguel González, “Sánchez plantea revisar la inviolabilidad del Rey en la Constitución”, in El País‎^[2] (in Spanish), archived from the original on 10 July 2020:

     Sánchez agradeció públicamente el miércoles a la Casa Real que “marcara distancias” con esas informaciones “inquietantes y perturbadoras”, en alusión a la donación por parte de Juan Carlos I de 65 millones de dólares, supuestamente recibidos del rey de Arabia Saudí, a su examiga Corinna Larsen.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

See also

• Next: II (2)

Gallery

• Letter styles
• 
  Uppercase and lowercase versions of I, in normal and italic type
• 
  Uppercase and lowercase I in Fraktur

See also

Other representations of I:

NATO phonetic: India Morse code: ·· Braille: ⠊ ASL Manual: I

Signal flag:

Semaphore:

References

• “I”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, →ISBN.
• “I”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.

English

Pronunciation

• enPR: ī, IPA^(key): /aɪ/
  • (UK)
    • (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): [aɪ], [äj]

      • Audio (UK):

        (file)

    • (Northumbria) IPA^(key): /aː/
    • (Standard Southern British) IPA^(key): [ɑj], [ʌj]
  • (General American) IPA^(key): [aj], [ɑɪ]

    • Audio (US):

      (file)

    • Audio (US):

      (file)

  • (Southern US) IPA^(key): [aː]
  • (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA^(key): [ɑe̯]
  • (Ireland) IPA^(key): /aɪ/
    • (Local Dublin) IPA^(key): /əɪ/, /ɐɪ/
      • (Working-class) IPA^(key): /oɪ/
    • (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ɛɪ/
  • (Canada) IPA^(key): [æj], [äɪ]
    • (dialectal) IPA^(key): [ɐɪ], [əj]
• Rhymes: -aɪ
• Homophones: eye, aye, ay

Etymology 1

From Middle English a, hi, hich, hij, I, ic, ich, ichc, ichs, ick, ig, ih, ik, j, jch, y, from Old English ic, ich, ih, ᛁᚳ (ic), ᛁᚴ (ik, “I”), from Proto-West Germanic *ik (“I”), from Proto-Germanic *ek, *eka, *ik (“I”), from Proto-Indo-European *eǵh₂óm (“I”).

Cognates

Cognate with Scots A, I, Ik (“I”), Yola Ich (“I”), North Frisian ick, ik, 'k (“I”), Saterland Frisian iek (“I”), West Frisian ik (“I”), Alemannic German i, ich, ig (“I”), Bavarian and Mòcheno i (“I”), Central Franconian eich, ich (“I”), Cimbrian i, ich (“I”), Dutch ick, ik, ikke (“I”), Low German eck, ick, ik, öck (“I”), German ich (“I”), Limburgish ich, iich (“I”), Luxembourgish ech (“I”), Vilamovian ych (“I”), West Flemish 'k (“I”), Yiddish איך (ikh), יאַך (yakh, “I”), Danish jeg, jæ (“I”), Elfdalian ig (“I”), Faroese eg, jeg (“I”), Icelandic eg, ég, ek, jeg (“I”), Jutish æ (“I”), Norn eg (“I”), Norwegian Bokmål jeg (“I”), Norwegian Nynorsk eg, æg (“I”), Swedish i, jag (“I”), Crimean Gothic ich (“I”), Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik, “I”), Vandalic *ic (“I”); also Asturian, Aragonese, and Spanish yo (“I”), Catalan jo (“I”), French je (“I”), Galician and Portuguese eu (“I”), Italian io (“I”), Leonese and Mirandese you (“I”), Latin ego (“I”), Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ, “I”), Latvian es (“I”), Lithuanian aš (“I”), Armenian ես (es, “I”), Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian я (ja, “I”), Bulgarian аз (az, “I”), Czech já (“I”), Macedonian јас (jas, “I”), Polish and Slovak ja (“I”), Serbo-Croatian jȃ (“I”), Slovene jȁz (“I”), Northern Kurdish ez (“I”), Sanskrit अहम् (ahám, “I”), Hittite 𒌑𒊌 (ūk, “I”). See also English ich. Doublet of ego and Ich.

Capitalized since the 13th century to mark it as a distinct word and prevent misreading and omission (due to cursive writing).

Alternative forms

• ich (obsolete)

Pronoun

I (first person singular subject personal pronoun, objective me, possessive my, possessive pronoun mine, reflexive myself)

1. The speaker or writer, referred to as the grammatical subject, of a sentence.

   I drove my sister and myself to school.

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 414:

     […] It ill beſeemes a knight of gentle ſort, / Such as ye haue him boaſted, to beguyle / A ſimple maide, and worke ſo hainous tort, / In ſhame of knighthood, as I largely can report.

   • 1854, Gustave Chouquet, Easy Conversations in French‎^[3], page 9:

     Here I am, sir.

   • 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

     I know I have a pen, though…

2. (nonstandard) The speaker or writer, referred to as the grammatical object, of a sentence.

   Mom drove my sister and I to school.

   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), W[illiam] Shakespeare, The Excellent History of the Merchant of Venice. […] (First Quarto), [London]: […] J[ames] Roberts [for Thomas Heyes], published 1600, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

     Sweet Baſſanio, My ſhips haue all miſcarried, my Creditors grow cruell, my eſtate is very low: my bond to the Iew is forfet, and ſince in paying it, it is impoſſible I ſhould liue, all debts are cleered betweene you and I if I might but ſee you at my death.

   • 1980, Bob Marley, Redemption Song

     Old pirates, yes, they rob I
     Sold I to the merchant ships
     Minutes after they took I
     From the bottomless pit.

