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Sci Rep
 2016
DOI: 10.1038/srep22159
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Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals

Peter Heyes
1
,
Konstantinos Anastasakis
2
,
Wiebren de Jong
3
et al.

Abstract: Several Mousterian sites in France have yielded large numbers of small black blocs. The usual interpretation is that these ‘manganese oxides’ were collected for their colouring properties and used in body decoration, potentially for symbolic expression. Neanderthals habitually used fire and if they needed black material for decoration, soot and charcoal were readily available, whereas obtaining manganese oxides would have incurred considerably higher costs. Compositional analyses lead us to infer that late Nea… Show more

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Cited by 102 publications

(46 citation statements)
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“…In sum, while the exact provenance of the Mn-rich rocks exploited by Neanderthal groups at Le Moustier remains to be identified, the compositional variability of the fragments from the sampled outcrops provides a means to infer the potential criteria informing the choice of Mn-rich lumps by Neanderthal groups. On the one hand, our results confirm a clear preference for lumps with high Mn content, uncommon in the sampled outcrops [78, 86]. The Mn content/size relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that material with a low Mn content was close to the site and, when collected, was immediately used while those with a higher Mn content come from more distant sources and were imported to the site either already modified or unmodified and, if not modified on the site, were lost or discarded without being used.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 74%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…In sum, while the exact provenance of the Mn-rich rocks exploited by Neanderthal groups at Le Moustier remains to be identified, the compositional variability of the fragments from the sampled outcrops provides a means to infer the potential criteria informing the choice of Mn-rich lumps by Neanderthal groups. On the one hand, our results confirm a clear preference for lumps with high Mn content, uncommon in the sampled outcrops [78, 86]. The Mn content/size relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that material with a low Mn content was close to the site and, when collected, was immediately used while those with a higher Mn content come from more distant sources and were imported to the site either already modified or unmodified and, if not modified on the site, were lost or discarded without being used.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 74%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…Though there is a sizeable contextual separation in both time and space between African and European Pleistocene populations, many of the behaviours observed at these sites are shared, such as the creation of stone tools, personal ornaments, and ochre and pigment use. Furthermore, the body of evidence showing pigment and ochre use by European Neanderthals is continuously growing [58, 59, 62, 64, 66, 67], which further supports the hypothesis that ochre use was well in place in Europe even before the onset of the UP. Whether these behaviours migrated with hominin populations as they traversed into regions outside of Africa, or whether they were independently developed, is still uncertain.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 58%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…Such uses have been documented repeatedly, at various sites, and hence seem to have been part of the Neandertal behavioral repertoire. The context of the use (functional, symbolical, both) of these finds is unknown, as explicitly stated for the early (250 ka) ochre finds at Maastricht-Belvédère (The Netherlands) (108), and needs further exploration, as underlined by a recent study of manganese dioxides in late Middle Paleolithic sites in southwest France (109). What is important here is that we have comparable evidence both from the Neandertal world, as well as from the African MSA.…”
Section: Neandertal Ways Of Lifementioning
confidence: 66%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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