Louisa Adams

Louisa Adams
Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka 4 ga Maris, 1825 - 4 ga Maris, 1829 ← Elizabeth Monroe - Emily Donelson (mul) →
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Louisa Catherine Johnson
Haihuwa	Landan, 12 ga Faburairu, 1775
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa	Washington, D.C., 15 Mayu 1852
Makwanci	United First Parish Church (en)
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (Ciwon zuciya)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Joshua Johnson
Mahaifiya	Catherine Nuth
Abokiyar zama	John Quincy Adams  (26 ga Yuli, 1797 -  23 ga Faburairu, 1848)
Yara	view Charles Francis Adams Sr. (mul) George Washington Adams (en) John Adams II (en) Louisa Catherine Adams (en)
Ahali	Elizabeth Janet Dorcas Johnson (en) , Thomas Baker Johnson (en) da Ann Johnson Hellen (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	First Lady (en) da marubuci
Imani
Addini	Unitarianism (en)
Jam'iyar siyasa	Democratic-Republican Party (en)

Louisa Catherine Adams ( née Johnson ; Fabrairu 12, 1775 - Mayu 15, 1852) ita ce matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka daga 1825 zuwa 1829 a lokacin shugabancin John Quincy Adams . An haife ta a Ingila kuma ta girma a Faransa . Mahaifinta ɗan kasuwa ne mai tasiri a Amurka, kuma ana yawan gabatar da ita ga fitattun 'yan Amurka. Bayan da iyalinta suka dawo Ingila, ta haɗu da John Quincy Adams a 1795, kuma su biyun sun fara soyayya mai wahala. Sun yi aure a 1797 bayan an ɗaura musu aure na tsawon shekara guda, inda suka fara auren rashin jituwa da rikice-rikicen halaye. Ta haɗu da mijinta a kan aikinsa na diflomasiyya zuwa Prussia, inda ta shahara a kotun Prussia . Lokacin da suka dawo Amurka, mijinta ya zama sanata kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza uku. An naɗa John minista a Daular Rasha a 1809, kuma sun yi tafiya zuwa Rasha ba tare da manyan 'ya'yansu maza biyu ba, ba tare da son Louisa ba. Duk da cewa ta sake samun karbuwa a kotun, amma ta ƙi zama a Rasha, musamman bayan mutuwar 'yarta mai jaririya a shekarar 1812. Ta zauna a Rasha ita kaɗai tsawon shekara guda yayin da John ya yi shawarwari kan Yarjejeniyar Ghent, kuma lokacin da ya nemi ta haɗu da shi a shekarar 1815, ta yi tafiya mai haɗari ta kwanaki 40 a faɗin Turai da yaƙi ya daidaita.

Mutanen Adams sun zauna a Ingila tsawon shekaru biyu kafin su koma Amurka lokacin da aka naɗa John a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje . Louisa ta zama fitacciyar matar majalisar ministoci kuma ta saba karɓar baƙi a gidanta. Ta yi aiki don gina alaƙa don takarar shugaban ƙasa na mijinta a shekarar 1824, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar cin nasara. Ba ta gamsu da Fadar White House ba, inda ta zama mai kaɗaici kuma ta yi nisa da mijinta. Madadin haka, ta fara rubutu, tana shirya wasan kwaikwayo, muƙaloli, waƙoƙi, da tarihin rayuwarta. Ta yi fatan yin ritaya bayan mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓe, amma an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . Ta ƙara sha'awar siyasa, tana goyon bayan kawar da ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma samun ƙarin 'yanci ga mata a cikin al'umma. Ta rasu a shekarar 1848, kuma ta sami bugun jini a shekarar 1849 wanda ya bar ta da ƙarancin motsi. Ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1852, tana da shekaru 77, kuma Majalisar ta dage don jana'izarta, karo na biyu da aka girmama mace ta wannan hanyar.

Ita kaɗai ce matar shugaban ƙasa da aka haifa a ƙasar waje a Amurka har zuwa shekarar 2017, lokacin da Melania Trump ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa. Ba a yi nazari sosai kan aikinta na matar shugaban ƙasa kamar sauran sassan rayuwarta ba, saboda yadda take kaɗaita kanta da kuma iyakantaccen tarihin da ta ajiye a lokacin. Duk da haka, masana tarihi sun fi ƙimanta a cikin mata na sama.