   • 2014, “The Devil in I”, in .5: The Gray Chapter, performed by Slipknot:

     Step inside, see the Devil in I
     You'll realize I'm not your Devil anymore

Usage notes

• The word I is always capitalised in written English. Other forms of the pronoun, such as me and my, follow regular English capitalisation rules.
• I is the subject (nominative) form, as opposed to me, which is the objective (accusative and dative) form. Me is also used emphatically, like French moi. In some cases there are differing views about which is preferred. For example, the traditional rule followed by some speakers is to use I as the complement of the copula (It is I), but it is now more usual to choose me in this context (It's me).
• When used in lists, it is often thought better to refer to oneself last. Thus it is more natural to say John and I than I and John. In such lists, the traditional rule is to use the same case form one would choose if there were only one pronoun. Thus, since we say I am happy, we say John and I are happy, but since we say Jenny saw me, so we say Jenny saw John and me. However, one frequently hears John and me are happy, which is traditionally seen as a case error. Similarly, probably as a hypercorrected reaction to this, one can occasionally hear phrases like Jenny saw John and I.

Synonyms

• ich, ch
• my ass, m'ass (vulgar slang)
• muggins, yours truly
• Ah (phonetic spelling, African-American Vernacular English)

Derived terms

• and I claim my five pounds
• as I live and breathe
• can I smoke
• could I get the bill
• damned if I know
• I am inside you
• I can't lie
• I can't thank you enough
• I come in peace
• I do not know it
• I don't mind
• I doubt it
• I fear
• I fuck you not
• I hardly even know her
• I hardly know her
• I kill you later
• I know it
• I like to see you try
• I like turtles
• I'll be
• I'll believe it when I see it
• I'm in this photo and I don't like it
• I never did
• I never miss
• I-novel
• in this essay I will
• I's
• I shit you not
• I swear
• I think not
• I wouldn't piss on someone if they were on fire
• lyrical I
• may I pass through
• or should I say
• see if I care
• though I say it who should not
• though I say it who should not say it
• what am I bid
• what am I looking at
• what can I tell you
• what did I tell you
• what do I care

Translations

See I/translations § Pronoun.

See also

English personal pronouns

Dialectal and obsolete or archaic forms are in italics. personal pronoun possessive pronoun possessive determiner subjective objective reflexive first person singular I me (colloquial) me myself me mysen mine my mine (before vowels, archaic) me plural we us ourselves ourself oursen ours ourn (obsolete outside dialects) our second person singular standard (historically formal) you you yourself yoursen yours yourn (obsolete outside dialects) your archaic (historically informal) thou thee thyself theeself thysen thine thy thine (before vowels) plural standard you ye (archaic) you yourselves yours yourn (obsolete outside dialects) your colloquial you all y'all you guys yous you all y'all you guys yous y'allselves all yours y'all's you guys' your guys' all your y'all's your all's (nonstandard) you guys' your guys' informal / dialectal (see list of dialectal forms at you and inflected forms in those entries) third person singular masculine he him himself hisself (archaic) hissen his hisn (obsolete outside dialects) his feminine she her herself hersen hers hern (obsolete outside dialects) her neuter it hit it hit itself hitself its his (archaic) its his (archaic) hits genderless1 they them themself, themselves theirs their nonspecific (formal) one one oneself – one's plural they them hem, 'em themselves theirsen theirs theirn (obsolete outside dialects) their 1 See Appendix:English third-person singular pronouns for attested neopronouns.

Noun

I (countable and uncountable, plural I's)

1. (metaphysics) The ego.

   Synonym: me

   • a. 1733, Thomas Boston, edited by [Thomas Boston the younger], Sermons and Discourses on Several Important Subjects in Divinity. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] William Gray, […], published 1753, page 333:

     They are called men, becauſe each of them poſſeſſeth the whole man, though not wholly. There are by their means two I’s in every believer, Rom. vii. 15. For that which I do, I allow not: for what I would, that do I not; but what I hate, that do I. There is not one part of the man that is in Chriſt, but grace has a part of it, and corruption has a part of it: as in the twilight there is light over all, and darkneſs over all too, the darkneſs being mixed in every part with the light. So my renewed part is I, a man having an underſtanding enlightened, a will renewed, affections ſpiritualized, uſing my body conform: but my unrenewed part is I too, having an underſtanding darkened, a will rebellious, affections corrupted, and uſing my body accordingly.

   • 1873, Henry Ward Beecher, “Paul”, in The Great Bible Renowns, page 45:

     In other words, he said: “I have two natures. I have a flesh nature, an outside nature, and that keeps sinning; and then I have another nature—an inside, a spiritual nature—and that does not like sinning; and with my heart-power, my conscience-power, my love-power, with the power of the divine element that is in me, I look and see what this body outside, which clothes me, is trying to do. And here are two I’s that are fighting. The inside I is arrayed against the outside I; and the outside has the advantage.”

   • 1916, S. A. Steel, “Down the James Long Ago—I”, in Christian Advocate, volume 77, page 1094, column 1:

     Am I a double personality? Are there two “I’s” in my anatomy—one a conscious “I,” giving attention to what I am doing, and another unconscious “I,” giving attention to something entirely different?

   • 1962, Arthur Osborne, editor, The Teachings of Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi in His Own Words, London: Rider & Company, published 1975, page 122:

     B. (smiling): Have you come to examine me? You must say who you are. / D.: However much I may try, I do not seem to catch the ‘I’. It is not even clearly discernible. / B.: Who is it that says that the ‘I’ is not discernible? Are there two ‘I’s in you, that one is not discernible to the other?

   • 2011, Michael Gluckman, Making Your Wisdom Come Alive: A Guide to the Source of Your Wisdom and Joy, Light Up Your Life, →ISBN:

     Who is it that says that ‘I’ is not perceptible? Is there an ignorant ‘I’ and an elusive ‘I’? Are there two ‘I’s in the same person? It is the mind that says that ‘I’ is not perceptible. Where is that mind from? Know the mind. You will find it a myth. / We all feel that there is only one I; not two, one ignorant of the other.

   • 2012, “Demiurge”, in Mårten Hagström (lyrics), Koloss, performed by Meshuggah, track 9:

     Sucking vomit, acting like its honey
     Deprived of I
     Falling while thrusting squares through circles
     Serving one single new dimension

Derived terms

• I-hood
• I-ness
• I-ship

Etymology 2

Old French i, from Latin ī, from Etruscan I (i).

