Mary Shelley

Mary Shelley
Rođenje	(1797-08-30) 30. august 1797. London, Engleska
Smrt	1. februar 1851(1851-02-01) (53 godine) London, Engleska
Zanimanje	Pisac
Poznata djela Frankenstein
Suprug(a)	Percy Bysshe Shelley ​(v. 1816; umro 1822)

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (London, 30. august 1797 – London, 1. februar 1851) bila je engleska spisateljica ranog 19. vijeka koja je napisala gotički roman Frankenstein ili Moderni Prometej (1818), koji se smatra ranim primjerom naučne fantastike.[2] Također je uređivala i promovisala djela svog supruga, romantičnog pjesnika i filozofa Percyja Bysshea Shelleyja.

Njen otac je bio politički filozof William Godwin, a majka filozofkinja i zagovornica ženskih prava Mary Wollstonecraft. Majka joj je umrla 11 dana poslije njenog rođenja. Odgajao ju je otac, koji joj je pružio bogato neformalno obrazovanje, ohrabrujući je da se pridržava njegovih vlastitih anarhističkih političkih teorija. Kada je imala četiri godine, njen otac se oženio susjedom Mary Jane Clairmont, s kojom je Mary imala problematičan odnos.[3][4]

Djetinjstvo je provela u Škotskoj. Sa deset godina Mary je napisala svoju prvu knjigu, jednu ličnu veziju stare dječije knjige Mounseer Nongtongpaw.

Godine 1814. Mary je započela romansu s jednim od očevih političkih sljedbenika, Percyjem Byssheom Shelleyjem, koji je već bio oženjen. Zajedno sa svojom polusestrom, Claire Clairmont, ona i Percy su otišli u Francusku i putovali po Evropi. Po povratku u Englesku, Mary je bila trudna s Percyjevim djetetom. Tokom sljedeće dvije godine, ona i Percy suočili su se s ostracizmom, stalnim dugovima i smrću svoje prijevremeno rođene kćerke. Vjenčali su se krajem 1816, nakon samoubistva Percy Shelleyjeve supruge, Harriet.[5]

Godine 1816, u takozvanoj godini bez ljeta, par i Maryna polusestra proveli su poznato ljeto s Lordom Byronom i Johnom Williamom Polidorijem u blizini Ženeve u Švicarskoj, gdje je Shelley dobila ideju za svoj roman Frankenstein. Zbog kišovitog vremena i pod prijedlogom Lorda Byrona, njih četvero su po pisali strašne priče o duhovima i drugim natprirodnim bićima. Tako je nastao njen roman Frankenstein or The modern Prometheus, prvi put objlavljen 1818. Ime "Frankenstein" je Mary vjerovatno uzela od dvorca Frankenstein, koji je vidjela na svom putovanju kotlinom Rajne. Mary je bila veoma načitana žena, što se u mnogim motivima njenih romana oslikava. Smrt njenog supruga bio je također povod pisanju romana The Last Man (1826). U svojim romanima obrađivala je kako svoje tako i doživljaje iz kruga svojih prijatelja.

Shelleyjevi su napustili Britaniju 1818. i otišli u Italiju, gdje su im umrli drugo i treće dijete prije nego što je Shelley rodila svoje posljednje i jedino preživjelo dijete, Percyja Florence Shelleyja. Godine 1822. njen muž se utopio kada je njegov jedriličar potonuo tokom oluje u blizini Viareggia. Godinu dana kasnije, Shelley se vratila u Englesku i od tada se posvetila odgoju sina i svojoj karijeri profesionalne spisateljice. Posljednju deceniju njenog života pratila je bolest, najvjerovatnije uzrokovana tumorom na mozgu koji ju je ubio u 53. godini.

Do 1970-ih, Shelley je bila poznata uglavnom po svojim naporima da objavi djela svog supruga i po svom romanu Frankenstein, koji je i dalje široko čitan i inspirisao je mnoge pozorišne i filmske adaptacije. Nedavna istraživanja pružila su sveobuhvatniji uvid u Shelleyna dostignuća. Naučnici su pokazali sve veći interes za njen književni opus, posebno za njene romane, koji uključuju historijske romane Valperga (1823) i Sudbina Perkina Warbecka (1830), apokaliptični roman Posljednji čovjek (1826) i njena posljednja dva romana, Lodor (1835) i Falkner (1837). Studije njenih manje poznatih djela, kao što je putopisna knjiga Lutanja po Nemačkoj i Italiji (1844) i biografski članci za Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia (1829–1846), podržavaju rastući stav da je Shelley ostala politički radikal tokom cijelog svog života. Njena djela često tvrde da su saradnja i simpatija, posebno onakve kakve su praktikovale žene u porodici, bili načini za reformu civilnog društva. Ovo gledište je bio direktan izazov individualističkom romantičarskom etosu koji je promovisao Percy Shelley i političkim teorijama prosvjetiteljstva koje je artikulirao njen otac, William Godwin.

