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List of Armenian breads

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The List of Armenian breads includes traditional types of bread produced in Armenia and within the Armenian diaspora. Armenia is home to the oldest bread-baking tradition in the world, and bread has historically been a staple food in Armenian cuisine.[1] In Armenian, the words breakfast, lunch, and dinner are often replaced by the verb hats utel, meaning "to eat bread."[1]

Lavash is a widely produced type of flatbread that is commonly stored for extended periods and used in daily meals.[1][2] Gata is a sweet bread that is prepared in different forms, including versions with and without filling.[1]

Bread is traditionally baked in a tonir, an underground clay oven.[2] Both sourdough and whole-grain bread-making practices are included in Armenia's intangible cultural heritage list,[3] and lavash was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2014.[4]

List of breads

[edit]
Bread In Armenian Image Description
Anek անեկ A round, dense, flat bread made from unleavened dough.
Alrepshrik ալրեփշրիկ A variant of purnik bread.
Aghablit աղաբլիթ
Bagharj բաղարջ A flat, round bread, either salty or unsalted, often decorated and topped with seeds, historically used in everyday life and religious rituals.[5][6]
Bishi բիշի A type of sourdough bread cooked in flaxseed oil or other vegetable oils.[7] It is no longer commonly prepared.[8]
Blit բլիթ Tiny, very small bread.
Bokegh[9] բոկեղ
Bokon բոքոն A thick, round flatbread. In some Armenian dialects of forested regions, this type of bread is known as bombi.[10]
Bombi or pombi A type of flatbread. In some Armenian dialects, it is also known as bokon or pruz.[10][8]
Čat ճաթ A millet or maize flatbread baked on a saj (metal griddle). Traditionally baked in rural communities, including on mountain summer pastures, it is no longer commonly prepared.[8][11] Etymologically, the name is related to the Georgian mchadi.[1]
Chalaki An unleavened bread baked on hot coals. It is used in rituals.[8]
Chik չիք A ritual bread baked for the Armenian New Year. It was thrown into running water in the hope of carrying away evil, misfortune, and hardship.[12]
Črčrukov hats ճռճռուկով հաց
Don or donik դոն, դոնիկ Long and thin bread.[7]
Dompik[9] դոմպիկ
Dzoghi hats ձողի հաց Long, flat bread with deep longitudinal cuts.[13]
Eg էգ A ritual bread baked for the Armenian New Year. It was placed in the flour container to ensure abundance and prosperity throughout the coming year.[12]
Garehats[9] գարեհաց
Gata գաթա
Ginu pesmet[9] գինու պեսմետ
Gukat[9] գուկատ
Hrazdan հրազդան
Khoriskh meghu խորիսխ մեղու Bread baked with honey.[14]
Khlrtik[9] խլրտիկ
Khukli[9] խուկլի
Kilikhats կիլիկհաց
Klik կլիկ A small, round, flat bread kneaded with oil and brushed with egg on the surface before baking.[7]
Koghi hats կողի հաց Well-baked bread, stored for a long time in a cooled tonir.[13]
Kloch կլոճ An unleavened flatbread baked on a saj. It was traditionally baked on mountain summer pastures and is no longer commonly prepared.[8]
Koloj կոլոճ Bread that remained doughy and underbaked.[15]
Korekahats կորեկահաց Bread made from korek.[16]
Krakeni
Krkeni կրկենի A simple dough ball or flatbread baked in ash or on hot coals.[1][8]
Kskuts կսկուծ Thin, well-baked, reddish-brown dry bread.[7]
Kulichi pesmet[9] քուլիճի պեսմետ
Kut hats կուտ հաց Half-burnt bread that has fallen off the oven wall (tonir).[7]
Lavash լավաշ In 2014, it was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[17]
Liposh լիպոշ
Losh[9] լոշ
Matnakash մատնաքաշ A wheat bread, typically oval or round in shape, with finger-pressed grooves on the surface from which its name is derived. It is one of the most widely consumed types of bread in Armenia.[18]
Nkanak նկանակ A type of round bread.[7][16]
Noghl նողլ
Nshkhar նշխար
Pahuts' kulicha[9] պահուց քուլիճա
Pan[9] պան The ancient Armenian name for a round baked bread.[10]
Pastachik[9] պասպաճիկ
Pismet[9] պիսմետ
P'rran baghaj[9] փռան բաղաջ
Pruz A type of flatbread. A dialectal name for pombi.[8]
Purman[9] պուռման
Purnik փուռնիկ A type of flatbread.[8]
Shot շոթ A thick lavash-style bread, called shavt or shot in ancient Armenia, a name that has been preserved among modern Georgians as shoti.[10]
Somin սոմին
Tak'hatsi kulicha[9] տաքհացի քուլիճա
Talukov hats թալուկով հաց Bread baked with vegetable oil, seasoned with spices and pomegranate seeds.