Rayuwar Farko (1775–1788)

An haifi Louisa Catherine Johnson a Landan a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1775. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga ɗan kasuwa ɗan Amurka Joshua Johnson da kuma 'yar Ingila Catherine Nuth.  : 43 Iyalan Johnson sun kasance iyali mai tasiri a siyasar Amurka, inda kawun Louisa na uba Thomas Johnson ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ƙungiyar nahiyar Afirka ta 1774. Ba a san komai game da rayuwar mahaifiyarta ba kafin aurenta.  : 160  : 92 Iyayen Louisa sun yi aure ne kawai bayan shekaru goma da haihuwarta, wanda hakan zai iya sanya Louisa ta zama uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ɗaya tilo a Amurka da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba.  : 81 Ta rayu cikin jin daɗi tun tana ƙarama inda ake biyan duk buƙatunta.  : 43  : 54 

Mahaifin Louisa ya goyi bayan ' yancin kai na Amurka, kuma Johnsons sun bar Ingila a shekara ta 1778 a matsayin martani ga Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka .  : 18 Sun ƙaura zuwa Nantes, Faransa, inda suka zauna na tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa. A lokacin da take Faransa, Louisa ta halarci makarantar kwana ta Katolika . Ta yi kyau a makaranta, ta zama ƙwararriya a fannin kiɗa da adabi, kuma ta koyi yin magana da Faransanci sosai.  : 43  : 81 Ta kuma yi karatun Katolika. Wannan ya sa ta shiga Faransanci har ta tilasta wa daga baya ta sake koyon Turanci.  : 54 Ta kuma ƙware a fannin Girkanci da Latin.  : 43 Jama'ar Johnson suna rayuwa cikin jin daɗi, koda kuwa ba su da kuɗin yin hakan.  : 160 Gidansu da ke Faransa wani babban gida ne da aka san shi da "Haikali na Ɗanɗano".  : 93 

Iyalan Johnson sun koma Ingila suka zauna a Tower Hill, yayin da aka sanya Louisa a makarantar kwana ta Landan.  : 81 An yi mata ba'a saboda halayenta na Faransanci, kuma Katolika da ta koya a Faransa ya haifar da rikici da ilimin addinin Anglican da take yi a Ingila.  : 18 Girman kanta ya yi mata illa, kuma ta nisanci takwarorinta.  : 93 John Hewlett, wani limamin cocin Anglican kuma abokin dangin Johnsons ne ya tura ta don ta yi karatu. Hewlett ya zama mai tasiri sosai a kan tarbiyyarta, yana ƙarfafa iliminta.  : 19 Iyalan Johnson sun sha wahala a fannin kuɗi a shekarar 1788, kuma an kore ta daga makaranta don a yi mata karatu a hannun wata mai kula da gida .  : 81 

Aure (1790–1797)

Hoton Edward Savage, 1794

An naɗa mahaifin Johnson a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Burtaniya a shekara ta 1790, kuma sau da yawa tana taimakawa wajen karɓar baƙi masu daraja.  : 82 Daga cikin waɗannan baƙi, 'ya'yan Johnson sun nemi waɗanda za su iya neman aure, domin an matsa musu su auri wani fitaccen saurayi.  : 24 John Quincy Adams ya zama ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan baƙon a shekarar 1795 a matsayinsa na jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka.  : 43 Ya fara bayyana kowace rana, kuma daga baya ne kawai mutanen Johnson suka fahimci cewa yana da niyyar yin soyayya da Louisa, da farko sun yi imanin cewa sha'awarsa tana ga babbar 'yar uwarta Nancy.  : 43  : 164 Sai bayan da ya bi buƙatar barkwanci na rubuta mata waƙar soyayya ne ta ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda zai iya nemanta.  : 26 

