Mangifera
| Mangifera Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
 | |
| M. indica fruits | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Anacardioideae |
| Genus: | Mangifera L. |
| Type species | |
| Mangifera indica L.[1] | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Mangifera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae. It contains 64 species, with the best-known being the common mango (Mangifera indica). The center of diversity of the genus is in the Malesian ecoregion of Southeast Asia, particularly in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula.[3][4] They are generally canopy trees in lowland rainforests, reaching a height of 30–40 m (98–131 ft).[5]
Description
[edit]
Vegetative characteristics
[edit]Mangifera are evergreen[6] or deciduous, laticiferous or non-laticiferous trees[7] with smooth bark and long tap roots.[8]: 5–10 The simple leaves have an entire margin.[9]
Generative characteristics
[edit]
The conical paniculate inflorescence with a stout, thick peduncle bears numerous flowers.[8]: 5–10 The anthers are dorsifixed.[10] The large,[9] fleshy, indehiscent fruit[7] with a fibrous, woody endocarp[10] bears one non-endospermic,[7] flattened, ovoid-oblong seed.[11]
Cytology
[edit]The chromosome count is 2n = 40.[8]: 10
Taxonomy
[edit]The genus Mangifera L. was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753[12][2] with Mangifera indica L. as the type species.[1]
Subgenera and sections
[edit]The genus Mangifera is divided into two subgenera and several sections:[8]: 27–28
- Mangifera subg. Mangifera
- Mangifera sect. Marchandora Pierre
- Mangifera sect. Euantherae Pierre
- Mangifera sect. Rawa Kosterm.
- Mangifera sect. Mangifera
- Mangifera subg. Limus (Marchand) Kosterm.
Species
[edit]The genus Mangifera has 64 species:[2]
- Mangifera acutigemma Kosterm.
- Mangifera altissima Blanco
- Mangifera andamanica King
- Mangifera applanata Kosterm.
- Mangifera austroindica Kosterm.
- Mangifera blommesteinii Kosterm.
- Mangifera bullata Kosterm.
- Mangifera caesia Jack
- Mangifera caloneura Kurz
- Mangifera campnospermoides Kosterm.
- Mangifera camptosperma Pierre
- Mangifera casturi Kosterm.
- Mangifera cochinchinensis Engl.
- Mangifera collina Kosterm.
- Mangifera decandra Ding Hou
- Mangifera dewildei Kosterm.
- Mangifera dongnaiensis Pierre
- Mangifera duperreana Pierre
- Mangifera flava Evrard
- Mangifera foetida Lour.
- Mangifera gedebe Miq.
- Mangifera gracilipes Hook.f.
- Mangifera griffithii Hook.f.
- Mangifera indica L.
- Mangifera inocarpoides Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Mangifera khasiana Pierre
- Mangifera khoonmengiana Kochummen
- Mangifera lagenifera Griff.
- Mangifera lalijiwa Kosterm.
- Mangifera laurina Blume
- Mangifera linearifolia (Mukh.) Kosterm.
- Mangifera longipetiolata King
- Mangifera macrocarpa Blume
- Mangifera magnifica Kochummen
- Mangifera mariana Buch.-Ham.
- Mangifera merrillii Mukherji
- Mangifera minor Blume
- Mangifera minutifolia Evrard
- Mangifera monandra Merr.
- Mangifera nicobarica Kosterm.
- Mangifera odorata Griff.
- Mangifera pajang Kosterm.
- Mangifera paludosa Kosterm. ex S.K.Ganesan
- Mangifera parvifolia Boerl. & Koord.-Schum.
- Mangifera pedicellata Kosterm.
- Mangifera pentandra Hook.f.
- Mangifera persiciforma C.Y.Wu & T.L.Ming
- Mangifera pseudoindica Kosterm.
- Mangifera quadrifida Jack
- Mangifera reba Pierre
- Mangifera rigida Blume
- Mangifera rufocostata Kosterm.
- Mangifera similis Blume
- Mangifera subsessilifolia Kosterm.
- Mangifera sulavesiana Kosterm.
- Mangifera sumatrana Miq.
- Mangifera sumbawaensis Kosterm.
- Mangifera superba Hook.f.
- Mangifera swintonioides Kosterm.
- Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.
- Mangifera timorensis Blume
- Mangifera torquenda Kosterm.
- Mangifera transversalis Kosterm.
- Mangifera zeylanica (Blume) Hook.f.
Fossil record
[edit]The earliest fossil species thought to be related to Mangifera is Eomangiferophyllum damalgiriense from the upper Paleocene in northeastern India. Leaves have also been reported from the Paleocene of Japan and the Eocene of Germany, though these have been considered questionable. Leaf fossils confidently assignable to Mangifera have been collected from Oligocene or early Miocene sediments in northern Thailand.[13][14]
Formerly placed here
[edit]- Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn. (as M. oppositifolia Roxb.)
- Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy (as M. axillaris Desr.)[15]
- Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers. (as M. glauca Rottb.)
- Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (as M. gabonensis Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke)
- Fegimanra africana (Oliv.) Pierre (as M. africana Oliv.)[16]
- Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz (as M. pinnata L.f.)[17]
Ecology
[edit]Flies are important pollinators of Mangifera flowers and the flowers are visited by numerous species of flies, wasps, bees, beetles, ants, and butterflies.[10]
Conservation
[edit]Most Mangifera species occur as single individuals over wide areas, but are not considered rare.[8]: 15–16 One species, Mangifera casturi , is extinct in the wild.[18]
Uses
[edit]Mangifera species are widely cultivated in Asia and elsewhere. More than 27 species in the genus bear edible, fleshy fruits, especially the common mango (M. indica). Others, such as M. foetida, yield astringent fruits that can be eaten pickled.[19] Mango residue, such as the seed kernel and peel, have functional and nutritional potential.[20][21]
References
[edit]- 1 2 Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Mangifera L. Tropicos. Retrieved July 17, 2026, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/40013195
- 1 2 3 Mangifera L. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved July 17, 2026, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1848-1
- ↑ Kuhn, David N.; Dillon, Natalie; Bally, Ian; Groh, Amy; Rahaman, Jordon; Warschefsky, Emily; Freeman, Barbie; Innes, David; Chambers, Alan H. (June 2019). "Estimation of genetic diversity and relatedness in a mango germplasm collection using SNP markers and a simplified visual analysis method". Scientia Horticulturae. 252: 156–168. Bibcode:2019ScHor.252..156K. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.03.037. S2CID 132739368.
- ↑ "Mangifera indica". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
- ↑ Litz, Richard E.; Miguel A. Gómez-Lim (2005). "Mangifera indica Mango". In Richard E. Litz (ed.). Biotechnology of Fruit and Nut Crops. CABI. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-85199-662-2.
- ↑ Mangifera in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2026, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=119606
- 1 2 3 Western Australian Herbarium & Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. (n.d.). Mangifera L. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora. Retrieved July 18, 2026, from https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21713
- 1 2 3 4 5 Kostermans, A. J. G. (2012). The mangoes: their botany, nomenclature, horticulture and utilization. Academic Press.
- 1 2 Mangifera in Flora of Pakistan @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2026, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=119606
- 1 2 3 L.W. Jessup. Mangifera, in P.G. Kodela (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Mangifera [Date Accessed: 18 July 2026]
- ↑ Bingham, M.G., Willemen, A., Wightman, N., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. and Hyde, M.A. (2026). Flora of Zambia: Cultivated plants: Genus page: Mangifera. https://www.zambiaflora.com/cult/genus.php?genus_id=878, retrieved 18 July 2026
- ↑ Linné, Carl von, & Salvius, Lars. (1753). Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas... (Vol. 1, p. 200). Impensis Laurentii Salvii. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358219
- ↑ Prakart Sawangchote; Paul J. Grote; David L. Dilcher (2009). "Tertiary leaf fossils of Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) from Li Basin, Thailand as examples of the utility of leaf marginal venation characters". American Journal of Botany. 96 (11): 2048–2061. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900086. PMID 21622324.
- ↑ Mehrota, R.C., D.L. Dilcher and N. Awasthi. 1998. "A Paleocene Mangifera-like leaf fossil from India". Phytomorphology 48(1):91-100.
- ↑ "Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 August 2025.
- ↑ "Fegimanra africana (Oliv.) Pierre". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 August 2025.
- ↑ "Spondias pinnata L.f." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 August 2025.
- ↑ Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Mangifera casturi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T32059A61526819. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T32059A61526819.en. Accessed on 17 July 2026.
- ↑ Litz, Richard E. (2009). The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses (2nd ed.). CABI. pp. 5–8. ISBN 978-1-84593-489-7.
- ↑ Torres-León, Cristian; Rojas, Romeo; Serna, Liliana; Contreras, Juan; Aguilar, Cristobal (2016). "Mango seed: Functional and nutritional properties". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 55: 109–117. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.06.009. S2CID 89179753.
- ↑ Serna, Liliana; García-Gonzales, Estefanía; Torres-León, Cristian (2016). "Agro-industrial potential of the mango peel based on its nutritional and functional properties". Food Reviews International. 32 (4): 364–376. doi:10.1080/87559129.2015.1094815. S2CID 87396909.
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