Tarehats տարեհաց Tarehats (meaning "year-bread") was baked for the New Year and cut on January 1 or Armenian Christmas (January 6). It was divided among family members or into 12 parts for the months of the year. The round or oval loaf was decorated with symbols of the sun, moon, and stars, and often had 12 indentations representing fertility. A coin or bean was baked inside, and it was believed that whoever received it would have good fortune in the coming year.[1] Symbolic use and ornamentation of tarehats is included in the intangible cultural heritage list of Armenia.[19]
Tashtiker տաշտիքեր Soft, specially prepared yeast bread.[15]
Terun թերուն
Toghik[9] տողիկ
Tonri hats թոնրի հաց
T'unri baghaj[9] թունրի բաղաջ
Yghychrov hats ըղըճրով հաց Hot bread rubbed with onions on both sides.
Zangak զանգակ Bread baked on a stone.[9]
Zempik զեմպիկ
Zhingyalov hats ժենգյալով հաց In 2018, the largest baked zhingyalov hats, prepared in the Republic of Artsakh, was recorded in the Armenian Book of Records, Dyutsaznagirk.[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S. A. Arutyunov; T. A. Voronina (2004). Хлеб в народной культуре: Этнографические очерки, Bread in Folk Culture: Ethnographic Essays (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
  2. 1 2 Tsaturyan, Ruzanna (2011). Հայոց ավանդական տոնական ուտեստը, Armenian Traditional Festival Food (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences. p. 14. ISBN 978-5-8084-1413-6.
  3. ↑ "ՀՀ ՈՆՄԺ Արժեքների Ցանկ" [List of Intangible Cultural Values of Armenia]. int-heritage.am (in Armenian). 19 April 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  4. ↑ "Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia". unesco.org. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  5. ↑ Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Armenian). p. 250.
  6. ↑ Alexandrovich Arutyunov, Serguei; A. Voronina, T. (2001). Традиционная пища как выражение этнического самосознания [Traditional food as an expression of ethnic self-awareness] (in Russian). Nauka. p. 121. ISBN 9785020087569.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aghayan, Eduard (1976). Արդի հայերենի բացատրական բառարան [Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Armenian] (in Armenian). Yerevan, Armenia: Hayastan Publishing House.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Markarian, Eduard [in Armenian] (1983). Культура жизнеобеспечения и этнос. Опыт этнокультурологического исследования [Life-Support Culture and Ethnos: An Ethnoculturological Research Study] (in Russian). Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. p. 256.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Ashot Sukiasyan [in Armenian] (1967). Հայոց լեզվի հոմանիշների բառարան [Dictionary of Armenian Synonyms]. Yerevan, Armenia: Yerevan State University. p. 381.
  10. 1 2 3 4 A. S. Piruzyan (1960). Հայկական ճաշեր, Армянская кулинария [Armenian cuisine]. Moscow, USSR: Gostorgizdat. p. 26.
  11. ↑ Arutyunov, Serguei [in Armenian]; Mkrtumyan, Yuri [in Armenian] (1981). Проблема классификации элементов культуры (На примере армянской системы питания) [The Problem of Classifying Cultural Elements: The Case of the Armenian Food System] (in Russian). Sovetskaia Etnografia. p. 10.
  12. 1 2 Tsaturyan, Ruzanna (2011). Հայոց ավանդական տոնական ուտեստը, Armenian Traditional Festival Food (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences. p. 40. ISBN 978-5-8084-1413-6.
  13. 1 2 Adamyan, Vahagn; Babayan, Jasmine (2015). Հայկական խոհանոցի բառարան [Dictionary of Armenian Cuisine] (in Armenian). Yerevan, Armenia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ↑ Malkhasyants, Stepan (1944). Հայերէն բացատրական բառարան [Armenian Explanatory Dictionary] (in Armenian). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: State Publishing House of the Armenian SSR.
  15. 1 2 Institute of Language after Hrachia Acharian (2001). Հայոց լեզվի բարբառային բառարան [Dialect Dictionary of the Armenian Language]. National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia.
  16. 1 2 Institute of Language after Hrachia Acharian (1969). Ժամանակակից հայոց լեզվի բացատրական բառարան [Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Armenian]. Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR.
  17. ↑ "Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia". unesco.org. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  18. ↑ Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Armenian). p. 293.
  19. ↑ "ՀՀ ՈՆՄԺ Արժեքների Ցանկ" [List of Intangible Cultural Values of Armenia]. int-heritage.am (in Armenian). 19 April 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  20. ↑ "Biggest zhingyalov hats made in Artsakh". Public Television Company of Armenia. 15 December 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
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