Johnson da Adams sun fara soyayya, duk da cewa lokaci-lokaci ne, kuma ba su yi karo da juna nan take ba. Dukansu sun riga sun nuna sha'awarsu ga wasu abokan hulɗa.  : 43  : 54 Baiwarsu da darajarsu ne suka jawo su ga junansu. Musamman Adams ya shahara da ƙwarewar Johnson wajen waƙa da kiɗa.  : 164  : 30 Wannan haɗin kai ya kuma haifar da hamayya tsakanin Louisa da babbar 'yar uwarta, wadda take kishin mutumin da take tsammanin zai so ta.  : 29 

An yi wa Johnson da Adams alkawari a shekarar 1796, amma Adams ya bar Ingila don neman aiki kuma ya bayar da wasu uzuri game da dalilin da ya sa bai kamata a yi musu aure ba, yana mai ambaton aikinsa, kuɗinsa, da kuma rikice-rikicen halayensu. Wani abu kuma shi ne rashin amincewar mahaifiyarsa, Abigail Adams, wadda ba ta son ganin ɗanta ya auri 'yar Ingila ba.  : 43  : 82 Sun yi magana ta hanyar wasiƙa a cikin shekara mai zuwa, kuma Johnson ya fara jin tsoron sadarwa, domin wasiƙun Adams ba su da barkwanci kuma suna da horo.  : 165 A ƙarshe Louisa da John sun yi aure a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1797, bayan matsin lamba daga mahaifinta.  : 44  : 83 Ba da daɗewa ba bayan auren, dangin Johnson sun rasa sauran dukiyarsu. Iyayen Louisa sun gudu daga ƙasar, suka bar Louisa da John ba tare da tallafin kuɗi ba da kuma taron masu ba da bashi da suka fusata.  : 168  : 55 Ma'auratan ba su yi jituwa ba game da irin tasirin da ya kamata mace ta yi a cikin iyalinta, kuma John sau da yawa yana yanke manyan shawarwari ba tare da ya tuntube ta ba. Dukansu suna da halaye masu ƙarfi, kuma rashin jituwarsu sau da yawa yakan zama jayayya.  : 43  : 55 

Matar diflomasiyya (1797–1825)

Prussia

An naɗa John ministan Amurka a Prussia a shekara ta 1797, kuma ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Berlin .  : 55 Louisa ta fuskanci zubar da ciki sau da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya wanda ya ƙara dagula dangantakarta da mijinta. Daga ƙarshe ta haifi ɗansu na fari, George Washington Adams, a shekara ta 1801. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin diflomasiyya lokacin da ba ta yi rashin lafiya ba saboda ciki, kuma ta shahara a tsakanin manyan sarakunan Prussia, tana abota da sarki da sarauniya .  : 170  : 83 Mahaifinsa ya dawo da John daga Berlin bayan an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, kuma iyalin sun bar Prussia zuwa Amurka.  : 84 

Amurka

Adams ta sake haɗuwa da iyalinta bayan ta isa Amurka a shekara ta 1801 yayin da mijinta ya tafi gidan danginsa da ke Quincy, Massachusetts .  : 84  : 56 Tafiyar daga Washington zuwa Quincy ta katse ta sakamakon cin abincin dare mara daɗi da iyalin Jefferson a Fadar White House da kuma ziyarar Martha Washington a Mount Vernon, amma hakan ya kasance mai tsawo da kuma hukunci.  : 174 Da rashin son rai, ta isa Quincy don ta haɗu da iyayenta. Yayin da ta yi sauri ta tafi wurin surukinta, surukarta ta ci gaba da shakkar dacewarta a matsayin matar aure.  : 84  : 56 

Mahaifin Adams Joshua ya mutu a shekarar 1802, wanda hakan ya yi mata mummunan tasiri kuma ya bar iyalin ba tare da tallafin kuɗi ba. Lokacin da aka zaɓi mijinta a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a shekarar 1803, ta haɗu da shi wajen yin musanya tsakanin Massachusetts da Washington, DC, ta fi son na biyu. Ba tare da samun kuɗin zama na kansu ba, iyalan sun zauna tare da dangin John a Massachusetts da kuma tare da dangin Louisa a Washington. Ta haifi John Adams na Biyu a shekarar 1803.  : 44  : 85 Sau da yawa ana barinta a baya yayin da mijinta ke tafiya shi kaɗai, wanda hakan ya sa ta ƙi shi ƙwarai. A wani lokaci irin wannan, ta yi rashin ciki.  : 85 An haifi ɗansu na uku, Charles Francis Adams, a shekara ta 1807.  : 45 Mijinta ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Dattawa a shekarar 1808, bayan ya samu rashin jituwa da Jam'iyyar Tarayya kan al'amuran manufofi.  : 182 An ɗauki wannan rashin jituwa a matsayin cin amana, kuma hakan ya sa aka cire iyalin daga rayuwar zamantakewa ta Boston.  : 183  : 162 