Djela

• Historija šestonedeljne ture (engl. History of a Six Weeks' Tour, 1817)
• Frankenstein ili moderni Prometej (engl. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, 1818)
• Matilda (engl. Mathilda, 1819)
• Valperga (engl. Valperga or The Life and Adventures of Castrussio, Price of Lucca, 1823)
• Posthumne pesme Percy Bysshe Shelleyja (engl. Posthumous Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1824)
• Poslednji čovjek (engl. The Last Man, 1826)
• Sudbina Perkina Warbecka (engl. The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck, 1830)
• Lodor (engl. Lodore, 1835)
• Falkner (1837)
• Pjesnička djela Percy Bysshe Shelleyja (engl. The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1839)
• Lutanja po Nemačkoj i Italiji 1840, 1842. i 1843. (engl. Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840, 1842 and 1843, 1844)

Bibliography

Primarni izvori

• Shelley, Mary. Collected Tales and Stories. Ed. Charles E. Robinson. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-8018-1706-4.
• Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Ed. Susan J. Wolfson. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. ISBN 0-321-39953-6.
• Shelley, Mary. The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814–44. Ed. Paula R. Feldman and Diana Scott-Kilvert. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8018-5088-6.
• Shelley, Mary. The Last Man. Ed. Morton D. Paley. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, 1998. ISBN 0-19-283865-2.
• Shelley, Mary. Lodore. Ed. Lisa Vargo. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1997. ISBN 1-55111-077-6.
• Shelley, Mary. Mary Shelley's Literary Lives and Other Writings. 4 vols. Ed. Tilar J. Mazzeo. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2002. ISBN 1-85196-716-8.
• Shelley, Mary. Mathilda Arhivirano 7. 11. 2015. na Wayback Machine. Ed. Elizabeth Nitchie. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1959. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
• Shelley, Mary. Matilda; with Mary and Maria, by Mary Wollstonecraft. Ed. Janet Todd. London: Penguin, 1992. ISBN 0-14-043371-6.
• Shelley, Mary, ed. The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley Arhivirano 27. 4. 2016. na Wayback Machine. London: Edward Moxon, 1840. Google Books. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
• Shelley, Mary. Selected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Ed. Betty T. Bennett. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8018-4886-5.
• Shelley, Mary. Valperga; or, The Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca. Ed. Michael Rossington. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, 2000. ISBN 0-19-283289-1.
• Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Shelley's Poetry and Prose. Eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Fraistat. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2002. ISBN 0-393-97752-8.

