walka
Appearance
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Borrowed from Old Czech válka.[1][2] First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]walka f (related adjective waleczny)
- war (organized armed conflict)
- Synonym: wojna
- 1930 [c. 1455], “Judith”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)transliteration, transcription, 5, 22:
- Pogubyeny bily walkamy (exterminati sunt proeliis) ot wyelya narodow
- [Pogubieni byli walkami (exterminati sunt proeliis) ot wiela narodow]
- military service
- Synonym: wojna
- (attested in Greater Poland) battle; fight (general action, fight, or encounter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged; a combat, an engagement)
- 1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I[5], Lesser Poland, page 8:
- Nyektorzy z naszych ryczerzow..., gdy na grodzech naprzeczyw nyeprziaczelom badą posadzeny abo na walkach, wsząli obyczay nye stacz pod szadną chorągwą
- [Niektorzy z naszych rycerzow..., gdy na grodziech naprzeciw nieprzyjacielom będą posadzeni abo na walkach, wzięli obyczaj nie stać pod żadną chorągwią]
- (attested in Greater Poland) duel (arranged, regular combat between two private persons)
- 1466, Elżbieta Belcarzowa, editor, Glosy z rkpsu Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej nr 2195 oraz z rękopisu, numbers 1490/11, 1945/1, Biblioteka Kapitulna w Pradze, page 17:
- Ecce dies oritur tempusque locusque duelli, gl. pugne valcze, stant pugiles
- [Ecce dies oritur tempusque locusque duelli, gl. pugne walce, stant pugiles]
- reason for conflict
- 1874-1891 [End of the fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności[6], [7], [8], volume I, page XLI:
- Picha przeczywko sząszyądowy [wąl] walka gyest, czakagyącz gromw y strzali (superbia contra vicinum balneum, var. venenum, est, expectans tonitruum cum sagitta)
- [Pycha przeciwko sąsiadowi [wąl] walka jest, czakając gromu i strzały (superbia contra vicinum balneum, var. venenum, est, expectans tonitruum cum sagitta)]
- battle; struggle
- 1874-1891 [Middle of the fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności[9], [10], [11], volume XXII, page 243:
- Bo czsso pomoze... tobye gine s sobą gednacz a pocoycz, gdi w t[w]ey duschi gest walka grzeschna
- [Bo cso pomoże... tobie jine z sobą jednać a pokoić, gdy w t[w]ej duszy jest walka grzeszna]
- agony (struggle that precedes death)
- 1882 [End of the fifteenth century], Emil Kałużniacki, editor, Kleinere altpolnische Texte aus Handschriften des XV. und des Anfangs des XVI. Jahrhunderts[12], page 274:
- Factus in agonia, id est venit pugna super eum przysla nany walka (factus in agonia, sc. Iesus, prolixius orabat Luc 22, 43)
- [Factus in agonia, id est venit pugna super eum przyszła nani walka (factus in agonia, sc. Iesus, prolixius orabat Luc 22, 43)]
- argument, fight
- Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa[13], page 455:
- Byla myedzy lyvdem vyelyka valka, bo nyektorzy movyly, yze podobno dacz dan rzymskym czeszarzom..., alye lyczemyernyczy... movyly..., yze myszmy volny od svyeczkych zakonow
- [Była miedzy ludem wielika walka, bo niektorzy mowili, iże podobno dać dań rzymskim cesarzom..., ale licemiernicy... mowili, iże mysmy wolni od świeckich zakonow]
- (attested in Greater Poland) game played on Easter in which one rolls Easter eggs
Derived terms
[edit]verbs
- walczyć impf
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “walka”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- ^ Ewa Deptuchowa, et al., editors (2023), “walka”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk
- Bożena Sieradzka-Baziur, et al., editors (2011–2015), “walka”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Old Polish walka.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈval.ka/, /ˈvɒl.ka/
- (Lesser Poland):
- (Borderlands):
- (Southern Borderlands) IPA(key): [ˈvalʲ.ka]
Noun
[edit]walka f (related adjective waleczny)
- (countable) battle, combat, fight (mutual use of force or weapons against one another) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’; or with przeciw or przeciwko (+ dative) ‘against whom’; or with między or pomiędzy (+ instrumental) ‘between whom’; in addition, with o or za (+ accusative) ‘for/over whom/what’]
- Synonym: starcie
- (countable, sports) fight; clash (arrange combat often for entertainment; arranged sports competition) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]
- (countable) fight, combat (act of attempting to defeat an opponent in some dispute or contest) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’; or with przeciw or przeciwko (+ dative) ‘against whom’]
- Synonym: rywalizacja
- (uncountable) struggle, fight (act of attempting to remove undesirable phenomena or difficulties, to get something, or to help someone) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’ and o (+ accusative) ‘for/over what’]
- (uncountable) struggle, fight (act of attempting to win someone's favor) [with o (+ accusative) ‘for/over whom’]
- (uncountable, literary) struggle, fight (act of opposing forces of nature or general phenomena) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]
- (uncountable) clash (contradiction, e.g. between differing or contending interests, views, purposes)
- (Lasovia) desire to pester or harm [with na (+ accusative) ‘towards whom’]
- Ma walkę na mnie. ― He wants to pester me.
- (Western Kraków) straw roller (roller made of straw dipped in clay)
- Hypernym: wałek
- (Southern Borderlands, Ukraine) house clay (clay mixed with straw and waste used to build peasant cottages)
- (uncountable, obsolete, biology) competition (fighting for resources between species in the same environment)
Declension
[edit]Declension of walka
Derived terms
[edit]verbs
- walczyć impf
verbs
- związać walką pf, wiązać walką impf
Related terms
[edit]adverbs
nouns
Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), walka is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 48 times in scientific texts, 81 times in news, 70 times in essays, 14 times in fiction, and 5 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 218 times, making it the 256th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “walka”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego[15] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- “walka”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN[16] (in Polish)
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, et al., editors (2010-2023), “walka”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- Paweł Kupiszewski (24.05.2021), “WALKA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “walka”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “walka”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “walka”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 450
- Jan Karłowicz (1911), “walka”, in Jan Łoś, editors, Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volumes 6: U—Ż, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 66
Silesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Old Polish walka.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]walka f (related adjective waleczny)
- battle; fight (general action, fight, or encounter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged; a combat, an engagement)
- Synonym: bōj
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | walka | walki |
| genitive | walki | walk |
| dative | walce | walkōm |
| accusative | walkã | walki |
| instrumental | walkōm | walkami/walkōma |
| locative | walce | walkach |
| vocative | walko | walki |
Further reading
[edit]- walka in silling.org
Categories:
- Old Polish terms borrowed from Old Czech
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *welH-
- Old Polish terms derived from Old Czech
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish nouns
- Old Polish feminine nouns
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Greater Poland Old Polish
- zlw-opl:War
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Old Czech
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *welH-
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle Polish
- Western Kraków Polish
- Lasovia Polish
- Southern Borderlands Polish
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/alka
- Rhymes:Polish/alka/2 syllables
- Polish lemmas
- Polish nouns
- Polish feminine nouns
- Polish countable nouns
- pl:Sports
- Polish uncountable nouns
- Polish literary terms
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish terms with obsolete senses
- pl:Biology
- pl:Building materials
- pl:Tools
- pl:Violence
- Silesian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *welH-
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from Old Czech
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Silesian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/alka
- Rhymes:Silesian/alka/2 syllables
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian nouns
- Silesian feminine nouns
- szl:Violence