Rasha

Lokacin da John ya karɓi mukamin ministan Amurka a Rasha a shekarar 1809, bai tuntuɓi Louisa ba. Ya ƙudurta cewa za ta raka shi kuma manyan 'ya'yansu maza biyu za su ci gaba da zama a Amurka.  : 45 Ta yi nadamar waɗannan shirye-shiryen, tana jin cewa ta gaza wa 'ya'yanta maza ta hanyar barinsu.  : 25 Ta zargi mijinta da kuma nuna bacin rai kan hakan, wanda hakan ya haifar da rabuwar aure a tsakaninsu.  : 45  : 183 Tafiyar kwanaki 80 zuwa Rasha ta kasance abin takaici, kuma suna yawan fargabar jiragen ruwan Faransa da ke yaƙi da Rasha.  : 168 Ra'ayinta bai canza ba bayan ta isa Saint Petersburg, wanda ta ga bai dace ba, amma mijinta ya yi watsi da sha'awarta ta komawa Amurka.  : 184 

Kamar yadda ta yi a Berlin, Louisa ta burge kotun Rasha kuma ta sami kulawa ta musamman daga sarkin.  : 185  Ba tare da ta iya biyan kuɗin kayan kwalliya da ake tsammani daga fadawan Rasha ba, ta fito da uzuri don guje wa zuwan baƙi akai-akai, da farko ta yi kamar ba ta da lafiya sannan ta yi kamar tana cikin makoki don a yi mata afuwa ga tufafinta marasa tsari.  : 173 Duk da nasarar da ta samu, Louisa ba ta ji daɗi ba a lokacin da take a Rasha, domin ta rabu da iyalinta, tana rashin lafiya akai-akai, kuma ana tilasta mata ta fuskanci rashin nasara.  : 57 Bayan ta sake samun wasu zubar da ciki sau uku,  : 29 Louisa ta haifi 'yarta ta fari a shekara ta 1811, kuma 'yar Amurka ta farko da aka haifa a Rasha, Louisa Catherine Adams II.  : 86 Shekara guda bayan haka, jaririn ya mutu sakamakon ciwon mara, wanda hakan ya ƙara sa Louisa baƙin ciki da kuma ƙara ƙin jininta ga mijinta.  : 87 

Lokacin da aka kira John zuwa Ghent a shekara ta 1814 don yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya don Yaƙin 1812, an bar Louisa a Saint Petersburg, inda za ta zauna har shekara mai zuwa.  : 87 John ya koyi yadda zai ba ta ƙarin amincewa da alhakin yayin da yake zaune a Rasha, kuma a watan Disamba na 1814, ya ba ta aikin sayar da kadarorinsu a Rasha da kuma yin tafiya a faɗin Turai don ganawa da shi a Paris.  : 46 Ta tafi a watan Fabrairun 1815, kuma na tsawon kwanaki 40 da suka biyo baya ta yi tafiya mai haɗari a faɗin Turai, wadda Yaƙin Napoleon ya lalata, a lokacin sanyin hunturu. Sau da yawa tana cikin haɗarin 'yan fashi, daga baya kuma sojojin Faransa masu adawa da karusar Rasha. John da iyayensa sun ba wa Louisa girmamawa sosai bayan ta kammala tafiyar.  : 88 

Komawa zuwa London da Washington

Hoton Charles Robert Leslie, 1816

Louisa da John sun koma Landan a shekarar 1815, domin an naɗa John minista a Burtaniya. An kuma tura 'ya'yansu zuwa Landan, kuma iyalan suka zauna a can suka sake haɗuwa tsawon shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya.  : 47  : 57 Louisa ta fi jin daɗin zama a Landan fiye da sauran wurare; nauyin diflomasiyya ya fi sauƙi, kuma tana da damar shiga cocin Anglican akai-akai.  : 194 Ta ɗauki ƙarin nauyi wajen kula da iyali da kuma taimaka wa mijinta a aikinsa, musamman bayan ya kamu da ciwon ido mai zafi wanda ya sa ya makance na ɗan lokaci da kuma rauni a hannunsa wanda ya sa bai iya rubutu ba.