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i, plural Is or I's)

1. The ninth letter of the English alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

Derived terms

• I-beam

See also

• (Latin script letters) letter; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

Number

I (upper case, lower case i, plural Is or I's)

1. The ninth numeral symbol of the English alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

Etymology 3

Abbreviation.

Noun

I (countable and uncountable, plural Is)

1. (US, roadway) Abbreviation of interstate.

   I-95 begins at Houlton, Maine and terminates at Miami, Florida, connecting numerous major cities in the East Coast.

   • 2024 May 17, Orko Manna, “Toll lane project on Interstate 80 between West Sacramento and Davis gets green light”, in KCRA‎^[4], archived from the original on 12 March 2025:

     Drivers like the idea of increasing traffic flow and reducing congestion on the portion of I-80 between Davis and West Sacramento.

2. (grammar) Abbreviation of instrumental case.
3. (computing) Abbreviation of instruction.
4. (US politics) Abbreviation of independent.

Etymology 4

Interjection

I

1. Obsolete spelling of aye.

References

• “I”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, →ISBN.
• “I”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
• "I" in WordNet 2.0, Princeton University, 2003.

Afar

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Afar alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, T t, S s, E e, C c, K k, X x, I i, D d, Q q, R r, F f, G g, O o, L l, M m, N n, U u, W w, H h, Y y

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /i/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Afrikaans alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letter; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

Noun

I (plural I's, diminutive I'tjie)

1. I

Angami

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The fifth letter of the Angami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) Ü ü, Üi üi, A a, Ai ai, I i, Ie ie, U u, Uo uo, E e, Ei ei, O o, Ou ou, K k, Kh kh, G g, Ng ng, C c, Ch ch, J j, Jh jh, Ny ny, T t, Th th, D d, N n, Ts ts, Tsh tsh, Dz dz, P p, Ph ph, B b, M m, Pf pf, Bv bv, Y y, Yh yh, R r, Rh rh, L l, Lh lh, F f, V v, W w, Wh wh, S s, Sh sh, Z z, Zh zh, H h

Azerbaijani

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The thirteenth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin script letters) hərf; Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

Basque

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i/, [i]

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Basque alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, (Ç ç), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L, l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, (Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Cameroon Pidgin

Alternative forms

• a

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /a/

Pronoun

I

1. I, 1st person singular subject personal pronoun

See also

Cameroon Pidgin personal pronouns

		singular	plural
Subject personal pronouns
1st person		I	we, wu
2nd person		you	wuna
3rd person		i	dey
Object and topic personal pronouns
1st person		me	we
2nd person		you	wuna
3rd person		yi, -am	dem, -am

Catalan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [i], [i ʎəˈti.nə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia, Northwestern) [i], [i ʎaˈti.na]

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Catalan alphabet, called i or i llatina and written in the Latin script.

Derived terms

• Í
• Ï

See also

• (Latin-script letters) lletres; A a (À à), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í, Ï ï), J j, K k, L l (L·L l·l), M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Central Franconian

Etymology

• For the origin of /e/, see E.
• /i/ is from Middle High German i in open syllables; in Ripuarian from ī before velars.
• /iː/ is from ī before non-velars in Ripuarian; from ē in Ripuarian and northern Moselle Franconian; from ie, üe in southern Moselle Franconian; from æ (œ) in some dialects.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (short open) /e/, (short closed) /i/, (long) /iː/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. A letter of the Central Franconian alphabet (German-based), written in the Latin script.
2. A letter of the Central Franconian alphabet (Dutch-based), written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• In the German-based spelling, /e/ is usually represented by E (see there).

Use of the digraph IE

• In the German-based spelling, long i is generally written ie except when the German cognate has /iː/ as well and spells it i. Either spelling may be used in the following cases:
  • when the German cognate has only one vowel letter: Kies, Kis (German Käse);
  • at the beginning of a word: ielig, ilig (German eilig).
• In the Dutch-based spelling, both short /i/ and long /iː/ are generally written ie except when the Dutch cognate has /i/ and spells it i. The short vowel is optionally indicated in open syllables by doubling the following consonant: piemmele, piemele.

Central Mazahua

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. A letter of the Central Mazahua alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ⱥ ⱥ, A̱ a̱, B b, C c, Cꞌ cꞌ, Cj cj, Cu cu, Cꞌu cꞌu, Cju cju, Ch ch, Chꞌ chꞌ, Chj chj, D d, Dy dy, E e, Ɇ ɇ, E̱ e̱, G g, Gu gu, Hu hu, ꞌHu ꞌhu, I i, I̱ i̱, J j, Jꞌ jꞌ, Jm jm, Jn jn, Jñ jñ, Ju ju, Jy jy, L l, M m, Mꞌ mꞌ, N n, Nꞌ nꞌ, Ñ ñ, Ñꞌ ñꞌ, O o, Ø ø, O̱ o̱, P p, Pj pj, R r, S s, T t, Tꞌ tꞌ, Tj tj, Ts ts, Tsꞌ tsꞌ, Tsj tsj, U u, Ꞹ ꞹ, U̱ u̱, X x, Z z, Zh zh, ꞌ

Chinese

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): ài (ai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): aai¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ai

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ai⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵a-yi₆; ¹a-yi₆

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: ài
    • Zhuyin: ㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ài
    • Wade–Giles: ai⁴
    • Yale: ài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay
    • Palladius: ай (aj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: aai¹
    • Yale: āai
    • Cantonese Pinyin: aai¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ai¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aːi̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ai
    • Tâi-lô: ai
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ay
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /ai⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ai⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: âi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ai⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵a-yi₆; ¹a-yi₆
    • MiniDict: a^去 yi^去; a^平 yi^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²a-hhi₃; ¹a-hhi₃
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /a³³ ɦi⁴⁴/, /a⁵⁵ ɦi²¹/

Note: Often realised as one syllable.

