Incwadi

Incwadi ngumsebenzi obhaliweyo ubude bayo buxhomekeke kumbhali. Zifumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezifana neencwadi eziprintiweyo, iincwadi ezivakalayo, kunye neencwadi ze-elektroniki ( ii-ebook ). Iincwadi zahlulwe ngokubanzi zibe yintsomi, equlethe amabali aqanjiweyo okanye eminye imixholo ecingelwayo, kunye nengeyontsomi, equlethe umxholo ojoliswe njengenyaniso yokwenyani.

Eli gama lisenokubhekisa nakwinto ebonakalayo okanye ye-elektroniki equlethe loo msebenzi. Iincwadi zanamhlanje zihlala ziprintwa kwifomathi ye-codex, zenziwe ngamaphepha amaninzi adityanisiweyo kwaye akhuselwe liqweqwe . Ngaphambi kokuba umatshini wokuprinta wanamhlanje wamkelwe ngokubanzi, ii-codex zazisetyenziselwa ukwenza imibhalo-ngqangi ebhalwe ngesandla. Izixhobo zokubhala ezindala ziquka imisongo kunye namacwecwe odongwe nezinye nezinye .

Inkqubo yokupapasha iincwadi luluhlu lwamanyathelo abandakanyekayo ekudalweni nasekusasazweni kwayo, edla ngokwenziwa kwixesha lanamhlanje yinkampani yokupapasha yorhwebo. Ishishini lokupapasha libone utshintsho olukhulu kutshanje ngenxa yetekhnoloji entsha, kubandakanya ii-ebooks kunye neencwadi zeaudio (iirekhodi zeencwadi ezifundwa ngokuvakalayo). Ukuqonda iimfuno zabantu abakhubazekileyo bokuprinta kukhokelele ekunyukeni kweefomathi zokupapasha ezifikelelekayo ezifana nokuprinta i-braille kunye noshicilelo olukhulu . Iincwadi zikaGoogle ziqikelele ngo-2010 ukuba malunga nezigidi ezili-130 zeencwadi ezizodwa ezipapashiweyo. Akhona ke namanye amaqonga e internet incwadi ezifumaneka kuzo

Iincwadi zithengiswa kwiivenkile zikawonke wonke, nakwivenkile ezithengisa iincwadi , kunye nakwi-intanethi, kwaye zinokubolekwa kwithala leencwadi. Ukwamkelwa kweencwadi kukhokelele kwimiphumo emininzi yentlalo, kubandakanya nokuhlolwa kweencwadi .