Iyalan sun koma Amurka lokacin da aka naɗa John Sakataren Harkokin Waje a shekarar 1817.  : 57 Louisa ta ga siyasar zamantakewa ta Washington abin ƙyama ne, kuma ta ji cewa John ya fi ƙarfinta.  : 211 Duk da haka, ta yi aiki don gina alaƙar siyasa ga mijinta a Washington, tana shirya liyafa kowace Talata a kai a kai tana ziyartar matan 'yan majalisar dokoki masu tasiri.  : 47 Maimakon bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka samo asali a Washington tun lokacin da suka zauna a can na ƙarshe, Adams sun yi watsi da tsammanin cewa za su bi 'yan Majalisar Dokoki a cikin tsarin zamantakewa ta hanyar kiran su da farko. Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya karu har ya kai ga majalisar ministocin shugaban ƙasa ta magance shi.  : 261 Dangantakar Louisa da John ta yi wahala yayin da yake ƙara shagaltuwa da aikinsa,  : 207 amma daga ƙarshe ta sami girmamawa daga surukarta bayan ta koma Amurka, kuma sun haɗu a wani lokaci mai kyau. Duk da haka, dangantakarsu ta kusa ba ta daɗe ba, yayin da Abigail ta mutu a shekara ta 1818.  : 196 

Ganin cewa uwargidan shugaban ƙasa Elizabeth Monroe ba ta shiga harkokin zamantakewa ba, alhakin ya rataya a wuyan iyalan Adams na zama cibiyar zamantakewa ta babban birnin.  : 89 Abin da Louisa ta fi shahara a wannan rawar shi ne ƙwallon da ta jefa wa Andrew Jackson a watan Janairun 1824, wanda aka gane a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarurrukan zamantakewa na birnin.  : 209  : 58 Yayin da John ke neman shugabancin ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1824, Louisa ta gudanar da kamfen ɗinta yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki tare da shi a matsayin abokin tarayya mai daidaito.  : 58  : 272 Lokacin da zaɓen ya gaza samar da wanda ya yi nasara kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta tantance sakamakon, an zaɓi John ta hanyar abin da aka soki a matsayin ciniki mai cin hanci da rashawa, kuma Louisa ta raba sukar da ta fuskanta.  : 214 

Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta Amurka (1825–1829)

Hoton Charles Bird King, c. 1821–1825

Da shiga Fadar White House, rayuwa ta ƙara yin wahala ga Adams. Gwamnatin ba ta da farin jini a Majalisa kuma ba ta iya ci gaba da manufofinta da yawa ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da ɗacin rai ga John wanda galibi ake yi wa Louisa.  : 216  : 58 Ma'auratan sun sake yin nisa saboda damuwar da ke tattare da matsayinsu.  : 90  : 58 A lokacin hutu, suna tafiya daban-daban kuma suna tafiya na dogon lokaci ba tare da ganin juna ba. Ko da lokacin da suka rabu, ba kasafai suke rubuta wa junansu ba, kuma maganganun da suka yi ba su da motsin rai.  : 220 Louisa ta sha wahala daga kaɗaici yayin da take cikin Fadar White House, wanda ba ta ɗauka a matsayin gida ba.  : 330 

Fadar White House da kanta tana cikin mummunan yanayi lokacin da Louisa da John suka mamaye ta, domin ba a taɓa gyara ta gaba ɗaya ba bayan ƙonewar Washington . Duk da haka, an soki su saboda abin da jama'a suka ɗauka a matsayin gida mai tsada. Louisa ta mayar da martani ga sukar ta hanyar yin baje kolin gidan a bainar jama'a, wanda daga baya aka soki shi da rashin daɗi. Louisa da kanta ta zama abin da ake nema a cikin maganganun siyasa game da John, inda aka nuna ta a matsayin Ba’amurke mara amfani wanda ke buƙatar a yi mata kallon mai kuɗi. A martanin da ta mayar, ta buga tarihin rayuwarta wanda ya jaddada ladabinta da kuma gadonta na Amurka.  : 91  : 110 Duk da cewa an buga shi ba tare da an ambaci sunansa ba, an fahimci cewa ita ce marubucin. Wannan abin ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba ga matar shugaban ƙasa, kuma an ƙara sukarta game da wannan aikin.