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Latin alphabet as used in Chinese, written in the Latin script.

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yī (yi¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yī
    • Zhuyin: ㄧ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yi
    • Wade–Giles: i¹
    • Yale: yī
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: i
    • Palladius: и (i)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵⁵/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of Pinyin, written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• 《汉语拼音方案》 defines a standard pronunciation for each letter. However, these pronunciations are rarely used in education; another pronunciation is commonly used instead.
• The pronunciations above are only used while referring to letters in Pinyin. They are not used in other contexts (such as English).

Chipewyan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case ı)

1. A letter of the Chipewyan alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Danish

FWOTD – 5 November 2015

Etymology

From Old East Norse *īʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs. Cognate with Swedish ni, Norwegian Nynorsk de, Faroese tær, and Icelandic þér.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [i]
• Homophone: i
• Rhymes: -i

Pronoun

I (objective jer, possessive jeres)

1. (personal) you, you all (second person plural)

   I må ikke gå derind!

   You can't go in there!

   • 2014, Diverse forfattere, Fire uger blev til fire år - og andre beretninger, Lindhardt og Ringhof →ISBN

     Og så er der forresten lidt mere med det samme: I må love os een ting. mor og far, I må ikke efterligne os unge! — For gør I det, ja, så kommer I til at se så morsomme ud. — I må ikke prøve på at løbe fra jeres alder, for det kan I alligevel ikke.

     And by the way, there's something else: You must promise us one thing, mum and dad, you may not imitate us young! — For if you do, you will look so funny. — you may not try to run way from your age, for you can't do that anyway.

   • 1981, Mogens Wolstrup, Vild hyben: danske forfattere skriver om jalousi

     Men det er ikke jeres skyld, siger Ditte. I er unge og kloge. I er grimme og fantastisk smukke. I har modet! I er på rette vej med jeres show. Jeg føler med jeres oprør, og måske derfor kunne jeg ikke klare mere. Jeres hud er glat, I er startet i tide.

     But it is not your fault, Ditte says. You are young and intelligent. You are ugly and amazingly beautiful. You have the courage! You are on the right path with your show. I feel with your rebellion, and perhaps for that reason, I couldn't take any more. Your skin is smooth, you started in time.

   • 2011, Per Ullidtz, Absalons Europa, BoD – Books on Demand →ISBN, page 229

     Og lidt senere ”I har hørt at det er sagt: øje for øje og tand for tand. Men jeg siger jer, at I må ikke sætte jer imod det onde; men dersom nogen giver dig et slag på din højre kind, da vend ham også den anden til! ...

     And a little later ”you have heard it said: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. But I say to you, you may not resist evil; but if anyone hits you on the right cheek, turn the other towards [whoever hit you]! ...

Descendants

• Norwegian Bokmål: I

See also

Danish personal pronouns

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
					common	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	mig	min	mit	mine
	Second	modern / informal	du	dig	din	dit	dine
		formal (uncommon)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	masculine (person)	han	ham	hans
		feminine (person)	hun	hende	hendes
		common (noun)	den		dens
		neuter (noun)	det		dets
		indefinite	man	en	ens
		reflexive	–	sig	sin	sit	sine
Plural	First	modern	vi	os	vores
		archaic / formal			vor	vort	vore
	Second	–	I	jer	jeres
	Third	–	de	dem	deres
		reflexive	–	sig

References

• “I,4” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /i/

• Audio:

  (file)

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. the ninth letter of the Dutch alphabet

See also

• Previous letter: H
• Next letter: J

Esperanto

Pronunciation

See i.

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The twelfth letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin script letters) litero; Aa, Bb, Cc, Ĉĉ, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ĝĝ, Hh, Ĥĥ, Ii, Jj, Ĵĵ, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Ŝŝ, Tt, Uu, Ŭŭ, Vv, Zz

Further reading

• “i”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
• “I”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026

Estonian

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called ii and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) täht; A a, B b (C c), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Š š, Z z, Ž ž, T t, U u, V v (W w), Õ õ, Ä ä, Ö ö, Ü ü (X x, Y y)

Finnish

Etymology

The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German, and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and I for information on the development of the glyph itself.

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called ii and written in the Latin script.

Derived terms

compounds

• I-palkki
• I-teräs

See also

• (Latin-script letters) kirjain; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s (Š š), T t, U u, V v (W w), X x, Y y, Z z (Ž ž), Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö

Noun

I

1. abbreviation of improbatur

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i/

• Audio (Paris):

  (file)

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the French alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) lettre; A a (À à,  â, Æ æ), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, G g, H h, I i (Πî, Ï ï), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n (Ñ ñ), O o (Ô ô, Œ œ), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y (Ÿ ÿ), Z z

German

Pronunciation

• (letter name) IPA^(key): /iː/, [ʔiː]
• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /ɪ/, /iː/

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

Letter

I n (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the German alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Derived terms

• Binnen-I n
• I longa n or f

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): [ˈi]
• (letter name): IPA^(key): [ˈi]

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The fifteenth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	I	I-k
accusative	I-t	I-ket
dative	I-nek	I-knek
instrumental	I-vel	I-kkel
causal-final	I-ért	I-kért
translative	I-vé	I-kké
terminative	I-ig	I-kig
essive-formal	I-ként	I-kként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	I-ben	I-kben
superessive	I-n	I-ken
adessive	I-nél	I-knél
illative	I-be	I-kbe
sublative	I-re	I-kre
allative	I-hez	I-khez
elative	I-ből	I-kből
delative	I-ről	I-kről
ablative	I-től	I-ktől
non-attributive possessive – singular	I-é	I-ké
non-attributive possessive – plural	I-éi	I-kéi

Possessive forms of I

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	I-m	I-im
2nd person sing.	I-d	I-id
3rd person sing.	I-je	I-i
1st person plural	I-nk	I-ink
2nd person plural	I-tek	I-itek
3rd person plural	I-jük	I-ik

See also

• (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z, Zs zs

Icelandic

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The eleventh letter of the Icelandic alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) bókstafur; A a, Á á, B b, D d, Рð, E e, É é, F f, G g, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ó ó, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ú ú, V v, X x, Y y, Ý ý, Þ þ, Æ æ, Ö ö

Ido

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L, l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Indonesian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /i/
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /i/, /ɪ/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Indonesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

Etymology 2

Numeral

I

1. alternative form of pertama (“first”)
2. alternative form of kesatu (“first”)
3. (proscribed) alternative form of satu (“first”)

Irish

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Irish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Derived terms

• I-bhíoma

See also

• See Template:list:Latin script letters/ga.