Sekundarni izvori

• Bennett, Betty T. "Finding Mary Shelley in her Letters". Romantic Revisions. Ed. Robert Brinkley and Keith Hanley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-38074-X.
• Bennett, Betty T., ed. Mary Shelley in her Times. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8018-7733-4.
• Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8018-5976-X.
• Bennett, Betty T. "The Political Philosophy of Mary Shelley's Historical Novels: Valperga and Perkin Warbeck". The Evidence of the Imagination. Ed. Donald H. Reiman, Michael C. Jaye, and Betty T. Bennett. New York: New York University Press, 1978. ISBN 0-8147-7372-9.
• Bieri, James. Percy Bysshe Shelley, a Biography: Exile of Unfulfilled Renown, 1816–1822. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 2005. ISBN 0-87413-893-0.
• Blumberg, Jane. Mary Shelley's Early Novels: "This Child of Imagination and Misery". Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1993. ISBN 0-87745-397-7.
• Brewer, William D. (Spring 1999). "William Godwin, Chivalry, and Mary Shelley's The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck". Papers on Language and Literature. 35 (2): 187–205.
• Bunnell, Charlene E. "All the World's a Stage": Dramatic Sensibility in Mary Shelley's Novels. New York: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-93863-5.
• Carlson, J.A. England's First Family of Writers: Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin, Mary Shelley. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8018-8618-X.
• Clemit, Pamela. "From The Fields of Fancy to Matilda". Mary Shelley in her Times. Ed. Betty T. Bennett. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8018-7733-4.
• Clemit, Pamela. The Godwinian Novel: The Rational Fictions of Godwin, Brockden Brown, Mary Shelley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-811220-3.
• Conger, Syndy M., Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea, eds. Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein". Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8386-3684-5.
• Eberle-Sinatra, Michael, ed. Mary Shelley's Fictions: From Frankenstein to Falkner. New York: St. Martin's Press/Palgrave, 2000. ISBN 0-333-77106-0.
• Fisch, Audrey A., Anne K. Mellor, and Esther H. Schorr, eds. The Other Mary Shelley: Beyond "Frankenstein". New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-507740-7.
• Frank, Frederick S. "Mary Shelley's Other Fictions: A Bibliographic Consensus". Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein". Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Ed. Syndy M. Conger, Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8386-3684-5.
• Garrett, Martin. Mary Shelley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0195217896
• Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-300-02596-3.
• Gittings, Robert and Jo Manton. Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-818594-4.
• Holmes, Richard. Shelley: The Pursuit. 1974. London: Harper Perennial, 2003. ISBN 0-00-720458-2.
• Jones, Steven. "Charles E. Robinson, Ed. The Frankenstein Notebooks: A Facsimile Edition of Mary Shelley's Novel, 1816–17 (Parts One and Two)". (Book Review). Romantic Circles website, 1 January 1998. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
• Jump, Harriet Devine, Pamela Clemit, and Betty T. Bennett, eds. Lives of the Great Romantics III: Godwin, Wollstonecraft & Mary Shelley by Their Contemporaries. London: Pickering & Chatto, 1999. ISBN 1-85196-512-2.
• Levine, George, and U. C. Knoepflmacher, eds. The Endurance of Frankenstein: Essays on Mary Shelley's novel. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1979. ISBN 0-520-03612-3.
• Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley: Her Life, her Fiction, Her Monsters. London: Routledge, 1990. ISBN 0-415-90147-2.
• Myers, Mitzi. "Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley: The Female Author between Public and Private Spheres". Mary Shelley in her Times. Ed. Betty T. Bennett. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8018-7733-4.
• Norman, Sylva (1953). "Shelley's Last Residence". Keats–Shelley Journal. Keats–Shelley Association of America. 2 (Jan): 1–10. JSTOR 30212475.
• Orr, Clarissa Campbell. "Mary Shelley's Rambles in Germany and Italy, the Celebrity Author, and the Undiscovered Country of the Human Heart". Romanticism on the Net 11 (August 1998). Retrieved 22 February 2008.
• Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley and Jane Austen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. ISBN 0-226-67528-9.
• Robinson, Charles E., ed. The Frankenstein Notebooks: A Facsimile Edition of Mary Shelley's Novel, 1816–17 (Parts One and Two). The Manuscripts of the Younger Romantics, Volume IX, Donald H. Reiman, general ed. Garland Publishing, 1996. ISBN 0-8153-1608-9.
• Schor, Esther, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-00770-4.
• Seymour, Miranda. Mary Shelley. London: John Murray, 2000. ISBN 0-7195-5711-9.
• Sites, Melissa. "Re/membering Home: Utopian Domesticity in Mary Shelley's Lodore". A Brighter Morn: The Shelley Circle's Utopian Project. Ed. Darby Lewes. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7391-0472-1.
• Smith, Johanna M. "A Critical History of Frankenstein". Frankenstein. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. ISBN 0-312-22762-0.
• Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelley. London: Cardinal, 1987. ISBN 0-7474-0318-X.
• St Clair, William. The Godwins and the Shelleys: The Biography of a Family. London: Faber & Faber, 1989. ISBN 0-571-15422-0.
• Sterrenburg, Lee. "The Last Man: Anatomy of Failed Revolutions". Nineteenth Century Fiction 33 (1978): 324–347.
• Sunstein, Emily W. Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality. 1989. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8018-4218-2.
• Townsend, William C. Modern State Trials. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1850.
• Wake, Ann M Frank. "Women in the Active Voice: Recovering Female History in Mary Shelley's Valperga and Perkin Warbeck". Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein". Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Ed. Syndy M. Conger, Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8386-3684-5.
• White, Daniel E. "'The god undeified': Mary Shelley's Valperga, Italy, and the Aesthetic of Desire Arhivirano 31. 3. 2008. na Wayback Machine". Romanticism on the Net 6 (May 1997). Retrieved 22 February 2008.

Dodatna literatura

• Goulding, Christopher. "The Real Doctor Frankenstein?" Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. The Royal Society of Medicine, May 2002.
• Richard Holmes, "Out of Control" (review of Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus: Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds, edited by David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scott Robert, MIT Press, 277 pp.; and Mary Shelley, The New Annotated Frankenstein, edited and with a foreword and notes by Leslie S. Klinger, Liveright, 352 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 38, 40–41.
• Gordon, Charlotte (2016). Romantic Outlaws: The Extraordinary Lives of Mary Wollstonecraft & Mary Shelley, Random House.