Louisa ta kasance mai saurin kamuwa da rashin lafiya a koyaushe, amma lafiyarta ta tabarbare a tsawon shekarun da ta yi a Fadar White House, kuma an bar ta a kwance a gado a lokuta da yawa. Har ma ta yarda da wani bangare na tabin hankali game da rashin lafiyarta.  : 340 Ta zama ba a ganinta a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, kuma ko da lokacin da take yin nishaɗi, sau da yawa ba ta halarci taron kanta ba.  : 48 Ta fuskanci suka saboda ta fi fitowa fili fiye da yadda ake tsammani daga matar siyasa.  : 339 Madadin haka, ta ɓoye daga jama'a, tana rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, waƙoƙi, muƙaloli, da kuma tarihin rayuwarta.  : 90  : 109 Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen sau da yawa suna yin la'akari da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma yayin da take kokawa game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi .  : 217 

Louisa ce ke da alhakin shiryawa lokacin da Lafayette ta ziyarci Fadar White House.  : 332 Babban nauyin Louisa a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ya zo ne bayan mutuwar tsoffin shugabannin ƙasa John Adams da Thomas Jefferson a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1826. Da shugaban ƙasa ke tafiya kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta shiga hutu, sai ta rage mata nauyin kafa ƙa'idojin zamantakewa don zaman makoki a Washington. Ta kuma yi makoki a ɓoye, domin ta ɗauki surukinta a matsayin uba nata.  : 342 Ba tare da son mijinta ba, ta bar Fadar White House ta yi tafiya zuwa gidan iyalan Adams da ke Quincy Louisa da John sun yi sulhu a ƙarshen wa'adin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1828.  : 220 Ta sake yin aiki don yin kamfen ga mijinta a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1828, tana tafiya zuwa ƙasashe maƙwabta don neman goyon baya.  : 110 Ta shiga cikin rudani, domin ta kuduri aniyar sake zaɓen mijinta, amma kuma ta ƙi rayuwar Fadar White House. Louisa da John sun yi ta fama da baƙin ciki da jin daɗi lokacin da ya sha kaye a zaɓen.

Rayuwa daga baya (1829–1852)

Kabarin Louisa Adams a Cocin United First Parish .

Bayan sun bar Fadar White House a shekarar 1829, Louisa da John suka ƙaura zuwa wani gida a Meridian Hill . Duk da cewa har yanzu ana iya ganin Fadar White House daga ƙofar gidanta, ta ji 'yanci daga wurin.  : 379 Hutu nata bai daɗe ba, domin jim kaɗan bayan ta bar Fadar White House, ɗanta George ya faɗi daga jirgin ruwa mai tururi har ya mutu. Ya sha fama da matsaloli da dama na kansa da na kuɗi, kuma ba a taɓa tantance ko mutuwarsa ta faru ba ko kuma ta kashe kansa.  : 49  : 92 A cikin watannin farko bayan mutuwar ɗanta, Louisa ta fi mayar da hankali kan ta'aziyya ga mijinta.  : 221 Baƙin cikinta ya mamaye ta a watan Agusta, lokacin da tafiya zuwa Quincy ta yi barazanar kai ta cikin jirgin ruwan da George ya mutu daga ciki. Ta yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, kuma aka soke tafiyar.