Italian

Pronunciation

• (letter name) IPA^(key): /ˈi/^*
  • Rhymes: -i
  • Hyphenation: Ì
• (phonemic realization) IPA^(key): /i/
• (phonemic realization when followed by a vowel in the same syllable) IPA^(key): /j/

Letter

I f or m (upper case, lower case i, invariable)

1. The ninth letter of the Italian alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) lettera; A a (À à), B b, C c, D d, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, J j, K k), L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù), V v (W w, X x, Y y), Z z
• Italian alphabet on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Japanese

Romanization

I

1. Rōmaji transcription of い

Kankanaey

Etymology

Borrowed from Tagalog I. Letter pronunciation is influenced by English I.

Pronunciation

• (letter name) IPA^(key): /ʔaj/ [ʔai̯]
  • Rhymes: -aj
• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /ʔi/ [ʔi̞]
  • Rhymes: -i
  • Syllabification: I

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Kankanaey alphabet, called ay and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letra; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Kashubian

Etymology

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and I for development of the glyph itself.

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The thirteenth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, àã, B b, C c, D d, E e, É é, Ë ë, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, O o, Ò ò, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ù ù, W w, Y y, Z z, Ż ż

Khiamniungan Naga

Etymology

The Khiamniungan Naga language is presently written using the Latin alphabet. No indigenous or alternative script has been documented from earlier periods in the language's history. For a detailed description of the writing system's conventions including vowel and Consonant representation, tone marking (such as the use of h for glottal, the letter ü is pronounced ə), and orthographic rules, see the Wikipedia article on the Khiamniungan alphabet.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i³³/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. (Patsho) The fifth letter of the Khiamniungan Naga alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ch ch, E e, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, Ng ng, Ny ny, O o, P p, Ph ph, S s, Sh sh, T t, Th th, Ts ts, Tsh tsh, U u, Ü ü, V v, W w, Y y

Pronunciation guide

Uppercase	IPA	Canonical Pronunciation	Phonetic examples in English	Phonetic examples in Khiamniungan Naga
A	a	aa	father	āmpāu(pastor)
Ch	tʃʰ	tʃʰə	chair, watch	chām(book)
E	ɛ	a	bed, elephant	ēm(colony of Jhumland)
H	h	hə	husband	hǖhêi(hello)
I	i	ee	beet	îe(winnowing tray)
J	tʃ	tʃə	picture, culture, nature	jām(house)
K	k	kə	sky, skip	kēu(uncle)
Kh	kʰ	kʰə	canoe, Cost, cat	khèu(head)
L	l	lə	alone	lāi(spear)
M	m	mə	money	màu(ant)
N	n	nə	nine, never	nòk
Ng	ŋ	ŋə	sing, throng	ngēm(news)
Ny	ɲ	ɲə	canyon, bunyan	nyù(mother)
O	ɔ	ɔ	orange	ônyù(sky)
P	P	pə	spill, span	pòu(father)
Ph	pʰ	pʰə	pound	phōh(hand)
S	ʃ	ʃə	sound	sā(liver)
Sh	ʃʰ	ʃʰə	shine	shām(mat)
T	t	tə	stop, stand	tòuh(wild pig)
Th	tʰ	tʰə	Thomas	thoi(pumking)
Ts	ts	tsə	cats, hats, pizza	tsēm(salt)
Tsh	Tsʰ	Tsʰə	tshep(kiss)	tshō(traditional basket)
U	ʊ, u	ʊ, u	look, hoop	ûo(goat)
Ü	ə	ə	banana	chǖlám
V	v	və	very	vèu(chicken)
W	w	wə	watt	wā(flour)
Y	j	jə	yellow	yòh(pig)
Glottal(h) is used at the end of the word	ʔ	ʔ stop	Mountain, button, cotton	chāh(through)

Latin

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. A letter of the Latin alphabet, written in the Latin script, representing the consonant /j/ and the vowels /i/ and /iː/.

Usage notes

• Historical Latin texts did not distinguish the consonantal and vocalic readings of this letter orthographically. In modern texts and editions of older texts, the vowels are typically written ⟨I⟩ and ⟨Ī⟩ to distinguish them, and /j/ is sometimes written ⟨j⟩. For example, iūdex may be spelled jūdex.

Symbol

I

1. A digit 1 (ūnus) in the decimal Roman numeral system. Originally a tally mark. It is iterated for multiples.

Derived terms

• II
• III
• IIII
• IV
• VI
• VII
• VIII
• VIIII
• IX

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, V v, X x, Y y, Z z

Latvian

Etymology

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [i]

• Audio:

  (file)

Letter

I

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The thirteenth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) burts; A a, Ā ā, B b, C c, Č č, D d, E e, Ē ē, F f, G g, Ģ ģ, H h, I i, Ī ī, J j, K k, Ķ ķ, L l, Ļ ļ, M m, N n, Ņ ņ, O o, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, Ū ū, V v, Z z, Ž ž

Malay

Pronunciation

• (Name of letter) IPA^(key): [ai̯]
• (Phoneme) IPA^(key): [i]
• (Phoneme, Closed ultima) IPA^(key): [e]

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

Maltese

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The twelfth letter of the Maltese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) ittra; A a, B b, Ċ ċ, D d, E e, F f, Ġ ġ, G g, Għ għ, H h, Ħ ħ, I i, Ie ie, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Ż ż, Z z

Middle English

Alternative forms

• ich, iche, icche, i, j, hi, hij, jch, hich, hic, ic, ick, ih, ig, ik, ike, ihc, ichc, ichs, ics, a, y

Etymology

From Old English iċ, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, Proto-Germanic *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵh₂óm. More at English I.

