Geokichla
| Geokichla | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Crossley's ground thrush (Geokichla crossleyi) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Turdidae |
| Genus: | Geokichla S. Müller, 1836 |
| Type species | |
| Turdus citrinus[1] Latham, 1790 | |
Geokichla, from Ancient Greek γεω- (geō-), meaning "ground", and κιχλη (kikhlē), meaning "thrush",[2] are a genus of medium-sized thrushes who are mostly insectivorous or omnivorous in the thrush family, Turdidae. They were traditionally listed in the Zoothera, but molecular phylogenetic studies published in 2008 led to their placement in a separate genus.
Taxonomy
[edit]The genus Geokichla was introduced in 1836 by the German naturalist Salomon Müller with Turdus citrinus Latham, 1790, the orange-headed thrush, as the type species.[3][4][5] The genus name comes from Ancient Greek γεω- (geō-), meaning "ground", and κιχλη (kikhlē), meaning "thrush.[2]
These species were formerly placed in the genus Zoothera. Molecular phylogenetic analysis by Gary Voelker and collaborators published in 2008 found that Zoothera was polyphyletic.[6][7] To create monophyletic genera 21 species were moved from Zoothera to the resurrected genus Geokichla.[8]
List of species
[edit]The genus contains the following 21 species:[8]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Geokichla sibirica | Siberian thrush | Siberia, Manchuria and Japan ; winters to Southeast Asia |
 | Geokichla wardii | Pied thrush | Himalayas ; winters to Sri Lanka |
| - | Geokichla princei | Grey ground thrush | African tropical rainforest |
| - | Geokichla camaronensis | Black-eared ground thrush | western and northeastern Central Africa |
 | Geokichla guttata | Spotted ground thrush | very sparsely across sub-Saharan Africa |
.jpg) | Geokichla spiloptera | Spot-winged thrush | montane forests of Sri Lanka |
| | Geokichla crossleyi | Crossley's ground thrush | Western High Plateau and Ruwenzori |
 | Geokichla piaggiae | Abyssinian ground thrush | eastern Afromontane |
| - | Geokichla oberlaenderi | Oberländer's ground thrush | northeastern Congo Basin |
| - | Geokichla gurneyi | Orange ground thrush | eastern/southern Afromontane |
_in_Kolkata_I_IMG_3224.jpg) | Geokichla citrina | Orange-headed thrush | Indomalayan realm |
 | Geokichla dumasi | Buru thrush | Buru |
| - | Geokichla joyceyi | Seram thrush | Seram |
 | Geokichla peronii | Orange-sided thrush | Timor and southern Moluccas |
| - | Geokichla schistacea | Slaty-backed thrush | Tanimbar Islands |
| - | Geokichla interpres | Chestnut-capped thrush | Malesia |
| - | Geokichla leucolaema | Enggano thrush | Enggano Island |
 | Geokichla dohertyi | Chestnut-backed thrush | eastern Lesser Sundas |
 | Geokichla cinerea | Ashy thrush | northern Philippines |
.JPG) | Geokichla erythronota | Red-backed thrush | Sulawesi |
| - | Geokichla mendeni | Red-and-black thrush | Taliabu and Peleng |
A subfossil specimen of a ground thrush has been found on the island of Mauritius:[9]
- Mauritius ground thrush, Geokichla longitarsus
References
[edit]- ↑ "Turdidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- 1 2 Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ↑ Müller, Salomon (1836). "Aanteekeningen, over de natuurlijke gesteldheid van een gedeelte der westkust en binnenlanden van Sumatra, met bijvoeging van eenige waarnemingen en beschrijvingen van verscheidene op dit, en andere Sunda-eilanden voorkomende dieren". Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie (in Dutch). 2: 315–355 [348–349].>
- ↑ Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1964). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 144.
- ↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 619. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
- ↑ Voelker, G.; Klicka, J. (2008). "Systematics of Zoothera thrushes and a synthesis of true thrush molecular relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 377–381. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.06.014. PMID 18639642.
- ↑ Voelker, G.; Outlaw, R.K. (2008). "Establishing a perimeter position: speciation around the Indian Ocean Basin". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 21 (6): 1779–1788. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01588.x. PMID 18691238.
- 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Thrushes". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ↑ Hume, J.P. (2022). "A new subfossil ground thrush (Turdidae: Geokichla) from Mauritius, Mascarene Islands". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 142 (4): 388–403. doi:10.25226/bboc.v142i4.2022.a2. S2CID 254367025.
External links
[edit]
- Asian thrush videos on the Internet Bird Collection