A watan Mayu na shekarar 1830, Louisa da John suka ƙaura zuwa gidan da ke yankin Adams estate a Quincy. A nan yanayinta ya inganta, yayin da ta sami gida kuma yanayin damuwa da ta shafi kwakwalwa da jiki ya ragu.  : 390 Ta yi matukar damuwa da dawowar John cikin harkokin jama'a lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokoki a wannan shekarar, da farko ya ƙi komawa Washington kuma ya miƙa wuya ne kawai bayan ya bayyana cewa gidan da ke Quincy ba shi da wurin zama a lokacin hunturu. Ta furta imaninta cewa samun mijinta a Majalisar Dokoki zai zama wani amfani ga ƙasar wanda ya fi wahalar da take sha.  : 222 Bayan John ya hau mulki, Louisa ta taka rawa sosai a cikin harkokin siyasa.  : 59 Ɗan Louisa, John Adams na Biyu, ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a shekarar 1834 sakamakon matsalolin kuɗi na kansa. Ta ɗora wa mijinta laifin gazawar da mutuwar manyan 'ya'yansu maza biyu, tana mai imanin cewa da an ba su rayuwa mafi kyau ba tare da an raba su da iyayensu ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu. A cikin baƙin cikinta, Louisa ta fara rubuta sabon tarihin rayuwarta, Kasadar Babu Wanda .  : 92 Shekaru biyu bayan haka, cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, ta rubuta wani tarihin rayuwarta wanda ya shafi tafiyarta daga Rasha zuwa Faransa a shekarar 1815, tana fatan hakan zai zaburar da sauran mata.  : 410 

Duk da cewa ta raba ra'ayoyin da al'umma ke nunawa game da baƙar fata,  : 64  : 423 ta zama mai son kawar da kai,  : 143 kuma ta goyi bayan mijinta a aikinsa na hana bauta a Majalisa.  : 93 Matsayinta kan lamarin ya fi na mijinta ƙarfi, wanda ya yi daidai da masu adawa da soke dokar saboda adawarsa ta ƙa'ida ga dokar hana tattaunawa kan bauta a Majalisa. Louisa ta ba da gudummawa ga asusun tallafawa bayi 'yantattu, kuma daga ƙarshe ta sayi bawa don manufar 'yantar da ita.  : 64 Shima shiga cikin ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyar kawar da mata shi ma ya buɗe mata ga ra'ayin mata .  : 59 Duk da cewa ba ta yarda da ra'ayin mata gaba ɗaya ba, ta fara wasiƙa da mai ra'ayin mata Sarah Moore Grimké kuma ta shiga nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki don ƙalubalantar ra'ayin da ake da shi cewa Littafi Mai Tsarki ya wajabta wa mata biyayya.  : 93  : 430 An yi mata baftisma a Cocin Episcopal a shekara ta 1837.

Louisa ta rasu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1848, kwana biyu bayan mijinta ya suma sakamakon bugun jini mai tsanani a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . Yana da shekaru 80.  : 50 Ta isa Washington don ta ziyarce shi a kan gadon mutuwarsa, amma a matsayinta na mace, an nemi ta tafi saboda rashin lafiyarsa.  : 452 Ta ci gaba da zama a Washington a lokacin hunturu da kuma Quincy a lokacin bazara har sai da bugun jini ya bar ta cikin rashin lafiya a 1849. Daga nan aka bar ta a hannun surukarta Mary. Ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1852 tana da shekaru 77.  : 51 Ita ce mace ta farko da aka girmama ta hanyar dage zaman Majalisar Dokoki don jana'izarta.  : 95 An binne ta a makabartar Majalisar Dokoki, amma an mayar da ita zuwa Cocin United First Parish jim kaɗan bayan haka bisa ga shirin ɗanta.  : 51 

Gado

Uwargidan shugaban ƙasa Pat Nixon tare da hoton Gilbert Stuart na Louisa Adams a Fadar White House

Adams akan tsabar kuɗin matar farko ta shekarar 2008 na jerin tsabar kuɗin dala ta shugaban ƙasa

Matsayin Adams a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa bai samu wani bincike na ilimi ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran rayuwarta, domin ba ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta a tsawon shekarun da ta yi a Fadar White House ba.  : 104 Ta kasance mai kaɗaici a lokacin da take kan mulki, kuma ba ta da wani tasiri sosai wajen tsara rawar.  : 91 

Adams ita ce matar shugaban Amurka ta farko da aka haifa a ƙasar waje, domin an haife ta ne a Ingila kuma ba ta ziyarci Amurka ba har sai da ta girma. Ta kasance ita kaɗai ce matar shugaban ƙasa da aka haifa a ƙasar waje har sai da Melania Trump ' yar ƙasar Slovenia ta hau wannan matsayi a shekarar 2017. Mutanen zamanin suna ɗaukar Adams a matsayin "mace mafi yawan tafiye-tafiye a lokacinta",  : 31 kuma ita ce kaɗai matar shugaban ƙasa a ƙarni na 19 da ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa haka.