The loss of /t͡ʃ/ at first occurs in unstressed positions when the following word begins with a consonant. The pronunciation /iː/ results from restressing the unstressed pronunciation.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iː/
• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /i/

Pronoun

I (accusative me, genitive min, genitive determiner mi, min)

2. I (first-person singular subject pronoun)
   • c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 29 May 2019:

     Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

     "Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."

   • c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎^[5], published c. 1410, Joon 15:19, folio 51, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

     If ȝe hadden be of þe woꝛld .· þe woꝛld ſchulde loue þat þing þat was his / but foꝛ ȝe ben not of þe woꝛld · but I chees ȝou fro þe woꝛld .· þerfoꝛ þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝou

     If you had been of the world, the world would love that which is its [own]; so the world hates you, because you aren't of the world. Instead I picked you from the world.

Usage notes

• Capitalized since 13th century to mark it as a distinct word and prevent misreading.

Descendants

• English: I, ik (obsolete), ich (obsolete)
• Geordie: aw
• Scots: A, I, ik (rare)
• Yola: ich

See also

Middle English personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive	possessive
singular	1st person		I, ich, ik	me		min mi1	min
	2nd person		þou	þe		þin þi1	þin
	3rd person	m	he	him hine2	him	his	his hisen
		f	sche, heo	hire heo	hire		hire hires, hiren
		n	hit		hit him2	his, hit	—
dual3	1st person		wit	unk		unker
	2nd person		ȝit	inc		inker
plural	1st person		we	us, ous		oure	oure oures, ouren
	2nd person4		ye	yow		your	your youres, youren
	3rd person	inh.	he	hem he2	hem	here	here heres, heren
		bor.	þei	þem, þeim		þeir	þeir þeires, þeiren

¹ Used preconsonantally or before h.
² Early or dialectal.
³ Dual pronouns are only sporadically found in Early Middle English; after that, they are replaced by plural forms. There are no third person dual forms in Middle English.
⁴ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd person singular.

References

• “ich, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 5 April 2018.

Navajo

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a (Á á, Ą ą, Ą́ ą́), B b, Ch ch, Chʼ chʼ, D d, Dl dl, Dz dz, E e (É é, Ę ę, Ę́ ę́), G g, Gh gh, H h, Hw hw, X x, I i (Í í, Į į, Į́ į́), J j, K k, Kʼ kʼ, Kw kw, ʼ, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n (Ń ń), O o (Ó ó, Ǫ ǫ, Ǫ́ ǫ́), S s, Sh sh, T t, Tʼ tʼ, Tł tł, Tłʼ tłʼ, Ts ts, Tsʼ tsʼ, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Danish I, from Old East Norse *īʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz. Cognate with Swedish ni, Norwegian Nynorsk de, Faroese tær, and Icelandic þér.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iː/

Pronoun

I (objective case jer or eder)

1. (rare, archaic) ye: a second-person plural nominative pronoun

   Synonym: dere

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iː/

Etymology 1

From Latin I.

Letter

I (lower case i, definite singular I-en, indefinite plural I-ar, definite plural I-ane)

1. The ninth letter of the Norwegian alphabet, called I and written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ek, from Proto-Norse ᛖᚲ (ek), from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵh₂óm. The upper case spelling might be an orthographic influence from cognate English I, or as a means to differenciate from native preposition i (“in”).

Alternative forms

• i

Pronoun

I (objective me, possessive min)

1. (dialectal) alternative form of eg (first person singular pronoun)

Etymology 3

Possibly through Danish I. From Old Norse ér, ír, from Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs. Compare with de. The upper case spelling might be explained either by its use as an honorific, or with its plausible Danish origins.

Alternative forms

• i

Pronoun

I (objective ær or ør or jærs, possessive ærs or ørs or jærs)

1. (obsolete or dialectal, polite) you (second person singular)

Derived terms

• ia

References

• “I” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
• Torp, Alf (1919), “I”, in Nynorsk etymologisk ordbok (in Norwegian Nynorsk), Kristiania: Aschehoug, page 240
• Ivar Aasen (1850), “i”, in Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog‎^[6] (in Danish), Oslo: Samlaget, published 2000

Anagrams

• i, i-

Nupe

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /i/, (after /n/ or /m/) /ĩ/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The eleventh letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) banki; A a (Á á, À à), B b, C c, D d, Dz dz, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì), J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, Ts ts, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù), V v, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Polish

Etymology

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and I for development of the glyph itself.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈi/

• Audio:

  (file)

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The twelfth letter of the Polish alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ę ę, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ó ó, P p, R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

Portuguese

Letter

I m (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letra; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ã ã), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, Ê ê), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ô ô, Õ õ), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Romani

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. (International Standard) The twelfth letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
2. (Pan-Vlax) The thirteenth letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).

Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i/, /j/, /ʲ/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The eleventh letter of the Romanian alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• Generally represents the phoneme /i/.
• Before vowels, this letter usually takes on the sound of /j/

  ianuarie /ja.nuˈa.ri.e/

• At the ends of words (except verb infinitives, and those ending in a consonant cluster ending in l or r), the letter palatalizes the previous syllable and is "whispered": /ʲ/

  băieți /bəˈjetsʲ/

See also

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Ăă, Ââ, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Îî, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Șș, Tt, Țț, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

Saanich

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The eleventh letter of the Saanich alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A, Á, Ⱥ, B, C, Ć, Ȼ, D, E, H, I, Í, J, K, Ꝁ, Ꝃ, ₭, Ḵ, Ḱ, L, Ƚ, M, N, Ṉ, O, P, Q, S, Ś, T, Ⱦ, Ṯ, Ŧ, U, W, W̱, X, X̱, Y, Z, s, ¸

Scots

Etymology 1

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Scots alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L, l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z, Ȝ ȝ

Etymology 2

From Middle English I, from Old English iċ, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵh₂óm.