Adams National Historical Park tana kula da Peacefield, gidan da Adams da mijinta suka zauna a wani lokaci daga baya a rayuwarsu. An nuna wurin shakatawar a Peacefield wanda ta yi, da kuma zanenta na Edward Savage . Na wani lokaci zanen har yanzu mallakar kakan jikan Adams ne, Mrs. Henry L. Mason, kuma an ba shi aro a gidan tarihi na lokaci-lokaci. Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery yana ɗauke da hotunan Louisa Catherine Adams da dama, ciki har da siffa da kuma hoton sarƙar giwa.

Zaɓen ra'ayin tarihi

Tun daga shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta gudanar da bincike lokaci-lokaci tana neman masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka bisa ga jimillar maki da aka samu kan asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, basirarsu, jarumtakarsu, nasarorinsu, mutuncinsu, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata, mutuncinsu a bainar jama'a, da kuma darajarsu ga shugaban ƙasa. A ko da yaushe, masana tarihi sun sanya Adams a cikin jerin mata na sama a cikin waɗannan binciken. Dangane da kimantawa ta jimilla, an sanya Adams a cikin jerin:

• Na 14-mafi kyau daga cikin 42 a 1982
• Na 16-mafi kyau daga cikin 37 a shekarar 1993
• Na 12-mafi kyau daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2003
• Mafi kyawun 21 daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2008
• Na 18-mafi kyau daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2014
• Mafi kyawun maki 16 cikin 40 a shekarar 2020

A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014, Adams da mijinta sun kasance a matsayi na 19 mafi girma daga cikin ma'aurata 39 na farko dangane da zama "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi".

Zaɓi rubuce-rubuce

Tarihin Rayuwa

• Kasadar Babu Wanda  : 217 
• Labarin Tafiya daga Rasha zuwa Faransa, 1815 – An buga ta bayan mutuwarta ta jikan ta a Mujallar Harper  : 88 da Mujallar Scribner  : 96 
• Tarihin Rayuwa, ko Labarina  : 90 

Wasanni

• Zargi, ko Tsanantawar Rashin Laifi  : 218 

Waƙoƙi

• Zuwa ga Hankaka, 1828

Ƙarin karatu

• Cook, Jane Hampton. Phoenix na Amurka: John Quincy da Louisa Adams, Yaƙin 1812, da Gudun Hijira da Ya Ceci 'Yancin Amurka (Thomas Nelson, 2013)
• Hecht, Marie B. John Quincy Adams: Tarihin Mutum Mai Zaman Kansa (Macmillan, 1972)
• Heffron, Margery M. Louisa Catherine: Sauran Mrs. Adams (Yale University Press, 2014)
• O'Brien, Michael. Mrs. Adams a Lokacin Hutu: Tafiya a Kwanakin Ƙarshe na Napoleon (NY: Farrar, Straus da Giroux, 2010)
• Oliver, Andrew. Hotunan John Quincy Adams da Matarsa (Harvard University Press, 1970)
• Shepherd, Jack. Masu Cin Zarafin Zuciya: Tarihin Rayuwar Louisa Catherine da John Quincy Adams (McGraw-Hill, 1980)

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Louisa Adams a C-SPAN 's First Ladies: Tasiri & Hoto
• "Labarin Misis John Quincy Adams game da Tafiya daga St. Petersburg zuwa Paris a watan Fabrairun 1815," Mujallar Scribner, Vol. XXXIV, lamba 4, Oktoba 1903, shafi na 448-463.

Lakabi na girmamawa
Magabata {{{before}}}	First Lady of the United States	Magaji {{{after}}}