Pronoun

I

1. I

See also

Scots personal pronouns

personal pronoun possessive pronoun possessive determiner subjective objective reflexive first person singular A, I, Ik me mysel mine, mines mine, my plural we us, we oorsel, oorsels oors our second person singular standard (formal) ye you, yow ye you, yow yersel yoursel yers yours yer your Insular (informal) thoo thee thysel, theesel thines thy, thee, thees plural ye, yese you, youse ye, yese you, youse theer yesels yoursels yers yours yer your third person singular masculine he, e him, im himsel, hissel his, is his, is feminine scho, she, shu her, er hersel hers her, er neuter it hit it hit itsel hitsel its hits its hits genderless, nonspecific (formal) ane ane – – ane's plural thay thaim thaimsel, thaimsels thairs thair

References

• “I, pron.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC, retrieved 20 May 2024, reproduced from William A[lexander] Craigie, A[dam] J[ack] Aitken [et al.], editors, A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue: […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1931–2002, →OCLC.
• “I, n.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC, retrieved 20 May 2024, reproduced from W[illiam] Grant and D[avid] D. Murison, editors, The Scottish National Dictionary, Edinburgh: Scottish National Dictionary Association, 1931–1976, →OCLC.

Scottish Gaelic

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Scottish Gaelic alphabet, written in the Latin script; preceded by H and followed by L; traditionally named iodh (“yew”).

See also

• (Latin-script letters) litir; A a (À à), B b (Bh bh), C c (Ch ch), D d (Dh dh), E e (È è), F f (Fh fh), G g (Gh gh), H h, I i (Ì ì), L l, M m (Mh mh), N n, O o (Ò ò), P p (Ph ph), R r, S s (Sh sh), T t (Th th), U u (Ù ù)
• (diacritics) ◌̀
• (obsolete vowels) Á á É é Ó ó

Silesian

Etymology

The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and I for development of the glyph itself.

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The eleventh letter of the Silesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, àã, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ŏ ŏ, Ō ō, Ô ô, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

Skolt Sami

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /i/, /j/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The sixteenth letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) bukva; A a,  â, B b, C c, Č č, Ʒ ʒ, Ǯ ǯ, D d, Đ đ, E e, F f, G g, Ǧ ǧ, Ǥ ǥ, H h, I i, J j, K k, Ǩ ǩ, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, ʹ

Slovene

Etymology

From Gaj's Latin alphabet I, from Czech alphabet I, from Latin I, from the Etruscan letter 𐌉 (i, “i”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ι (I, iota), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤉 (y, yod), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂝.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Slovene, tonal) IPA^(key): /ˈíː/, /ˈìː/, /ˈî/, /i/, [ˈɪ́ː], [ˈɪ̀ː], [ˈɪ̂], [ˈîː], [ˈǐː], [ˈɪ̂ː], [ˈɪ̌ː], SNPT: /ī/, /ȉ/, /i/
• (Standard Slovene, non-tonal) IPA^(key): /ˈiː/, /ˈi/, /i/, [ˈɪː], [ˈɪ], SNPT: /í/, /ì/, /i/

Note: different distinctions and accent shifts do not necessarily exclude other and most of them exist in both tonal and non-tonal Slovene.

• (Standard Slovene, tonal) IPA^(key): [ˈîː], [ˈǐː], SNPT: [ī]
• (Standard Slovene, non-tonal) IPA^(key): [ˈiː], SNPT: [í],

  Audio:

  (file)

Note: different distinctions and accent shifts do not necessarily exclude other and most of them exist in both tonal and non-tonal Slovene.

• Rhymes: -iː ([-í]) (non-tonal)
• Hyphenation: i

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The tenth letter of the Slovene alphabet, written in the Latin script.
2. The fifteenth letter of the Slovene alphabet (Resian), written in the Latin script.
3. The eleventh letter of the Slovene alphabet (Natisone Valley dialect), written in the Latin script.

Noun

Ī m inan

1. The name of the Latin script letter I/i.

Declension

• Overall more common

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, -j- infix
nom. sing.	I
gen. sing.	I-ja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	I	I-ja	I-ji
genitive rodȋlnik	I-ja	I-jev	I-jev
dative dajȃlnik	I-ju, I-ji	I-jema	I-jem
accusative tožȋlnik	I	I-ja	I-je
locative mẹ̑stnik	I-ju, I-ji	I-jih	I-jih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	I-jem	I-jema	I-ji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	I	I-ja	I-ji

• More common when with a definite adjective

Third masculine declension (no endings) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	I
gen. sing.	I
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	I	I	I
genitive rodȋlnik	I	I	I
dative dajȃlnik	I	I	I
accusative tožȋlnik	I	I	I
locative mẹ̑stnik	I	I	I
instrumental orọ̑dnik	I	I	I
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	I	I	I

• Dialectal, in common written language used till 19th century

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , -j- infix
nom. sing.	I
gen. sing.	I-ja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	I	I-ja	I-ji
genitive rodȋlnik	I-ja	I-jov	I-jov
dative dajȃlnik	I-ju, I-ji	I-joma	I-jom
accusative tožȋlnik	I	I-ja	I-je
locative mẹ̑stnik	I-ju, I-ji	I-jih	I-jih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	I-jom	I-joma	I-ji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	I	I-ja	I-ji

Derived terms

• Í
• Ì
• Ï

See also

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Vv, Zz, Žž

Further reading

• “I”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2026

Somali

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /ɪ/, /i/
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /ʔɪ/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Somali alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script; preceded by E and followed by O.

Usage notes

• The Somali alphabet follows the Arabic abjad order.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) ʼ, B b, T t, J j, X x, Kh kh, D d, R r, S s, Sh sh, Dh dh, C c, G g, F f, Q q, K k, L l, M m, N n, W w, H h, Y y, A a, E e, I i, O o, U u

Spanish

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Spanish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Adjective

I

1. abbreviation of ilustre

   La I municipalidad de Valparaíso.

   The illustrious municipality of Valparaíso.

Swedish

Etymology 1

See the etymology at #Translingual.

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /iː/
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /iː/, /ɪ/
• Rhymes: -iː

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Swedish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

From Old Swedish ī, īr, from Old Norse ír, variant of ér, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, variant of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

Alternative forms

• J, j

Pronoun

I (personal pronoun)

1. (archaic) ye (second-person plural nominative)

Synonyms

• ni

References

• Lindström, Fredrik (2010), “Svårt att gissa arslets grundform [Hard to guess the lemma of arslet]”, in Språktidningen‎^[7] (in Swedish), number 5, retrieved 14 July 2020

Tagalog

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish I. Each pronunciation has a different source:

• Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English I.
• Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜁ (i).
• Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish I.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog)
  • IPA^(key): /ˈʔaj/ [ˈʔaɪ̯] (letter name, Filipino alphabet)
    • Rhymes: -aj
  • IPA^(key): /ˈʔi/ [ˈʔɪ] (letter name, Abakada alphabet, Abecedario)
    • Rhymes: -i
  • IPA^(key): /ˈi/ [ˈɪ] (phoneme, stressed)
    • Rhymes: -i
  • IPA^(key): /i/ [ɪ] (phoneme, unstressed)
    • Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: I

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. the ninth letter of the Filipino alphabet, called ay and written in the Latin script
2. the eighth letter of the Abakada alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script
3. (historical) the tenth letter of the Abecedario, called i and written in the Latin script

See also

• (Latin-script letters) titik; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Etymology 2

Possibly short for ina (ni).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ʔi/ [ʔɪ]
• Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: I

Noun

I (Baybayin spelling ᜁ) (obsolete)

1. mother of

   Nahaan si I Talina? ― Where is the mother of [Ca]talina?.

Alternative forms

• Y — obsolete, Spanish-based spelling

See also

• A

Further reading

• “I”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018
• Serrano Laktaw, Pedro (1914), Diccionario tagálog-hispano (overall work in Tagalog and Spanish), Intramuros, Manila: Ateneo de Manila., page 350
• San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613), Vocabulario de lengua tagala. El romance castellano puesto primero. Primera, y segunda parte.‎^[8] (overall work in Early Modern Spanish and Classical Tagalog), as directed by Gov. Gen. Juan de Silva, Pila, Laguna: La noble Villa de Pila, por Tomás Pinpin y Domingo Loag., page 402: “Madre) Y) de Iuan Pedro o de otro, ante pueſta eſta letra, vt. y ſico , madre de Francisſco, y Pero, madre de Pedro, y Pili, nahaan ſi y Talina? do eſta la madre de Catalina?”

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɯ/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case ı)

1. The eleventh letter of the Turkish alphabet, called ı and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin script letters) harf; Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [ʔi˧˧], [ʔi˧˧ ŋan˧˦]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʔɪj˧˧], [ʔɪj˧˧ ŋaŋ˦˧˥]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʔɪj˧˧], [ʔɪj˧˧ ŋaŋ˦˥]
• Phonetic spelling: i, i ngắn

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The twelfth letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called i or i ngắn and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Quốc ngữ letters) chữ cái; A a (À à, Ả ả, àã, Á á, Ạ ạ), Ă ă (Ằ ằ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ắ ắ, Ặ ặ),  â (Ầ ầ, Ẩ ẩ, Ẫ ẫ, Ấ ấ, Ậ ậ), B b, C c (Ch ch), D d, Đ đ, E e (È è, Ẻ ẻ, Ẽ ẽ, É é, Ẹ ẹ), Ê ê (Ề ề, Ể ể, Ễ ễ, Ế ế, Ệ ệ), G g (Gh gh, Gi gi), H h, I i (Ì ì, Ỉ ỉ, Ĩ ĩ, Í í, Ị ị), K k (Kh kh), L l, M m, N n (Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh), O o (Ò ò, Ỏ ỏ, Õ õ, Ó ó, Ọ ọ), Ô ô (Ồ ồ, Ổ ổ, Ỗ ỗ, Ố ố, Ộ ộ), Ơ ơ (Ờ ờ, Ở ở, Ỡ ỡ, Ớ ớ, Ợ ợ), P p (Ph ph), Q q (Qu qu), R r, S s, T t (Th th, Tr tr), U u (Ù ù, Ủ ủ, Ũ ũ, Ú ú, Ụ ụ), Ư ư (Ừ ừ, Ử ử, Ữ ữ, Ứ ứ, Ự ự), V v, X x, Y y (Ỳ ỳ, Ỷ ỷ, Ỹ ỹ, Ý ý, Ỵ ỵ)

Welsh

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /iː/
• (South Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ˌiː ˈdɔt/, /ˌiː ˈðɔt/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The thirteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called i or i dot and written in the Latin script; preceded by H and followed by J.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à,  â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Πî, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)

Mutation

• I cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word iwrch (“roe deer”):

Mutated forms of iwrch

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
iwrch	unchanged	unchanged	hiwrch

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “I”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yoruba

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /i/
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /í/

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The tenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called í and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) lẹ́tà; A a (Á á, À à, Ā ā), B b, D d, E e (É é, È è, Ē ē), Ẹ ẹ (Ẹ́ ẹ́, Ẹ̀ ẹ̀, Ẹ̄ ẹ̄), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Ī ī), J j, K k, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ō ō), Ọ ọ (Ọ́ ọ́, Ọ̀ ọ̀, Ọ̄ ọ̄), P p, R r, S s, Ṣ ṣ, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Ū ū), W w, Y y
• (Benin)
• (Latin-script letters) lɛ́tà; A a, B b, D d, E e, Ɛ ɛ, F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ɔ ɔ, P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, U u, W w, Y y

Zulu

Letter

I (upper case, lower case i)

1. The ninth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z